This document discusses petroleum engineering as a career. It covers the following key points:
- Petroleum engineering involves the production of hydrocarbons like oil and gas. It covers activities from exploration and production to refining.
- The field requires knowledge of disciplines like geology, geophysics, drilling, reservoir simulation, and economics. Engineers also need skills in using computer systems and automation.
- Duties of petroleum engineers include locating drill sites, setting up extraction machinery, and overseeing safe and efficient extraction and processing of petroleum products.
Study on baltim field,b.sc graduation project 2015, by atam team
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6. “What we like about petroleum engineering is that it doesn’t just cover math and science, but also
brings in politics and economics. We think it’s exciting you can cover so many interesting subjects
in one career.”
Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering con-
cerned with the activities related to the production of
hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural
gas. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall
within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry.
Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of
many other related disciplines, such as geophysics,
geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling,
economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir
engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems,
completions and oil and gas facilities engineering.
With advances in technology, petroleum engineers
also need to develop an understanding of how to use
advanced computer systems for simulation and anal-
ysis of reservoir behavior as well as automation or
drilling operations and oil field production activities. It
comes as no surprise that petroleum companies own
a large number of the super computers all across the
world.
Petroleum engineers carry out a myriad of tasks
including testing, designing and implementing
methods for the extraction of petroleum products
from the surface of the earth as well as the ocean
floor. To begin with, petroleum engineers need to
locate a suitable dig site. This is followed by the
setting up of the required machinery. Engineers must
overlook the extraction process which includes the
removal as well as processing of petroleum.
Petroleum engineers must have the expertise and
ability to work closely with geologists and other
professionals to extract and refine petroleum
products in a safe and efficient manner.
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Section III | Well logging
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Some of modern logging tools
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
5.1 Introduction
Gas reservoir deliverability is evaluated using well inflow performance
relationship (IPR). Gas well IPR determines gas production rate as a nonlinear function
of pressure drawdown (reservoir pressure minus bottom hole pressure). Gas well IPR
also depends on flow conditions, that is, transient, steady state, or pseudo steady state
flow, which are determined by reservoir boundary conditions. Both analytical methods
and empirical methods are discussed.
5.2 Constructing IPR
5.2.1 Analytical Methods
A general solution to pseudo steady state flow in a radial-flow gas reservoir is
expressed as (Economides 1994):
Where
q:- is the gas production rate in Mscf/d
k:- the effective permeability (md)
h :- pay zone thickness in (ft)
m(p) :- the real gas pseudo pressure in psi2/cp(pr)
m(pwf):- the real gas pseudo pressure in psi2/cp at(pwf)
T :- the reservoir temperature in R
re :- the radius of drainage area in ft
rw :- wellbore radius in ft
s :- is skin factor
D:- is the non-Darcy coefficient in d/Mscf.
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Where pb is the base pressure, µis the average gas viscosity, and z is the Average gas
compressibility factor. Can then be simplified using a pressure-squared approach such
as:
At pressures higher than 3,000 Pisa, highly compressed gases behave like liquids.
Where: Bg is the average formation volume factor of gas in rb/scf.
5.2.2 Empirical Methods
Empirical models are therefore more attractive and widely employed in field
applications. Two commonly used empirical models are the Forchheimer model and
backpressure model. They take the following forms, respectively:
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Where A, B, C, and n are empirical constants that can be determined based on test
points. The value of n is usually between 0.5 and 1. It is obvious that a multirate test is
required to estimate values of these constants. If two test points are (q1, pwf1) and (q2,
Pwf2)
The previous equation can be simplified using the pressure-squared approach as
follows:
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
5.3 Constructing TPR
Constructing tubing performance relationship (TPR):
5.3.1 Single-Phase Gas Well
Tubing Performance Relationship is defined as a relation between tubing size, fluid
properties, fluid flow rate, wellhead pressure, and bottom hole pressure. With no shaft
work device installed along the tubing string, the first law of thermodynamics yields the
following mechanical balance equation:
5.3.2 The Average Temperature and Compressibility Factor Method
If single, average values of temperature and compressibility factor over the entire
tubing length can be assumed.
Take the following forms when U.S. Field units (qsc in MSc/d), are used (Katz et al.
1959):
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Guo (2001) used the following Nikuradse friction factor correlation for fully
turbulent flow in rough pipes:
5.3.3 The Cullender and Smith Method
Equation can be solved for bottomhole pressure using a fast numerical algorithm
originally developed by Cullender and Smith (Katz et al.1959). Equation can be
rearranged as:
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
The followung expressions are obtained:
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Mist Flow in Gas Wells
In addition to gas, almost all gas wells produce a certain amount of liquids & solids
(water-gas condensate-sand-coal particles).These wells are called multiphase-gas wells.
It is warned that the four-phase flow model is valid only for gas wells producing
multiphase fluid with gas being the main component. To the governing equation and
applied the solution to aerated fluid hydraulics. The exact solution is summarized as
follows. According to Guo, Sun, and Ghalambor (2004) the following equation can be
used for calculating pressure P (in lb. /ft2) at depth L:
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
5.1 FUTURE PRIDICTIONFOR Gas
WELL IPR
We use here the procedure of Fetkovich & Vogel Combination for predicting the
Future IPR.Eckmier noted that if we take the equations of Fetkovich for Static Pressure
at time 1 and divide by the inflow equation for Static Pressure at time 2 we arrive at an
equation for determining qmaxat time 2 – by assuming n = 3 – after which we can use
Vogel’s equation directly for preparation of the IPR Curve. The future IPR Curves can be
used to determine the best size for the tubing to be used with a certain well. This can be
achieved by constructing the VLP Curves over the Predicted IPR Curves. The results are
shown on the next page.
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Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Calculation of the Current IPR for BE-1
From given data of c & n and by using previous equations, we can
obtain the this table for IPR
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
initial IPR@PR=5425 psia
initial IPR@PR=5425 psia
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
pr qmax
5200 24771.649
q
(MMscf/day)
pwf (psia)
0 5200
38.83389554 5000
62.93368207 4800
82.9563568 4600
100.4639207 4400
116.1284954 4200
130.321165 4000
143.2754592 3800
155.1508758 3600
166.0626269 3400
176.0973753 3200
185.3223174 3000
193.7907792 2800
201.5458447 2600
208.6228059 2400
215.0508734 2200
220.8544033 2000
226.053797 1800
230.6661737 1600
234.7058793 1400
238.1848768 1200
241.1130466 1000
243.4984178 800
245.3473462 600
246.6646479 400
247.4536972 200
247.7164929 0