Human Resources, agriculture and biodiversity

1. AGRICULTURE, BIODIVERSITY AND
HUMAN RESOURCES
FOUNDATION OF NEPALESE ECONOMY

2. Nepal is developing country with agricultural economy. In recent years countries effort to
expand into manufacturing industries and other technological sectors have achieved much
progress.
Farming is main economic activities followed by trade and tourism. The chief sources of foreign
currency earnings are merchandise export, services tourism and Gurkha remittances.
The annual gross domestic product (GDP) is about 33.66 billion US dollars landlocked
substantial resources for economic development and hampered by an inadequate
transportation network.
Nepal is one of the least developed nations in the world . The economy is heavily dependent on
imports of basic materials and on foreign markets for its forest and agricultural products. Nepal
imports essentials commodities such as fuel, construction materials, fertilizers, metals and
most consumer goods and exports such products as rice, timber and textile.
Factors affecting Nepalese economy are as follow;
1. Natural resources
2. Human Resources
3. Biological diversity
4. Trading and manufacture
5. Tourism
6. Agriculture etc

3. Agriculture is an economic activity or
occupation, which involves the production of
food grains, animal husbandry, floriculture etc.
Nepal is predominantly an agricultural country.
In a broader sense, it refers to the system of
farming. Around 60.4 % of total active labour
force is engaged in agriculture and about 27.5
% of total GDP of Nepal is obtained from this
sector. So that it is known as the backbone of
Nepalese economy. Climatic variations of the
country help to produce a variety of
agricultural products in the different parts of
country.
Agriculture
Agriculture and Economy

4. Labor force occupations Nepal
- In FY 2011/12- 32.7 % GDP which
has been
gradually decreasing and estimated
to remain 25.8% in FY 2020/21.
- according to Nepal labor force
survey of 2008,
73.9% of population was engaged in
this sector, but decreased to 60.4%
in 2018.
-15th five year plan regard
agriculture as mainstay
To contribute to the GDP and
livelihood of population. 9FY 2019/20
to FY 2023/24)
-PM agriculture modernization
project

5. Features of Nepalese agriculture
Nepalese agriculture , which is very important for the country’s economy,
is characterized by Some special features.
The major features of Nepalese agriculture are as follows;
1. Subsistence farming :
Most of the Nepalese farmers seem to follow agricultural occupation foe subsistence. There
Is less commercialization of agriculture. But its is difficult for them to spend 12 months with
the products, which they produce. So that Nepalese agriculture has not been able to become pro
2. Traditional farming practice:
In Nepal, farming practice is very primitive or traditional. Farmers still use traditional tools
like halo, kodalo etc. and methods used by their forefathers. Majority of farmers do not use
modern tools, improved seeds, chemical fertilizers etc
3. Small size of land holdings:
The small size of landholdings is predominant in nepal. The average size of land holding is
Decreasing. In 2002/02, it was 0.8 hectors in 2011/12. Such a small size of land holding is
not variable for commercial farmings. As a result, it is not carried on as business.

6. 4. Unequal distribution of land holdings:
The distribution of land in Nepal is highly unequal. The small farmers occupy less share of the
total area of agricultural land and whereas medium and large farmers occupy a large share of
total area of agricultural land.
5. Low productivity:
Agricultural productivity in Nepal is far below compared to other developed countries. The
causes of low agricultural productivity may be use of inferior seeds, traditional method and
so on.
6. Geographical variation:
Due to geographical variation, the agricultural pattern is different in different parts of country.
Rice, wheat, maize and cash crops like oilseeds, sugarcane etc are grown in plains. Maize and
cash crops like tea and cardamons are grown in the hills.
7. Food crops predominance:
Food crops like rice, maize, wheat, barley etc are predominant in Nepalese agriculture. Out
of total cultivated are, the share of food crops cultivated are was 81.6% and that of cash crops
was 18.4% in fiscal year 2018/19.
Beside these, Nepalese agriculture is also characterized by monsoon based farming and dual
ownership of land

7. Agricultural marketing in Nepal
Generally, agricultural marketing denotes the sale and purchase of agricultural inputs and products.
But in board sense, it involved several operations and processes through which agricultural product
and raw materials reach to the ultimate consumer.
The nature of agriculture marketing in Nepal is explained as follow;
1. Unorganized
2. Seasonal
3. Predominance of middlemen
4. Influence of Indian market.
Problems of Agricultural marketing in Nepal.
A well developed agricultural marketing system is essential for encouraging higher production of
Land. But, agricultural marketing in Nepal is difficult and defective. The problems are;
1. Lack of transportation and market information facilities:
Farmers cannot carry their products to the market place due to lack of transportation facilities in
the rural areas. Due to the lack of market information facilities, they do not know the actual price
of their products in markets. So they have to sell their products in primary market at the village
Level at low cost.

8. 2. Lack of organized market:
Due to lack of organized markets, the farmers in Nepal are compelled to sell their product cheaply
to local traders and middlemen. They are, thus not encouraged to invest and produce more. The agricultural inputs
like
improved seeds, fertilize and tools are not available in time due to lack of
organized marketing system.
3.Lack of storage facility:
The farmers have to sells their products immediately after harvesting the crops because of the
absence of a storage facility. They are compelled to sell their products at low cost. Even if they
store their food grains and other crops traditionally, it starts ruining due to heat, rain, pests etc.
4. Existence of middlemen
In Nepalese agriculture market, there are large number of middlemen between the producers and
consumers. Middlemen visit doorstep of farmers and collect their product in low price and sell
that products at a higher price to customers. Thus, farmers are exploited by the intermediates.
5. No grading and standardization:
Nepalese farmers produce different kinds of products but they are not graded and standardized
according to their quality standards. Most of the farmers are quite unaware of the relative
advantages of grading and standardization; as a result, they are unable to obtain higher prices for

9. their quality products.
6. Defective measurement System:
Most of the traders and intermediaries in rural areas
do not use proper weight and measure.
instead of using a metric measurement of weights,
they use a stick, stone, brick etc. in buying
goods from the farmers and exploit them.
7. Problem of adulteration:
Adulteration or mixing of inferior products with
superior is common practice among traders in
rural areas of Nepal. Sand in food grains, water in milk
and mineral oil in edible oil are some
found adulteration methods. Adulteration is generally
practiced by the middlemen.

10. Measures to solve the problem of agricultural marketing in Nepal
1. Establishment of regulated and organized market
2. Provision of standard weights and measures
3. Storage facilities
4. Improvement in trasport facilities
5. Provision of marketing information system
6. Establishment of regular supervision mechanism
7. Provision of credit facilities
Importance of agriculture in Nepal
1. Source of food and supply
2. Source of raw materials
3. Sources of national income
4. Basis of foreign trade
5. Maintains environmental balance
6. Improve living standard of rural people
Though, more people are involved in this field, the agriculture in Nepal is not commercialized
totally yet. Most of the farmers carryout the agricultural activities for subsistence purpose. The
commercialization of agriculture helps to uplift the living standard of the farmers as well as to
Enhance the economy of the country.

11. Biodiversity
AS FOUNDATION OF NEPALESE ECONOMY

12. Tables of content
1. Introduction to Biodiversity
2. Importance of Biodiversity
3. Biodiversity as a foundation of Nepalese Economy
4. Economic obstacles to Biodiversity Utilization
5. Conclusion

13. Definition
Biodiversity is “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems’ (CBD, 1992)”
Generally, the diversity of life is defined in three levels: genetic, species and ecosystem
but measuring biodiversity and valuation of its benefits are not easy to apply.
Biodiversities
●Forest Diversity
●Rangeland Diversity
●Agro biodiversity
●Mountain Diversity
●Animal Diversity……. etc.
Introduction to Biodiversity

14. Facts and Figures
Laws and Legal Effort
• Government Management on Conservation
Area Rules, 2000.
• Buffer Zone Management Guidelines, 1999.
• Local Self Governance Act, 1998.
• Environment Protection Act, 1997.
• Environment protection Rules, 1997.
Convention on Biological Diversity <CBD>
Nepal as a contracting party to the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) is committed for
making a significant reduction in the rate of loss
of biodiversity. The CBD was ratified by
Nepalese parliament on November 23, 1993,
and enforced in Nepal since February 21, 1994.

15. Importance of Biodiversity
1. For the existence of living organisms
- We are dependent on them
-Future generations
2. Promotion of natural scenes and beauty
-Ornament : land topography
-Promotes tourism
- Economic development
3. Balance in Natural Process
- Maintaining the life-cycle of nature
4. Socio-Economic development
- provides natural resources which can be used for financial development.
- Obtain materials for festivals and rituals.
5. Study and research purpose
-Agricultural, Medical and Animal research
6.Preserves natural resources

16. Biodiversity as a Foundation of Nepalese
Economy
Part I
Subsistence use
Money from protected area

17. Zoo, Hunting and Fish diversity
From 6th National report to CBD

18. Part II
Theme: Additional Economic Possibilities (Intangible, unseen Capital)
Environmental Services - air, gases, chemicals, herbs
Use of Genetic Diversity- Researches(Promotion of biodiversity in international level too, Agro-chemical, Plant and
Animal breeders, Gene Scientist
Aesthetic- Tourism, Ecotourist
Intrinsic Worth- Art, Indigenous people’s exposure

19. Obstacles / Solutions
●Lack of appropriate market pricing. S
●Intangible nature of social benefit,
derive by conservation of biological
resources S
●Weakest ownership S
●Current economic planning S
●Conventional method of national
income accounting S
Variability of life on earth

20. ●Nepal:
○Rich in biodiversity,
○Promotion required in International level.
@
●Government Intervention required on free
resources.
●Capital Valuation @
Conclusion

21. HUMAN RESOURCE AS FOUNDATION OF NEPALESE ECONOMY
HUMAN
RESOURCES

22. Simply, human resources refers to the population of the country but
in economics human resources refers to the healthy, educated and
skilled manpower who are part of the workforce. So human resource
is improving quality and efficiency of the people.
According to the national planning commission, “Human Resources
is the knowledge, skill, efficiency and physical and mental capacity to
do work inherent in people of country.”
Countries like China, Japan and Germany etc. economically develop
themselves due to the competency and capacity of their human
resource. These countries considered as economically most
developed countries.

23. Role of human resources in economic
development
Human Resources plays an important role in economic development of country. Capital,
natural resources as well as other productive resources remain inactive in nature.
Human Resources are necessary to mobilize them. Nepal has sufficient natural
resources and utilization of these resources is necessary for economic development.
The role of human resources can be explained with the help of the following point;
1. Utilization of Natural resources
2. Compensate for the deficiency of natural
resources
3. Utilization of physical capital
4. Increase in production
5. Change in technology
6. Increase in management capacities and
entrepreneurship
7. Overall Economic development

24. Current situation of population in Nepal (census
2068)
The current population situation of Nepal according to the population census by the
Central Bureau of Statistics is presented below.
1. Size of Population: The size of Population of Nepal according to census 2068 B.S. is 2,66,20,809. Out of
this total population, male population is 1,29,27,431 (48.56%) and female population is 1,36,93,378 (51.44%)
2. Composition of Population: The composition of population is done on the basis of :
I. Sex: If the population of the country is divided into male and female based on sex is
called sex composition.
II. Age group: Age group is that factor which shows inactive or dependent population and
active or independent population in the total population. According to this census, there are three age groups
on the basis of economic engagement.
* Age (0 – 14)/age (60 – 60+) = They are inactive population because they are not engaged in economic
activities.
Age (16 – 59) = They are active population because they are engaged in economic activities.
III. Religion: Nepal has declared as the religion-secular country since 2006 A.D. However, more
than 80% of people are Hindus. Although it is the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Buddhists are only 10.7%,
Muslim is 4.2%, others 5.1%.
IV. Language: According to population census 2058, there are 93 languages in Nepal. On the
basis of mother tongue, the people having Nepali language are highest (48.6%). The population speaking
Maithili (12.35%), Bhojpuri (7.53%), Tharu (5.86%), Tamang (5.91%), Newari (3.36%) and others (17.15%)
3. Density of Population:
The density of population means the population residing within a square km. According to population census
2068, the average density of the population of Nepal is 181 persons per sq.km. In terms of density of
population, the most populated district is Kathmandu (4408 persons per sq. km), whereas, the least
populated district is Manang (3 persons per sq.km.)

25. 4. Distribution of population: The population residing in different geographical regions, development regions, zones, and districts
are called distribution of the population. The distribution of the population is as follows:
a) On the basis of geographical regions:
Geographically, Nepal is divided into Mountains, Hills, and Terai. The size of Population in Mt. region is lowest (6.7%), Hilly
region (43.1%), and the terai region has the highest number of people (50.2%).
b) On the basis of development regions:
* The distribution on eastern development region is 21.9 %
* The distribution on central development region is 36.5 %
* The distribution on western development region is 18.6 %
* The distribution on Mid-western development region is 13.5 %
* The distribution on Far-western development region is 9.6 %
5. Occupational classification:
Occupational classification is the division of population among different occupation. About 74% of the population is engaged in
agriculture and 26% of the population is engaged in the non-agricultural sector.
6. Growth of population:
The growth rate of population has been decreased from 2.24% to 1.4%.

26. CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
The human development index is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimension of
human development: a long and healthy life being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of
living.
The human development index (HDI), which combines indicators of life expectancy, education or
access of knowledge and income or standard of living. Captures the level and changes to the quality
of life.
Factors for Nepal’s dismal performance in HDI
1. Increasing income inequalities.
2. Gender inequality
3. Cumulative impact
4. Fair income distribution
5. Investing in social infrastructure
6. Streamlining of the Finances
7. Good governance reforms
8. Gender empowerment.

27. Fact and figures
Fact and figures
HDI Ranking
Below 0.5 - low
0.5- 0.7 medium
0.7- 0.8 High
0.8. above - very high HDI

28. Human Resources management
In simple words, HRM is a process of making the efficient and effective use of
human resources so that the set goals are achieved.
Nature of HRM
1. Inherent part of management
2. Pervasive function
3. Concerned with people
4. Action oriented
5. Continuous process
6. Directed towards achievement of objectives.
Scope of HRM
1. HRM in personnel management
2. HRM in employee welfare
3. HRM in industrial relations
Objectives
1. Societal
2. Organizational
3. Function
4. Personal

29. Human Resources Development
In 1970 Leonard Nadler published his book “ Developing Human
Resources” in which he coined the term ‘ human resource development
(HRD).
HRD defines as a continuous process to ensure the development of
employees competence, dynamics, motivation and effectiveness in
systematics and planned way. It ensures all round development of
employer.
FEATURES
1. Systematic Approach
2. Continuous process
3. Pervasive in nature
4. Based on techniques
CORE OBJECTIVES
1. Training and development
2. Performance appraisal
3. Career planning and development
4. Succession planning, organization change and development.

30. Indicators of Human Resources Development
The factors which are used to measure the level of human development are known as Human Development Indicators.
Human development is the process of making the living standard of human beings better. Its basic objective is to make each
and every individual physically healthy, mentally alert, economically sound and socially civilized. Some major indicators are
as follows:
1. PCI (Per Capita Income)
The level of human development is determined on the basis of the level of PCI of a country. The level of human
development will be higher in those countries where PCI is higher and vice-versa. Thus, the level of PCI determines the level
of human development.
2. Life expectancy:
The level of human development can be measured on the basis of the level of life expectancy of the people of a country. Life
expectation is determined by the availability of nutritional diet, the level of health facilities, living standard, etc. The higher
level of life expectation shows a higher level of human development and vice-versa.
3. Educational attainment:
There is a direct relationship between the level of education and living standard of people. If the literacy rate, school
enrollment rate, and average time of schooling are high, the level of human development and vice-versa
4. Fulfillment of basic needs:
Fooding, housing, clothing, education, health services, etc. are the basic needs of people. The higher level of their
availability shows a higher level of human development and vice-versa.
5. Level of Human Right:
At present, the level of human right is also considered as an indicator of human development. If the level of human rights is
high, the level of human development will be high and vice-versa.

31. Professional workforce
According to CBS Nepal online portal, the total number of student graduates from higher education in 2013/2014 was 58,802, and
the number of graduates in Animal Science (15) < Forestry (105) < Agriculture (250) < Law (482) < Engineering (2,050) <
Medicine (2,292) < Science and Technology (5,051) < Humanities (11,276) < Management (16,915) < Education (20,366).
About 30% graduates from higher education especially from technical disciplines reportedly leave the country either for foreign
jobs or for further study.
The graduation numbers especially in Animal Science and Agriculture are quite troubling as the country’s imports of agricultural
goods is increasing year after year reaching over $2 billion annually in recent years.
Area of improvement
1. Available literatures suggest that number of technical professionals in Nepal is 16,422 medical doctors, 17,000 engineers, 38,759 staff
nurses, 26,518 ANMs, and 3,500 agricultural graduates.
Availability of 0.67 doctors and nurses per 1000 population tells limited medical services available to general population.
2. The Nepalese Army consists of about 96,000 strong army. Nepal Army has a very high reputation in serving the world through UN Peace
Keeping Force for several decades.
In the meantime, Nepal Army’s involvement in infrastructure development such as the construction of over a dozen sections of highways
in remote and most difficult areas, including the 81.8 km Nijgadh-Kathmandu Fast Track, is highly commendable.
The Government of Nepal should increase the number of Nepal Army to at least 300,000 and engage the army heavily in border protection,
infrastructural development, natural disasters rescue and rehabilitation, community resiliency, social services, and economic growth.
This proposed 300,000 army is a very logical and rational number.
3. By learning lessons from Thailand, Nepal can attract at least 30 million tourist annually. In order to accommodate 30 million tourists
annually, Nepal needs more than 1.5 million beds with about 4,800 star and 39,400 non-star hotels.
There will be a tremendous growth on trekking agencies, including tourist and trekking guides.
4. Additionally, Nepali communities are highly vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes, landslides or climate change. Increased investment on infrastructures such as communication system, early warning system,
and flood control, evacuation routes, etc., and community capacity building is necessary for developing resilient communities against
natural disasters and climate change impacts.

32. 1. One incident indicative of the lack of understanding of HRM in Nepal was the withdrawal of the multinational company Yum!
Brands, Inc. — the owner of Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut — from the Nepalese market in 2015. The company
closed its doors at all four outlets in Nepal after successfully operating for five years. Although the massive Gorkha earthquake in
2015 played a critical role in this event, a misunderstanding that took place between management and the employees cannot be
disregarded. The incident was described as a disagreement between management and the labor union (Gillman, 2015). According
to management, the incident was aggravated by the labor union demanding that management comply with the union’s proposed
working hours (Rijal, 2015). This successful MNC’s withdrawal drew attention to the lack of proper HR practices that can be
successfully implemented in the Nepalese context.
2. The massive Gorkha earthquake 2015 was very deadly and destructible for Nepalese community.
Many infrastructure and lives were harmed in this earthquake. Around 5 lakh houses, offices and
developmental properties around 22 districts were affected by this earthquake. At that time the civil
engineers, managers and technicians were completely lacking for reconstruction purpose due to brain
drain.
Case study

33. Conclusion
As human resources development does not occur overnight, it is important to plan human resources development
considering current and future needs of the country.
It is impossible for a country to develop without the support of skilled, knowledgeable, honest, and hardworking human
resources.
Future needs of human resources depend on various developmental works that the country is going to undertake.
Economic progress of a society further increases demand for health and education facilities and services and skilled workers
in various sectors including hospitality, industrial, agricultural, transport, and communication.
Nepal is historically struggling with the production of sufficient skilled manpower to meet its developmental and social
services need.
Therefore, human resources planning and development should be the highest priority task for the Government of Nepal.