2. 2
CONTENT
Introduction
Why is pharmacogenetics a good approach ?
Goals of Pharmacogenetics
How does genetic variation affect drug effect?
Major drugs ineffective for many
Advantages of pharmacogenetics
Limitations Of Pharmacogenetics
Role of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Industry
Roles of Pharmacists
Pharmacogentics Labelling
What is to come for future application?
Hope For The Future
Conclusion
References
3. INTRODUCTION
PHARMACOGENETICS = Pharma and genetics
Pharma the Greek word i.e. PHARMACON, related to
Drugs.
Genetics related to genes / genome
The study of the genetic basis for variation in drug
response
3
4. The word ‘pharmacogenetics’ was first coined by Vogel of
Heidelberg, in 1959
Defined as the science of determining the genetic differences
on metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses
to drugs
Pharmacogenetics is generally referred to study or
investigation of genetic variations leading to varied
responses to pharmaceutical products
4
Conti..
5. Why is pharmacogenetics a good approach ?
Drugs can be dangerous.
Drugs are expensive.
Genetics provide a priori information
5
6. Goals of Pharmacogenetics:-
Maximize drug efficacy
Predicts patient
Minimize drug toxicity
Aid in new drug development
6
7. Polymorphism :- A polymorphism is a variation in the DNA
sequence that is present at an allele frequency of 1% or greater
in a population.
Genetic Variant:
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
7
8. SNPs
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is a variation in a single
nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each
variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population
(e.g. >1%).
8
10. 5 % hospital admissions
10% hospitalized patients experience them
106,000 deaths and 2.2 million serious events
caused by adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in
the US each year (Lazarou 1998)
4th – 6th leading cause of death in the US for
hospitalized patients
May lead to drug being withdrawn from the
market
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
10
12. Women have better response to serotonin reuptake inhibitor
antidepressants (SSRIs)
Some anti-anxiety medications have better effect on men
than women.
Narcotic pain relievers
Beta-adrenergic blocking agent
Angiotensin II inhibitor
Combined treatment with hydralazine + isosorbine
EXAMPLES
12
13. Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development:-
The major determinants of success of a new drug compound,
viz safety and efficacy,
have become more predictable, with the advent of
pharmacogenetics.
Pharmacogenetics can identify new targets
Pharmacogenetics may identify subsets of patients who will
have a very high or a very low likelihood of responding to an
agent.
13
14. Advantages of pharmacogenetics:-
To predict a patient’s response to drugs.
To develop “customized” prescriptions.
To minimize or eliminate adverse events.
To improve efficacy and patient compliance.
To improve rational drug development.
Pharmacogenetic test need only be conducted once during the
life time.
14
15. Limitations Of Pharmacogenetics
Complex targeting due to multiple gene
involvement
Difficult and time consuming to identify small
variations in genes
Interaction with other drugs and environment
to be determined
15
16. Pharmacogenetics has a threefold role in the
pharmaceutical industry including…
Studying drug metabolism and pharmacological effects
Predicting genetically determined adverse reactions (ADRs)
Drug discovery and development and as an aid to planning
clinical trials
Role of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Industry
16
17. Pharmacogenetic discoveries to patient care
Pharmacogenetics in clinical practice
To provide individualized pharmaceutical care
Roles of Pharmacists
17
18. • PG data can be included in the
following label sections:
Indications and Usage
Dosage and Administration
Contraindications
Pharmacogentics Labelling
Warnings and Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
18
19. More genotypic analysis and evaluations
What is to come for future application?
In future all pharmacists, not just those involved in a
clinical or research setting,will probably need to understand
pharmacogenetic information for better drug selection.
Investigation of multiple enzyme and
transporters and receptors
Each patient’s history, physical condition, and gender, must
be considered when prescribing drugs.
19
20. Patient
gets sick
Patient goes to
Dr.
Dr. checks the
symptoms
Dr. performs various tests
(Blood, urine, biopsy,
bone marrow, saliva,
stool, hair. Etc.)
Dr. Determines causes
of sickness
Based on Patient’s genes,
Dr. prescribes appropriate
drugs
Patient’s gets
better 20
21. CONCLUSION
The potential utility of pharmacogenetics
to optimize drug therapy is great.
Advantage They need only be conducted once
during an individual's lifetime.
With continued incorporation of pharmacogenetics
into clinical trials, the important genes and
polymorphisms will be identified.
Refinement of dosing in the context of drug
interactions and disease influences.
More precise ‘personalised’ therapeutics for several
drugs and disorders.
21
22. 1. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics ,goodman &
gilman,12th edition,2011,page 145-165.
2. Rang & dale’s pharmacology,7th edition,2012,page 132-137.
3. Methods in molecular biology,vol 448,pharmacogenomics in
drug Discovery & development,gary Hardiman,page 21-29.
REFERENCES;
4. S.N. Enrico Mini; Pharmacogenitics:Implementing
personalised medicine; Department of pharmacology,
University of florence, florence, Italy. 2009, page no. 17-24
5. Patil Jagadevappa; Pharmacogenetics and
Pharmacogenomics: A Brief Introduction; Volume 3rd; VT’s
Shivajirao S Jondhle College of Pharmacy, Asangaon, Dist.
Thane-421 601, Maharashtra, India, 2015
22
There are so many drugs that can be toxic to our body if we administerd without proper knowledge of any drug, so to overcome this, we should have the proper knowledge about the genetics information of an individual person.
There are so many Drugs, that are so expensive, and a poor patient can’t affords these medicine easily, and if we have a sufficient knowledge about the genetics informatiomn of an individual patient so we can prescribe the a desire drug according to patient gene response. And can avoid the multiple drugs that are not required to patient.
Genetics provide a priori information by using this information we can targets the particular disease.
Allele- each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Lets see an example, In 1998 a survey was held in US
Its main aim to determine the serious and fetal ADR.
In this data was collected from the year 1966 to 1996 (i.e around 30 years of data) and was found that 5% patient had an ADR before admitted to hospital and 10% patients experience ADR after hospitalization.
We excluded errors in drug administration, non complience, overdose and therapeutics failures
Women have better response to serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) like Prozac and Paxil, than to tricyclic antidepressants like Elavil and Tofranil; also more likely to develop depression due to low serotonin levels.
3 Women have better response to narcotic pain relievers than to non-narcotics.
4 Carvedilol (Coreg), a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used to lower blood pressure, is more effective in Africans than Caucasians.
5 Enalopril (Vasotec), an angiotensin II inhibitor to lower blood pressure, is more effective in Caucasians than Africans.
6 Heart failure combined treatment with hydralazine + isosorbine is more effective in Africans than Caucasians.
1- Pharmacists may play a key role in applying pharmacogenetic discoveries to patient care.
2- Pharmacists can take a lead in application of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice, since they are experts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
3- Some experts have suggested that pharmacists need access to patients' genetic information in order to provide individualized pharmaceutical care before they fill prescriptions.