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The Democratic Transformation in Chile
- 1. The Democratic Transformation in Chile Mahmoud M. Elmakkawe School of GlobalAffairs and Public Policy The American University in Cairo
- 2. Contents - Background Information - Status Quo Ante -Transformation: How ItTook Place? -The Role of the International Community - Situation After - Key Political Figures - References
- 5. Background Information (Cont’d) - Area: 756,096.3 km2 - Capital: Santiago - Language: Spanish - Currency: Pesco - Population: 17.6 million people - Political System: Presidential - Economy: Diversified and free market based with a good standing record of exports
- 6. Background Information (Cont’d) -The country was founded in the 19th century. - It has always been a democracy before Pinochet. - It was ruled by Salvador Allende until a 1973 U.S coup d’etat took place. (The Camelot Plan)
- 7. StatusQuo Ante Human rights violations; e.g: Operation Condor, and Caravan of Death.Total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned for political reasons reached 40,018. The Congress of Chile dissolved, the Constitution suspended, and dissidents persecuted. 1980 Plebiscite: 8-year term The Chicago Boys Economic boom (at first), neoliberal structural reforms, high financial liquidity. The 1982 Economic Crisis: U.S & Europe
- 8. Transformation Building consent and unity Focus on what democracy should deliver: Economic growth and wellbeing. Constitutional framework Compromise Institutional reform not individual replacement Long terms gradual change Flexibility
- 9. Transformation In a plebiscite on 5 October 1988, Pinochet was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a bicameral congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.
- 10. The Role of the International Community - Main international entities engaged in transformation:TheWorld Bank, the IMF and the UNDP. - EuropeVs U.S. - The 1970s Carter AdministrationVsThe 1980s ReganAdministartion - Chief post transition contribution: Reforming the judiciary!
- 11. The Role of the International Community (Cont’d) - In 1975, the UN GeneralAssembly formally denounced abuses such as ‘the use of institutionalized torture.’ - The “UNAd HocWorking Group on Chile concluded that cases of torture, as crimes against humanity, committed by the military government should prosecuted by the international community.”
- 12. The Role of the Intl Community (Cont’d) Turning Point: The assassination of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier inWashington DC in September 1976. The Jimmy Carter Administration: Hard stance on human rights violations. In the same year, the US Congress voted to implement a a $27.5 million arms embargo on Chile as a result of its violations of human rights. Prohibition imposed by Carter’s government on credits from the Ex-Im Bank.
- 13. The Role of the Intl Community (Cont’d) - In total, it is estimated that at least $3 million dollars in foreign funds was channeled into private civil society groups and research centers between 1980 and 1988.22 - Main donors: Germany, Sweden, the U.S, the Netherlands, the U.K, and Canada. - Chile’s technocrats and intellectuals were heavily supported by foreign academic institutions, especially those in the United States and England.
- 14. The Role of the Intl Community (Cont’d) - Financially support for political dissidents. - Facilitating intellectual discourse. - Harboring exiles. - Speaking out in favor of human rights. - Ameliorating antagonisms among the political opposition. - Diplomatic pressure. - Media coverage of Pinochet atrocities. - Commercial sanctions.
- 15. Situation After - One of the most stable democracies in Latin America. - Less tensions between the military and civilians on ruling issues. - Pinochet and the Chilean political right retained their powerful position and managed to impose restrictive conditions on the Chilean transition, which then led to a defective democracy with “authoritarian enclaves”. - Last Latin American country to change to democracy in 1990 but still a pioneer on the economic level.
- 16. Situation After (Cont’d) The 1980 constitution included political restrictions but provided strong institutional framework for the later on neoliberal economic moves.
- 18. Situation After (Cont’d) The economy’s performance from 1990 to 1998: - High macroeconomic stability. - Average economic growth of 8.3 %. - Reduction of inflation from 27.3 % to 4.7 %. - Annual surpluses in the state budget. - Expansion of social expenditures. -Tax reform. - Adjustments of labor legislation to international standards. - High level of poverty reduced by about half. - Levels of employment and wages remained relatively high. - In 1997 Chile achieved the highest Human Development Index numbers in Latin America.
- 19. Situation After (Cont’d) - Pinochet’s arrest in London in October 1998 and its consequences further accentuated this development and led to a deeper legal and political confrontation with human rights violations. - The Chilean military had also gone through a learning process, linked to a generational change as well, allowing for normalization of the relationship between civil society and the military. - The judiciary was noticeably reformed and strengthened.
- 20. Key Figures SalvadorAllende (1908: 1973) Source:Wikepedia
- 21. Key Figures (Cont’d) Augutso Pinochet (1915: 2006) Source:The NYT
- 22. Key Figures (Cont’d) PatricioAylwin (1918: 2016) Source: University of Notre Dam
- 23. Key Figures (Cont’d) Michelle Bachelet (1951: present) Source:Wikepedia
- 24. Album (Cont’d) Sebastián Piñera (1949: present) Source: Gay star news
- 25. References BertelsmannTransformation Index (2003). Bachelet. M (June 2011). Pathways of Democratic Transitions: Reflections on the Chilean Experience. Keech.W (Sept 2004). Democracy, Dictatorship and Economic Performance in Chile. Duke University. Angell.A. (1993).TheTransition to Democracy in Chile:A Model or an ExceptionalCase? Oxford University Press. Alejandro. O (2010). International Effects on the Democratic Onset in Chile. Stanford Journal of International Relations
Editor's Notes
- Gained independence in 1810 from Spanish Was ruled by the Incas in 16th century alongside some other tribes before the Europeans came in.
- Agriculture (Wood, vegetables) . Minerals (Copper) Santiago is the largest city Roman Catholic English is widely understood in major cities Climate is different (dry to the north) - desert separating from neighbours
- From 1976 until 1981, the economy recovered and expanded at a rate of between 6.5% and 8% per year.” Indeed, this period was the “golden phase of the Chilean economy under the military junta. However, from 1977 to 1982, Chile’s foreign debt tripled, increasing from $5.2 billion to $17.2 billion, precluding what would become a period of economic mismanagement and a decline in public opinion in favor of the junta. - Chicago Boys: a group of economic technocrats who largely held doctoral degrees from the University of Chicago. They gradually advanced to ministerial posts and other high government offices, with strong connections to the banking and finance sector.
- The National Accord for a Full Transition to Democracy: Broad coalition of the opposition
- As of the mid 1970s, the international community was beginning to take notice of Pinochet’s brutality. In 1975, a sequence of alleged humanitarian atrocities prompted the UN Human Rights Commission to send a team of observers to Chile—an action prompted not by the United States, but by several western European nations.
- From 1983 until the plebiscite that marked the death of the Pinochet regime in 1988, international aid and political consulting flowed from both the United States and the European Union to the grateful opposition parties in Chile. Among nations that donated to the political opposition camps in Chile in the mid-1980s were Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Canada, France, and the United States. But before aid could directly ameliorate the political and economic antagonisms of the opposition political camps, it catalyzed opposition in Chile more broadly by supporting a nascent sentiment of protest by Chile’s technocratic and intellectual classes. The principle role of these nations, then, was providing aid not only directly to the political parties themselves, but also to a technocratic class with nascent opposition to the Pinochet regime.
- The Catholic Church also played a considerable role, both domestically and internationally, in facilitating competition in the 1988 referendum. in 1983, Chilean Cardinal Francisco Fresno drafted the National Agreement for the Transition to Democracy and submitted it to the US Department of State, which quickly expressed support for a peaceful return of electoral democracy. The agreement was quickly ratified by six international parties, who then met in conference at the United States' Woodrow Wilson Center to discuss its political implications. Then, in a significant act of solidarity, both foreign affairs committees of the US Congress approved resolutions supporting the agreement
- Enclaves included: Constitutional privileges of the military, appointed senators, and parts of the electoral system 3rd wave democratization: Nepal and India - 1974 and ended in 1988.
- Physician Received the Medal of Lenin
- He was staunch in his support for the Chilean 1991 National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation which exposed the Chilean government's brutalities A lawyer, author and professor.
- 33rd and 35th President of Chile 2006: 2010 & 2014:2018 Ex Minister of health and defense and UN Women director https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFXv2xu1U1U
- He is the 36th and current President of Chile, following his election in December 2017. He also served as the 34th President from 2010 to 2014. Commercial engineer. Harvard (economics)