8th MHSS 2017 explores health innovations

2017 MHSS PROCEEDINGS
24TH MAY 2017
ORGANISED BY :
FACULTY OF HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCES
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL SCHOOL
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY

8th
MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES
SYMPOSIUM
“Exploring Innovations in Health”
PROCEEDINGS &
ABSTRACT BOOK
24 May 2017
Management & Science University,
Shah Alam, Malaysia

8th
Medical & Health Sciences Symposium (MHSS)
24 May 2017, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
ii
2017 MHSS Proceedings
First Published: 24th
May 2017 60 copies
© MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this Publication may be produced or transmitted or stored in a
retrieval system, in any form or any means without prior written permission of the copyright
owner.
Editor-In-Chief: Asdren Zajmi (DHS)
Associate Editor: Dr. Vicknesha A/P Santhirasegaram (DHP)
Web-page Design Editor: Anita Zara Weinheimer (DHS)
Editorial Staff: Dr. Mariam Aisha Fatima (DHS)
Dr. Nurzafirah binti Mazlan (DHS)
Dr. Erwin Martinez Faller (SPH)
Dr. May Florence Dela Cruz Bacayo (SPH)
Dr. Mohammed A Alhoot (IMS)
Design and Layout Credit: Muhammad Aizzat Bin Md Hanapi
Owner: 8th
MHSS 2017 Organizing Committee,
Medical and Health Sciences Cluster,
Management & Science University
40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel: +60-3-5521-6868
Published by: Knowledge Hauz Sdn. Bhd.
Management & Science University
University Drive, Section 13,
40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel: +60-3-5521-6868

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CONTENT PAGE
President’s Foreword iv
Message from Dean of Faculty of Health & Life Sciences v
Message from Dean of International Medical School vi
Message from Dean School of Pharmacy vii
Editor’s Note viii
Junainah Abd Hamid Award ix
Organizing Committee x
Program Itinerary xii
Presenters List: Oral xiii
Presenters List: Poster xv
FULL RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
ABSTRACTS
o Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
• Department of Diagnostics and Allied Health Sciences 37
• Department of Optometry and Vision Science 77
• Department of Healthcare Professional 89
o International Medical School 121
o School of Pharmacy 127
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Assalamualaikum w.b.t. I would like to extend a warm welcome to the participants of the 8th
Medical & Health Sciences Symposium.
The symposium is jointly organized by Faculty and Schools within the Medical and Health
Science cluster. They share many common goals and ideas including innovations in teaching
and learning and research. I believe that the symposium will enhance scholarships and
promote sharing of knowledge among students and faculty members. I am pleased to note
that there is an increase in the number of papers as well as high quality research papers. I
believe the symposium reflects the vision of MSU as a global university of choice.
MSU is committed to provide the best to the community, and we are achieving our aims
through initiatives such as today’s symposium. We would like to see our students and faculty
always at the forefront of the local and global health environment. Once again, to
participants, students and faculty, I wish you all the best. Have a successful symposium.
Professor Tan Sri Dato’ Wira Dr. Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid
President, Management & Science University
PRESIDENT’S FORWARD

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It is my pleasure and privilege to welcome all of you to 8th
Medical & Health Sciences
Symposium (MHSS), an event the cluster has devotedly organized over the years. This
gathering of students and faculty members provide an exclusive platform to share the
innovative ideas, practices, and research findings for the development of Medical and Health
Science related fields, in order to benefit the university, community and nation.
The symposium is also intended to encourage research project students participate and
contribute in the creative learning experiences. It is also provide an opportunity for students
and faculty members to synthesize information and research findings to better serve the fields
of studies and professions. I believe this symposium is covering diverse areas of Medical and
Health Sciences. The theme of this symposium “Exploring Innovations in Health” reflects
the growing of contribution to our dedication for quality research in various fields of Medical
and Health Sciences.
I wish you all a successful and enlightening symposium.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sairah Abdul Karim
Dean, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
DEAN’S MESSAGE (FHLS)

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It gives me a great privilege and pleasure as the Dean of the International Medical School to
send this message to the 8th
Medical & Health Sciences Symposium, Medical and Health
Science Cluster in 2017. For the last several years this Symposium has been a great success,
with high quality presentations and the participation of our talented student from different
research areas.
This year Symposium consists of research abstracts presented by student of Faculty of Health
& Life Sciences, International Medical School and School of Pharmacy. With great pleasure
I would like to inform that each paper was thoroughly reviewed and access by our scientific
committee for scientific quality.
I wish to convey my gratitude to all members of the organizing committee for their hard
work to make this event a success. I wish this research symposium all success.
Dato' Dr. Hj Lailanor Ibrahim
Dean, International Medical School
Director, MSU Medical Centre
DEAN’S MESSAGE (IMS)

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Welcome to the 8th
Medical & Health Sciences Symposium organized by Faculty of Health
and Life Sciences. The symposium shares the students' effort in designing and conducting
research which can be a challenging but definitely a rewarding part of the academic journey.
I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate all our committees involved in the
organizations of this symposium for their hard work and dedication. Furthermore, I am
grateful to all who contributed to the success of this event: our students, faculty members,
program directors and deans.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Fadli Mohd Asmani
Dean, School of Pharmacy
DEAN’S MESSAGE (SPH)

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The 8th
Medical and Health Sciences Symposium (MHSS) carries the theme of “Exploring
Innovations in Health”, which is a showcase of excellence that will help the students to
explore new innovations in health that can lead to a better and healthy society.
The organizing committee has worked diligently to bring together students, academic staff
and researchers, who are at the forefront of medical, health and pharmaceutical research at
Management & Science University. Exciting programs including academic papers were
planned. This year’s symposium received 250 abstract submissions and 4 full-length articles.
Following on from the previous successful MHSS symposiums, students have the
opportunity to present their work in a multimedia, visual environment. We have continued
the traditional notion of ‘posters’ and provided the opportunity for their work to be presented
using a variety of visual formats in a session where knowledge can be shared. These papers
and abstracts are also available in the more traditional format in the Proceedings.
We would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable time and expertise, and for returning
their evaluation promptly. Their constructive comments to authors were especially helpful to
assist the authors in improving the projects.
8th MHSS Editorial Board 2017
EDITOR’S NOTE

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Since its inception even before the 1st
Medical and Health Sciences Symposium, this
accolade was awarded biennially, every semester, to the best final year undergraduate
research student. Before internship and as a prerequisite for their graduation, every Bachelors
student of the Medical and Health Science Cluster are required to partake in a final year
research project. This subject trains the student in supervised and independent research
highly related to their field of study. Students from the fields of pharmacy, optometry,
forensic science, biomedicine, biomedical sciences, bioinformatics, nutrition, food service
technology, and traditional Chinese medicine all compete for this award which is the
namesake of the Vice Chancellor of MSU, Professor Puan Sri Datuk Dr. Junainah Abdul
Hamid. Befitting its title, the award reflects humility with the power of knowledge through
practice. Prior award winners demonstrated keen interest in research work highlighting their
critical thinking and inquisitive methods in their research projects while acknowledging
limitations with the spirit to improve and to succeed. Most of them have gone on to pursue
higher degrees by research and have graduated with flying colours. Some have secured
careers which enabled them to use their research skills as a lifelong learning and career
building stepping stone. More importantly students who strive for this award understand the
need of softskills to complement their academic achievements during their final year research
project. These skills can only be harnessed by practice and will only be manifested when they
diligently work towards their objectives with methodical endeavor. They see it as a
recognition of their efforts which highlights the essence of research at MSU which is guided
by moral values according to ethical guidelines. As keeper of this accolade we hope the
future winners will be able to manifest all the above traits in order to share his or her
knowledge by giving back to the community the accomplishment of his or her final year of
undergraduate studies at the Medical and Health Science Cluster.
JUNAINAH ABD HAMID
BEST RESEARCH AWARD

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Patron : Prof. Tan Sri Dato’ Wira Dr. Mohd Shukri Ab. Yajid (President, MSU)
Co-Patron : Prof. Puan Sri Datuk Dr. Junainah Abd Hamid (Vice Chancellor, MSU)
Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sairah Abdul Karim (Dean, FHLS)
Dato' Dr. Lailanor Ibrahim (Dean, IMS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Fadli Asmani (Dean, SPH)
Co-Advisor : Mdm. Haniza Harun (Deputy Dean, Academic and System, FHLS)
Ms. Halijah Hassan (Deputy Dean, Student Career Development,
FHLS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Than Da (Deputy Dean Academic, IMS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Indang Ariati Ariffin (Deputy Dean Students
Affair, IMS)
En. Ibrahim Abdullah (Deputy Dean Academic, SPH)
En. Mohd. Nizam Abdul Ghani (Deputy Dean Students Affair, SPH)
Coordination : Ms. Sarina Sariman (DHP)
Mdm. Suhana Saad (DHS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Zaki Awg Isa (DOVS)
Mdm. Norlita Mansor (IMS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jiyauddin Khan (SPH)
Program Director : Dr. Mariam Aisha Fatima (DHS)
Co-Program Director : Dr. Nurzafirah Mazlan (DHS)
Secretary : Rosida Abdullah (DHS)
Emcee : Anita Zara Weinheimer (DHS)
RP1/RP2 Students (DHS)
Treasurer : Dr. Yu Ke Xin (DHS)
Dr Thazin Pyu Aung (IMS)
Nur Hafizah Harun (DHP)
Noor Suzana Osman (DHP)
Zainun Kassim (SPH)
Nor Azeera Mohd Ali (DOVS)
Scientific Committee : Dr. Kue Chin Siang (DHS)
Dr. Pravina Deligannu (DHS)
Dr. Zulhabri Othman (DHS)
Dr Hasanain Faisal Ghazi (IMS)
Dr Siti Arffah Kamarulzaman (IMS)
Najihah Mohd Bisri (IMS)
Dr. Sri Puvanesvari Gannasin (DHP)
Dr. Koo Hui Chin (DHP)
AP Dr. Jiyauddin Khan (SPH)
Fairuz Nordin (DOVS)
Muhammad Naeim bin Mohamad Asri (DHS)
Noor Hidayat bin Abu Bakar (DHS)
Sponsorship : Dr. Neni Widiasmoro (DHS)
Sasimalani Surgunnam (DHP)
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

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Invitation & Judges : Salwana Md Hassan (DHS)
Fatin Aimi (DHS)
Dr Maged Elnajeh (IMS)
Mohd Hairulnizam Ibrahim (IMS)
Lau Xiao Chuan (DHP)
Baqiatul Sabiqi Rahmat (DOVS)
Mohammad Sarimie Nurul-Nizam bin Shamshir Khan (DHS)
Souvenirs & Prizes : Marini Abd Rahman (DHS)
Dr Mustafa Fadhil (IMS)
Luh Komang Mela Devi (SPH)
Rasny Razik (SPH)
Nahdiyah Azman (DOVS)
Promotion : Anita Zara Weinheimer (DHS)
Rafeah Taib (DHP)
Ibrahim Abdullah (SPH)
Shantha Kumar (DHS)
Publication : Asdren Zajmi (DHS)
Dr. Vicknesha Santhirasegaram (DHP)
Ainor Farahin Aziz (DHP)
Dr. Ng Chean Hui, Alicia (SPH)
Rajasegar Annamalley (DOVS)
Registration : Nurul Ain (DHS)
Dr Mohanad Alwan (IMS)
Nur Syakila Khaleeda Abdullah Sani (DHP)
Dr May Florence (SPH)
Chen Jie, Jenny (SPH)
Food & Beverage : Anis Zakiah (DHS)
Zuhaira Sahid (IMS)
Ninna Dyana Rahiman (DHP)
Enti Hariadha (SPH)
Design & Decoration : Noor Hidayat (DHS)
Shafiqah Jaafar (SPH)
Kiran Chanabasappa Nilugal (SPH)
Amalina Othman (DOVS)
Technical & Protocol : Dr. Suresh Kumar (DHS)
Mr. Ab Rashid Jusoh (IMS)
Dr. Nusrah Samat (DHP)
Dr. Santosh Fattepur (SPH)
Mohammad Kaleemullah (SPH)
Dr. Mohd Zaki Awang Isa (DOVS)
Poster Exhibition : Dr. Juju Nakasha (DHS)
Wan Nurhidayati Wan Sulaiman (IMS)
Tasneem Shaari (DHP)
Nur Anis Raihana Mhd Rodzi (DHP)
Dr. Reyadh Radhi Al-Rashidi (SPH)
Dr. Wong Charng Choon,Benedict (SPH)
Ahmed Al-Temimi (SPH)
Muhammad Shariq Baber (SPH)
Nadiah Syariani (DHS)
Muhammad Naeim (DHS)
Aimi Azyan (DHS)
Nur Hidayah Noordin (DHS)

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DATE TIME ACTIVITY
23rd
MAY 2017,
TUESDAY
9.00 am
Opening speech & officiating ceremony by
YBhg Prof Tan Sri Dato’ Wira Dr Mohd Shukri Ab
Yajid, President, MSU for 8th MHSS & #Bioscience VI
DATE TIME ACTIVITY
24th
MAY 2017,
WEDNESDAY
8.00 am Registration for MHSS & Poster Mounting
8.45 am
Breakfast Talk: Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd.- Advances in
Genomic Research by Mdm. Surani Sukor
9.15 am Guest & VIP arrival
9.20 am
Opening address by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sairah Abdul
Karim, Dean Faculty of Health & Life Sciences
9.30 am
Keynote address by
Prof. Myrtati D. Artaria, Vice Dean 3, FISIP, Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
10.00 am
Morning Tea Talk: Biomed Global/ Biomarketing
Services Sdn. Bhd. - Exploring innovations in life science
research by Ms. Heng Kai Yen
10.30 am Break out for parallel sessions – Poster judging begins
10.40 am
Parallel sessions begin:
Community based & Applied science
Session: Natural Products & Halal Research
1.00 pm Lunch break & Poster session
2.30 pm
Parallel sessions resume:
Community based & Applied science
Session: Diagnostics & Innovative Research
4.30 pm Peer Poster Voting (RP1 students)
4.30 pm
Evening Tea Time Talk: Opportunities at MSU
Postgraduate Programs
4.45 pm Lucky Draw by Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd.
5.00 pm Judges’ comments & analysis
5.15 pm
Results & Prize Giving Ceremony by
YBhg Prof. Puan Sri Datuk Dr. Junainah Abd Hamid,
Vice Chancellor, MSU
6.00 pm Photo session & dismiss
PROGRAM ITINERARY

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ORAL PRESENTATION
NO PRESENTERS PAGE
1 Anjelli Chandra
THE COMPARISON ON JOB SATISFACTION, BURNOUT DIMENSION
AND ABSENTEEISM CASES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN SELANGOR
39 cb
2 Arivananthan Kanakasundar
ISOLATION OF ENDOPHYTES FROM TAMAN BOTANI SHAH ALAM
AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES AGAINST COMMON HUMAN
PATHOGEN
39 as
3 Bashair Ali Salim Al Uwaisi
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION ON MOBILE
PHONES ON LOW SKILLS MIGRANT WORKERS, THEIR HEALTH,
HYGIENE PRACTICES AND HEALTH SYMPTOMS
41cb
4 Logapiriya Subramaniam
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS EXTRACT SOLVENTS AND DIFFERENT
LAYERS OF ALLIUM CEPA VAR. AGGREGATUM AGAINST ALOPECIA
44 as
5 Nur Amira Binti Sumari
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLAXSEED OIL ON PERIPHERAL NERVE
REGENERATION FOLLOWING CRUSH INJURY OF SCIATIC NERVE IN
RAT: BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS AND AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
STUDY
49 as
6 Sharifah Sarah Shazwani Bt S. Shahrulidzafa
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND DURABILITY OF COTTON FABRIC
TREATED WITH PUNICA GRANATUM AND CITRUS LIMON PEEL
EXTRACT IN WOUND MANAGEMENT
56 as
7 Revati Krishna
COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
AND IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG TARGETS OF BURKHOLDERIA
CEPACIA ATCC 25416
62 as
8 Wan Nur Farina Binti Wan Sani
INSILICO FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF
HYPOTHETICAL PROTEINS FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
66 as
9 Novline Yuvashnee Korindasamy
A STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF EAR FOR
INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION IN FORENSIC CASES USING DIGITAL
VERNIER CALIPER FOR EXTERNAL EAR MEASUREMENTS
74 cb
10 Noor Farasuhana Bt Mohd Fairuz
VISUAL AND REFRACTIVE STATUS AMONG ‘ORANG ASLI’
CHILDREN IN KAMPUNG SUNGAI LALANG, SEMENYIH SELANGOR
78 cb
11 Nadia Hidayah Bt Mohd Saidi
ACCOMMODATION FUNCTION IN MALAYSIAN CHINESE PRIMARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
79 cb
12 Nur Ameera Faiz Binti Zulkifli
AWARENESS OF CONTACT LENS CARE AND COMPLICATION
PRESCRIBED BY OPTOMETRIST AND NON-OPTOMETRIST AMONG
MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
85 cb
PRESENTERS LIST

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13 Sharmila Krishna Moorthy
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MUSA SAPIENTUM PEEL EXTRACT ON
CHICKEN MEAT UNDER FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURE
89 as
14 Chun Wan Kie
DEVELOPMENT OF CAKE USING PALM PUREE (TENERA) AS BUTTER
OR FAT SUBSTITUTES
95 as
15 Nurul Najwa Husna Binti Mohd Fauzi
THE USE OF LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) OIL AS AN
ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVE IN KEROPOK LEKOR
100 as
16 Nur Fazira Binti Ismail
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOOD NEOPHOBIA, WEIGHT STATUS AND
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CONSUMPTION AMONG CHILDREN AGED
FROM 4 TO 6 YEARS OLD IN SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
109 cb
17 Hadirah Bt Zainalabiddin
THE ASSOCIATION OF CALCIUM CONSUMPTION WITH DIETARY
PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG STUDENT OF
MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY IN SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR
110 cb
18 Nik Aimie Ayunie Abdullah
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF MOTHERS
ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING PRACTICES AND
CHILDREN GROWTH AGED 6-24 MONTHS IN PETALING DISTRICT,
SELANGOR
111 cb
19 Vignesh Meiazhagan
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG THE
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
118 cb
20 Ghayatery Nagatamby
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED FLAVONOID
FRACTIONS FROM ETHANOLIC PEEL EXTRACT OF CITRUS SINENSIS
(VALENCIA ORANGE) WITH CITRUS LIMON (LEMON) AGAINST
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
136 as
21 Sherilyn Fenn Karel
MECHANISM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF OCIMUM BASILICUM
ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST NOSOCOMIAL BACTERIA: EVALUATION
OF POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ACTION
142 as
22 Ranya Rajendran
ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF
BOESENBERGIA PANDURATA (FINGERROOT) IN EXPERIMENTAL
HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIC SPRAGUE DAWLEY ALBINO RATS
148 as
23 Ravinderen Pichan
PRESCRIBING PATTERN, TREND AND COMPLIANCE OF ANTIBIOTICS
USAGE AMONG PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTIONS IN INPATIENT SETTINGS OF PUBLIC HOSPITAL
149 cb
24 Rebecca Chen Sing Tze
EFFECT OF COLLAGEN RELATED COMPOUND ON CELL
PROLIFERATION AND MATRIX PRODUCTION OF CULTURED HUMAN
DERMAL FIBROBLASTS
153 as

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POSTER PRESENTATION
NO PRESENTERS PAGE
1 Ainul Ashyikin Tan Bt Ahmad Farid Tan
DETERMINATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND TOTAL
PROTEIN CONTENT OF LOCAL SEAWEEDS
38
2 Mah Han Fong
PROSPECT AND EFFICIENCY OF EXOTIC FISH AS MOSQUITO LARVAE
BIOCONTROL AGENT
45
3 Najlaa Syifaa Bt Mohd Miah
COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT BETWEEN RURAL AND
URBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS
47
4 Nur Hazirah Bt Mohd Yunos
POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MATURITY STAGES OF CHLOROPHYTUM
BORIVILIANUM TUBER IN TREATING SPERM ANOMALIES OF MALE
RATS
50
5 Nurul Aiman Farhana Bt Nor Aziz Hashim
EFFECT OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
52
6 Rose Amalina Binti Ruslan
SURVEILLANCE ON THE INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION AMONG
ORANG ASLI CHILDREN IN KUALA LIPIS, PAHANG
54
7 Siti Nurzafidah Binti Mohd Zaki
STABILISATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE: THE EVALUATION OF SODIUM
FLUORIDE AND LITHIUM HEPARIN ANTICOAGULANT AS AN
EFFECTIVE INHIBIOR OF GLYCOLYSIS
57
8 Theresa Luli Anak Rerang
EVALUATION OF ADULT MOSQUITO INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN
FIELD COLLECTED AEDES MOSQUITOES FROM DAMANSARA,
PUCHONG AND RINCHING
58
9 Prianeesha Ganesan
FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN OF ACTINETOBACTER BAUMANNI
62
10 Asheelah Rajeendran
FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN FROM
SALMONELLA TYPHII
63
11 Tamil Arasi Kalanathan
COMPUTATIONAL FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF PUTATIVE
CONSERVED HYPOTHETICAL PROTEINS FORM KLEBSIELLA
PNEUMONIAE HS11286
65
12 Alley binti Sandau Rundaun
A STUDY ON ADULT ATTITUDE TOWARD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
AND PERCEPTION ON CHILD ABUSE BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL
POPULATION IN SABAH
68
PRESENTERS LIST

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13 Azurah Beevi bt Abdul Kadir
THE COMPARISON ON PERCEPTION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG
MARRIED & UNMARRIED INDIVIDUALS OF THE THREE MAJOR
RACES IN KEPONG
69
14 Naufal 'Auf bin Ezidy
IDENTIFICATION OF DIACETYL IN LOCALLY BREWED E-LIQUID
USING ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE FOURIER TRANSFROM
INFRARED (ATR-FTIR) SPECTROSCOPY
73
15 Nur Fadhilah Binti Haja Samsudin
THE ASSOCIATION OF STEREOPSIS WITH VISUAL DISCOMFORT
AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN SHAH ALAM
80
16 Nur Asneda Bt. Abdul Mutallid
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF
MEASURINGAMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION AMONG SCHOOL-
AGED CHILDREN IN SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
81
17 Siti Mahfuzah bt Abd Rahman
COMPARISON OF CONTRAST SENSITIVITY BETWEEN SPECTACLES
WEARER AND CONTACT LENS WEARER IN MANAGEMENT &
SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHAH ALAM
86
18 Mohd Amir Farhan Bin Dulkhijah
REFRACTIVE ERROR STATUS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN KLANG VALLEY
87
19 Nurul Ameera Binti Matusin
DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU) JERKY
91
20 Shanmugapriya Arumugam
CONSUMERS’ RAW POULTRY HANDLING BEHAVIOUR IN
PREVENTING CROSS-CONTAMINATION
91
21 Ummussafina Binti Jahangir
DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF CHOCOLATE DRINK
INCORPORATED WITH HONEY, FENUGREEK SEED (TRIGONELLA
FOENUM GRAECUM) AND AJWA DATES (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA)
93
22 SitiSalsabil Binti Mohamad Ayub
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORIAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF
PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) JAM PREPARED USING HIGH- AND LOW-
METHOXYL PECTINS
98
23 Sivanantini Ganesan
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY
ACCEPTABILITY OF DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS)
LEATHER AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SWEETENER
99
24 Nur Atirah A Aziz
THE ASSOCIATION OF HEALTHY EATING AND DIETARY INTAKE
AMONG ADULT ORANG ASLI ATSEMENYIH, SELANGOR
107
25 Ng Lixin
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE ACCEPTANCE OF
OBESITY EDUCATIONAL MODULE: NON-SCIENCE PROGRAM
STUDENTS IN MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHAH
ALAM
111
26 Nur Liyana Binti Norazman
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DURATION
EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICE AMONG MOTHER OF INFANT
AGED 6 MONTHS TILL 2 YEARS IN PETALING DISTRICT
112

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27 Nurul Alifatul Amrina Ramli
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY VITAMIN C AND MAGNESIUM
INTAKE AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT AMONG STUDENTS
IN MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHAH ALAM.
114
28 Siti Sabirah Ridzuan
CEREBROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID AGAINST
TRANSIENT CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN RATS
117
29 Hashvini Manivasagam
ENRICHMENT COURSE IN DEVELOPING MEDICAL STUDENTS’S
SOCIAL SKILLS IN INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY
126
30 Mohamad Haziq
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUTION OF ANTI ACNE HALAL CHAPSTICK
FORMULATION BY USING CINNAMON OIL
128
31 Nina Merlissa Binti Alias
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HALAL LIQUID FORM OF
LIPSTICKSBY USING NATURAL INGREDIENTS
129
32 Masyitah Ismail
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COSMETIC SERUM
CONTAINING ARGAN OIL AS A MOISTURIZING AGENT
130
33 Nor Syahirah Shukri
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HALAL HERBAL CAPSULE
CONTAINING MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACT
131
34 Lochana Thanka Velu
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF VIRGIN COCONUT
OIL AGAINST ACNE AS CLAIMED BY MARKETED ANTIACNE GEL
133
35 Tahrani Munusamy
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF
SELECTED EXTRACT OF COPTIS CHINENSIS RHIZOME ON SEVERAL
PATHOGENIC GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
138
36 Lee Wei Yang
NEUROPROTECTION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. AGAINST
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
142
37 Nor Faradila Jasmi
A STUDY ON MANAGING PERCEPTION AMONG RURAL AND URBAN
AREA CONSUMERS IN STATE OF PAHANG, MALAYSIA TOWARD
COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES
150
38 Krishoreraam J.
IN-VITRO STUDY OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS) AND OLIVE OIL
(OLEA EUROPAEA) ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON GRAM
POSITIVEBACTERIA, GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA AND FUNGI
151
39 Abdul Rahman Saleh
NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HALAL
ANTIBACTERIAL POLYHERBAL DRY POWDER INHALER FOR THE
TREATMENT OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
152
40 Ratna Iman Amirah
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF PIPERIC ACID AMIDE DERIVATIVES AND
EVALUATION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY
153

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FULL RESEARCH
ARTICLES

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KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF CONTACT LENSES’
ASSOCIATED EYE DISEASES AMONG PAHANG MATRICULATION COLLEGE
STUDENTS
Mohammed Faez Baobaid, Hasanain Faisal Ghazi*, Maged Elnajeh, Mohammed
Abdalqader, Syifa' Zulkhairi, Ilman Aizat Abd Razak.
Community Medicine Unit, International Medical School, Management and Science
University, Selangor, Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author: hasanain@msu.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Background & Aim: In Malaysia, contact lens usage has become very popular especially
among females with a percentage of 74% to 88% Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the
Knowledge, attitude and practice of contact lenses’ associated diseases among Pahang
Matriculation students in 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted
among Pahang Matriculation College student at Kuantan, Pahang to assess knowledge,
attitude and practice of contact lenses’ associated eye diseases and associated socio-
demographic factors. Non – probability convenience sampling has been chosen for the
sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the students which consist of socio-
demographic information of the respondents and contact lenses related knowledge, attitude
and practice questions. Results: Out of 436 respondents, 116 (26.6%) have poor knowledge.
For attitude, out of 51 respondents, 6 (11.8%) have a poor attitude and another 45 (88.2%)
have a good attitude. As for practice, out of 51 respondents, 47 (94%) have a good practice.
There is a significant association between gender and knowledge (p<0.001). Other than that,
there is a significant association between race and attitude (p=0.018). Conclusion: This
research has revealed that Pahang Matriculation College students have good knowledge,
attitude and practice towards contact lenses’ associated eye diseases.
Keywords: Contact-Lens, Eye Disease, Pahang Matriculation College, Students.
INTRODUCTION
“Vision is the art of seeing what is invisible to others”. An average human being has
an unremarkable ability to perceive million assorted colours. Initially, humankind came with
the creation of eyeglasses to help overcome the limitation of refractory error. With
innovation and creativity, the advancement in modern technology has created a revolutionary
alternative of eyeglass known to be contact lens. Contact lens is defined as a thin plastic lens
placed directly on the surface on the eye to correct a visual defect. In this 21st
century,
contact lens is growing as a norm within the population, evidenced by the new trend of
contact lens in eye-wear facade. Studies had proved global expansion of contact lens wearers
to be around 140 million people worldwide (Stapleton et al., 2007; Morgan et al., 2014).
Particularly in Malaysia, contact lens usage has become very popular especially among
females with a percentage of 74% to 88% (Tajunisah et al., 2008; Bhandari & Rou, 2012).
Unfortunately, half of the female in this research was wearing contact lens solely for
cosmetic purpose. Coinciding with this phenomenon, a number of contact lens associated eye
disease has been showed to be increasing. Research was done and the culprit was found to be
due to certain factors as seen in the recent report which was done by National Eye Database,
most developed eye diseases due to poor intervention caused by lack of knowledge, attitude,
practice of prevention in regards to contact lenses (Tajunisah et al., 2008). The purpose of
this research is to determine the prevalence of knowledge, attitude and practice of contact

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lenses’ associated eye disease of Pahang Matriculation College students in 2017. With the
outcome of this study, the researcher hope that it would contribute to educational and health
promotion in reducing the occurrence of contact len- related eye diseases in our society.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted via cross-sectional design among the student of Pahang
Matriculation College (PMC) in April 2017. The target population was PMC students with
the age between 18 – 20 years old excluding those with unstable mental condition. The
respondents were selected using non-probability convenience sampling method. A self-
administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaires consist of 4 parts
(Part A, B, C and D). In Part A socio-demographic information of the respondents (gender,
race, field of study, housing area, household income, and usage of contact lens) was
included. Part B was to access their knowledge of usage of contact lenses, associated eye
diseases (10 questions). The scoring was based on Likert scale question format (yes, no, I
don’t know). Part C of the questionnaire was to evaluate the attitude on usage of contact
lenses’ associated eye diseases which consist of 5 questions. The scoring was based on Likert
scale question format (yes, no, I don’t know). Part D was to evaluate the practice of usage of
contact lenses’ associated eye disease. The first part was asking in detail regarding purpose,
type and duration of contact lens use (3 questions). Second part was about general practice (9
questions). The scoring was based on Likert scale question format (yes, no) Possible
maximum score for Knowledge is 10, for Attitude 5 and for Practice is 9. The total numbers
of questions were 24.
Approval from management and science university was obtained prior to data
collection, also a written consent form was signed by all respondents. Data was analysed
using SPSS version 22.0
RESULTS
A total of 446 students of Pahang Matriculation College has answered the
questionnaire. Around 301 (67.5%) student’s majority were female and 145 (32.5%) were
male. 399 (89.5%) of the respondents were Malay, 34 (7.6%) of the respondents were
Chinese, 12 (2.7%) were Indian and 1 (0.2%) of the students were other than those three
races. The students are classified into science and non-science stream were 397 (89%) took
science stream, 49 (11%) non-science students. Two hundred and twenty-one (49.6%) of the
students live in an urban area while other 225 (50.4%) live in rural. Based on their family
monthly household income, 209 (47.8%) are below RM1999 and about 228 (52.2%) are
above RM2000.Out of 446 students, there were 9 students did not specify their monthly
household income. Lastly, 392 (87.9%) were not a contact lens wearer and only 54 (12.1%)
students wear contact lens as shown in table 1.
In this study, it was found that the prevalence of knowledge regarding contact lenses
associated eye diseases among (PMC) students with good knowledge is 73.4% while those
with poor knowledge is 26.6%. Based on the result obtained for the attitude, 88.2% shows
good attitude and only 11.8% shows poor attitude. However, 3 students did not complete the
questionnaires regarding the attitude towards contact lenses. Most of the students in PMC
have good practice to prevent contact lenses associated eye diseases which are 94.0% while
those with poor practice is only 6.0%. There are also 4 students who failed to answer on this
part as shown in table 2.

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Table 1: Demographic profile of Pahang Matriculation College (PMC) students, Kuantan in
2017 (n=446)
No Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
1. Gender Female 301 67.5
Male 145 32.5
2. Race Malay 399 89.5
Chinese 34 7.6
Indian 12 2.7
Others 1 0.2
3. Field study Science 397 89
Non- science 49 11
4. Housing area Urban 221 49.6
Rural 225 50.4
5. Monthly household
income
<RM1999 209 47.8
>RM2000 228 52.2
6. Contact lens wearer Yes 54 12.1
No 392 87.9
Table 2: Frequency and Percentage of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Pahang
Matriculation College (PMC) students, Kuantan in 2017
There is significant association between gender and knowledge of contact lens
associated eye diseases (p<0.001) which showed female (83.6%) has better knowledge than
male (53.6%). There was no association between race and knowledge of contact lens
associated eye diseases (p=0.659). as shown in table 3.
There was no association between field of study and knowledge of contact lens
associated eye diseases (p=0.070). There was no association between monthly household
income and knowledge of contact lens associated eye diseases (p=0.197). There was no
association between housing area and knowledge of contact lens associated eye diseases
(p=0.230).
In addition, it was found that there was a significant association between race and
attitude towards contact lens among contact lens wearers among PMC students (p=0.018) as
shown in table 4. There was no association between gender, field of study, monthly
household income, housing area and attitude towards contact lens among contact lens
wearers (p=1.000, p=0.319, p=0.650, p=1.000 respectively).
Regarding the level of practice of contact lens usage among contact lens wearers in
PMC, there was no association between gender, race, field of study, monthly household
income, housing area and level of practice (p=0.324, p=0.536, p= 1.000, p=0.537, p=0.265)
respectively.
Variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Knowledge Good 320 73.4
Poor 116 26.6
Attitude Good 45 88.2
Poor 6 11.8
Practice Good 47 94.0
Poor 3 6.0

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Table 3: The association between gender towards knowledge of contact lens associated eye
diseases among Pahang Matriculation College (PMC) students, Kuantan in 2017
Table 4: The association between race and attitude towards contact lens among contact lens
wearers Pahang Matriculation College (PMC), Kuantan in 2017
DISCUSSION
The main findings of our study were that students have good knowledge, attitude and
practice towards contact lenses’ associated eye diseases. Our study shows that majority of the
student (73.4%) have good knowledge regarding contact lenses’ associated eye disease which
correspond with study done by Cheng et al., 2013 and study by Tajunisah et al., 2008.
However, our study also showed there was a significant association between gender and
knowledge where female students have better knowledge (82.6%) compared to male students
(53.6%) regarding contact lenses’ associated eye diseases. Study by Wongkrajang & Nesser,
2010 supported our study which stated that females do have better knowledge (80%) than
males (20%) regarding eye problems associated with contact lens usage. Females are more
likely to use available resources for health-related information searching which subsequently
empower them with more knowledge and awareness (Bidmon & Terlutter, 2015)
Moreover, respondents showed overall good attitude (88.2%) towards contact lenses’
associated eye disease. 100% of the student agreed that they must remove contact lenses
before sleep, but more than 50% of students thinks that they can engage in water activity
while wearing contact lenses. This result correlate with a study conducted in Saudi Arabia by
Bamahfouz et al., 2016. Even though the student shows overall good attitude towards contact
lenses’ associated eye diseases, there are still small numbers of student who had a
misconception about it.
Our research showed that there was an association between race and attitude towards
contact lenses’ associated eye diseases with p = 0.018. The local matriculation program is
run by local universities and only offered to Bumiputra students previously, it is now run by
the Ministry of Education with 10% of places in the program offered to non-Bumiputra
students. (Ministry of Education, Matriculation Division, 2008). Where here by, we can see
as our data collection was participated mostly by Malays (45) respondents and only 5
Chinese and 1 Indian.
Lastly, our study found that the level of good practice regarding usage of contact lens
wearer among the respondents who wore contact lens is 87%. Comparing with study by
Variables Knowledge, n (%)
X2(df) P value
Good Poor
Gender Male 74(53.6%) 64(46.4%) 40.419 (1) < 0.001
Female 246(82.6%) 52(17.4%)
Variables Attitude, n (%)
X2(df) P value
Good Poor
Race Malay 41 (91.1%) 4 (8.9%)
5.565(1) 0.018
Chinese 4 (80.0%) 1 (20.0%)
Indian 0 (0.0%) 1 (100.0%)

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Tajunisah et al., 2008, we obtained the same result. It can be interpreted that majority of the
respondents showed good practice regarding usage of contact lens. They knew the
importance of washing hand thoroughly before handling the contact lens, usage of contact
lens solution to clean contact lenses before and after use and restoring the contact lens in the
recommended solution when not wearing them.
CONCLUSION
Our study showed that Pahang Matriculation College (PMC) Students have good knowledge,
attitude and practice towards contact lenses’ associated eye diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thanks the Pahang Matriculation College (PMC) for their
cooperation in data collection
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest
REFERENCES
Bamahfouz, A., Nafady-Hego, H., Jouhargy, S., Qadir, M., Qutub, W., Bahubaishi, K., & Al-
ghamdi, A. (2016). Awareness of Contact Lens Care among College Students in Saudi
Arabia. International Journal of Scientific Study, 4(1). doi: 10.17354/ijss/2016/195
Bhandari, M., & Hung, P. (2012). Habits of Contact Lens Wearers Toward Lens Care in
Malaysia. Med J Malaysia, 67(3), 274-277. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Bidmon, S., & Terlutter, R. (2015). Gender Differences in Searching for Health Information
on the Internet and the Virtual Patient-Physician Relationship in Germany: Exploratory
Results on How Men and Women Differ and Why. Journal of Medical Internet
Research, 17(6). doi:10.2196/jmir.4127
Cheng, M., Lim, Y., & Govindarajan, K. (2013). Knowledge, Practices and Compliance
during Contact Lens Wear among Students in Segi University, Kota Damansara,
Selangor. SEGi Review, 6 (1), 16-27.
Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Retrieved May 08, 2017, from
http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/242-dasar-pendidikan-
kebangsaan.html
Morgan, P., Woods, C., Tranoudis, I., Helland, M., & Efron, N. (2014). International Contact
Lens Prescribing in 2013. Contact Lens Spectrum, 29 (January), 30-35.
Wongkrajang P, Neeser KJ. (2012). Knowledge, attitude, practice and eye problems from
contact lens use in students at Chulalongkorn University 2010. Journal of Health
Research. 2012; 26 (3) : 113-118.
Stapleton, F., Keay, L., & Jalbert, I. (2007). The epidemiology of contact lens related
infiltrates. Optom Vis Sci., 84 (4), 257-272.
Tajunisah, I., Reddy, S., & Phuah, S. (2008). Knowledge and Practice of Contact Lens Wear
and Care among Medical Students of the University of Malaya. Med J Malaysia, 63(3),
207-210. Retrieved April 2, 2017.

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DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF COOKIES USING JACKFRUIT
(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) SEED POWDER
Nur Nadiah Hamzah1,a
and Vicknesha Santhirasegaram1,b
*
1
Department of Healthcare Professional, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management
and Science University, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13,
40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: vicknesha@msu.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Background & Aims: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) seed usually become a
waste even though it has potential for application as a cheap source of fiber replacing whole
meal. Without any processing methods, the jackfruit seed have a shorter shelf life, thus the
wastage of jackfruit seeds are high. As a solution, the seed was processed into powder so that
it can be stored longer. The objective of this study is to develop cookies using jackfruit seed
powder as a wheat flour substitute. Materials and Methods: In this study, cookies were
prepared by partial substitution of wheat flour and jackfruit seed powder at different
formulations. The samples are control (0% jackfruit seed powder), formulation 1 (20%
jackfruit seed powder) and formulation 2 (40% jackfruit seed powder). The proximate
analyses were conducted for all samples, which included carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude
fiber, moisture content and energy. For sensory analysis, a total of 30 semi-trained panelists
evaluated the samples for colour, aroma, texture, taste, after taste and overall acceptability.
Results: The results showed that cookies made using 40% jackfruit seed powder have
significantly higher carbohydrate (69.9±0.5 g/100g), protein (6.2±0.3 g/100g), and crude
fiber (0.3±0.05 g/100g) when compared to control. However, the fat (22.3±0.5 g/100g),
energy (485±2 kcal/100g) and moisture content (1.7±0.2%w/w) were significantly lower in
this formulation (p<0.05). For sensory analysis, all samples recorded the same score for
overall acceptability. Conclusion: Cookies made using 40% jackfruit seed powder was the
best formulation. The results obtained support the use of jackfruit seed powder as a potential
wheat flour substitute in cookies.
Keywords: Cookies, Jackfruit seed powder, Wheat flour, Partial substitution.
INTRODUCTION
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), a member of the family Moraceae is the
largest fruit among other edible fruits in the family Moraceae (Goswami et al., 2010).
Jackfruit is composed of rind, edible bulbs of yellow flesh and seeds. Jackfruit has been
reported to contain high level of protein, starch, calcium and thiamine (Bobbio et al., 1998;
Rengsutthi and Charoenrein, 2011). The jackfruit seed comprises around 10% to 15% of the
total jackfruit weight. The jackfruit seed is rich in carbohydrate and protein (Islam et al.
2015). Besides that, jackfruit seed also have high fiber content (Ocloo et al., 2010). Mostly
the seeds are discarded as a waste, however sometimes they are roasted or boiled for
consumption. Unfortunately, the seed tend to germinate quickly after maturity which results
in shorter shelf life of the seed. Due to the lack of processing technique, large amount of
jackfruit seed remains unused and lastly become a waste. Thus, previous studies have
reported the production of jackfruit seed powder which can be stored for a longer period
(Rengsutthi and Charoenrein, 2011). In the bakery and confectionary industry, wheat flour is

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widely used as a major ingredient. Recently, the price of wheat flour is continuously
increasing. This is a problem in the bakery industry as there is a need to find a substitute for
wheat flour. Furthermore, wheat flour contains gluten which cannot be digested by gluten
sensitive individuals. This is because the digestive lining can be damaged in gluten sensitive
individuals, therefore reducing the absorption of other nutrients. Besides that, wheat flour can
reduce some nutrients in the body. This is due to a substance called phytic acid in wheat
which binds to mineral like zinc, iron and magnesium, thus preventing them from being
absorbed (Febles et al. 2002). Hence, jackfruit seed powder can be an alternative ingredient
to be used in baked products (Hasidah and Aziah, 2003). Jackfruit seed powder is rich in
protein, starch and dietary fibers (Islam et al., 2015). Jackfruit seed powder can be mixed
with other grain flour without affecting the functional and sensory profile of the final
product. Besides that, the incorporation of jackfruit seed powder to deep fried fat products
has successfully reduced the fat absorption level (Butool et al. 2015). Thus, altering the
ingredients in food may reduce the calories as well as increase the fiber content of the final
product. The objective of this study is to develop cookies using jackfruit seed powder as a
wheat flour substitute.
Preparation of Jackfruit Seed Powder
The jackfruit seeds were blanched for three minutes at 100o
C followed by rapid
cooling in ambient temperature in order to remove the skin of the seed. After the seeds were
cooled, the skin of the seeds was immediately peeled. Then, the seeds were dried under the
sun for three days until they were completely dried. The dried seeds were roasted for ten
minutes to ensure the dryness of the seeds and to avoid any microbial growth. The dried
seeds were crushed to smaller pieces and grinded using a blender until it became powder
(Grace, 2008; Islam et al., 2015).
Preparation of Cookies
Cookies were prepared using wheat flour and jackfruit seed powder (at a
concentration of 20%, 40%, and 0% serving as control). The formulations of the cookies are
shown in Table 1. The mixtures of wheat flour and jackfruit seed powder were stirred with
baking soda (3 g) and baking powder (2 g). Then, this dry ingredient was put aside for a
while. In a large bowl, the butter and sugar were creamed together until it become smooth.
Then, the egg (35 g), vanilla extract (23 g) and dry ingredients were added and mixed well.
The dough was rolled into balls and placed on an ungreased cookie sheet. The dough was
baked for 10 minutes in the preheated oven until it became gold in colour. After the cookies
were fully baked, the cookies were allowed to stand for two minutes before placing them on
a wire rack to cool (Stephanie, 2006).
Sample Analysis
The sample analysis was conducted for the three samples of cookies. The proximate
composition that was analyzed includes total carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, moisture
and energy content. The analysis was conducted using the standard method of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2002). The nutrient content is important
to determine the amount of calories in the food product. The sensory evaluation of three
samples of cookies was carried out by distributing a simple questionnaire. The target
evaluators were 30 semi-trained panelists from Management and Science University. The
questionnaire consisted of two parts. Part A was about the demographic background which
includes age, gender and race. Part B was the sensory evaluation. The attributes that were

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evaluated are color, aroma, taste, after taste, texture and overall acceptance of the cookies.
The attributes were based on a hedonic scale from one (dislike extremely) to nine (like
extremely) (Choi, 2016). The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0. One-way
ANOVA was applied using Tukey’s multiple range tests. The significance was accepted at
0.05 level of probability.
Table 1: Formulations of cookies
Ingredient Control
(0% jackfruit seed
powder, 100%
wheat flour)
Formulation 1
(20% jackfruit seed
powder, 80% wheat
flour)
Formulation 2
(40% jackfruit seed
powder, 60% wheat
flour)
Wheat Flour 156 g 124 g 93 g
Jackfruit Seed
Powder
0 g 32 g 63 g
Baking Soda 3 g 3 g 3 g
Baking Powder 2 g 2 g 2 g
Butter 113 g 113 g 113 g
White Sugar 160 g 160 g 160 g
Egg 35 g 35 g 35 g
Vanilla Extract 23 g 23 g 23 g
Chocolate Chip 51 g 51 g 51 g
RESULTS
Final Product of Cookies
Figure 1 shows the photos of the final product of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder
and wheat flour at different formulations. The samples were control (0% jackfruit seed
powder), Formulation 1 (20% jackfruit seed powder) and Formulation 2 (40% jackfruit seed
powder). The differences were seen in the colour of the cookies which the control cookies
had a lighter colour compared to cookies with 20% and 40% of jackfruit seed powder.
Control
(0% jackfruit seed
powder, 100% wheat
flour)
Formulation 1
(20% jackfruit seed
powder, 80% wheat flour)
Formulation 2
(40% jackfruit seed
powder, 60% wheat flour)
Figure 1: Photos of the final products of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder and
wheat flour at different formulations

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Proximate Analysis
Table 2 shows the proximate composition of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder and
wheat flour at different formulations. The proximate composition included total carbohydrate,
protein, fat, crude fiber, moisture content and energy. There were significant differences in
the substitution of jackfruit seed powder in cookies. The cookies made using formulation 2
(40% jackfruit seed powder) have a significantly higher total carbohydrate (69.9±0.5
g/100g), protein (6.2±0.3 g/100g), and crude fiber (0.3±0.05 g/100g) when compared to the
control. The fat (22.3±0.5 g/100g), energy (485±2 kcal/100g) and moisture content
(1.7±0.2%w/w) were significantly lower in this formulation. This is followed by formulation
2 (20% jackfruit seed powder) and control (0% jackfruit seed powder).
Table 2: The proximate composition of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder and wheat
flour at different formulations
Composition Control
(0% jackfruit seed
powder, 100%
wheat flour)
Formulation 1
(20% jackfruit
seed powder, 80%
wheat flour)
Formulation 2
(40% jackfruit
seed powder, 60%
wheat flour)
Total carbohydrate
(g/100g)
62.6 ± 0.5a
69.0 ± 0.1b
69.9 ± 0.5c
Protein (g/100g) 5.7 ± 0.2a
6.3 ± 0.3b
6.2 ± 0.3b
Fat (g/100g) 29.1 ± 0.5a
23.4 ± 0.2b
22.3 ± 0.5c
Crude fiber (g/100g) 0.1 ± 0.05a
0.3 ± 0.02b
0.3 ± 0.05b
Moisture (%w/w) 2.8 ± 0.2a
2.0 ± 0.1b
1.7 ± 0.2b
Energy (kcal/100g) 513 ± 3a
491 ± 2b
485 ± 2c
*Mean value followed by different letters within the same row are significantly different
(p<0.05)
Sensory Evaluation
Table 3 shows the mean score for sensory analysis of cookies made using jackfruit seed
powder at different formulations. The overall results showed that there were no significant
difference on the sensory attributes in the substitution of jackfruit seed powder in cookies.
There were six attributes that were evaluated which includes colour, aroma, texture, taste,
after taste and overall acceptability. Figure 2 shows the mean differences in the scores of
sensory evaluations of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder based on different
percentage of substitution. The taste, after taste and texture for control (0% jackfruit seed
powder) shows the highest mean score while for aroma and colour, formulation 1 (20%
jackfruit seed powder) and formulation 2 (40% of jackfruit seed powder) had the highest
score.

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Table 3: Sensory analysis of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder and wheat flour at
different formulations
Parameters Control
(0% jackfruit seed
powder 100%
wheat flour)
Formulation 1
(20% jackfruit
seed powder, 80%
wheat flour)
Formulation 2
(40% jackfruit
seed powder, 60%
wheat flour)
Colour 6.7 ± 1.5 a
7.2 ± 1.1 a
7.2 ± 1.1 a
Aroma 7.1 ± 1.3 a
7.1 ± 1.2 a
6.9 ± 1.5 a
Texture 7.5 ± 1.5 a
7.3 ± 1.2 a
6.9 ± 1.5 a
Taste 7.7 ± 1.3 a
7.3 ± 1.3 a
7.2 ± 1.4 a
After Taste 7.8 ± 1.2 a
7.5 ± 1.3 a
7.2 ± 1.6 a
Overall acceptability 7.8 ± 1.3 a
7.6 ± 1.2 a
7.4 ± 1.1 a
*Mean value followed by different letters within the same row are not significantly different
(p>0.05). Score 1: dislike extremely, 2: dislike very much, 3: dislike moderately, 4: dislike
slightly, 5: neither like nor dislike, 6: like slightly, 7: like moderately, 8: like very much, 9:
like extremely.
Figure 2: Mean score for sensory analysis of cookies made using jackfruit seed powder and
wheat flour at different formulations
DISCUSSION
From the data obtained in Table 2, it showed that cookies with partial substitution of
jackfruit seed powder (20% and 40%) were high in total carbohydrate (69.9±0.5 g/100g),
protein (6.2±0.3 g/100g), and crude fiber (0.3±0.05 g/100g). These findings were supported
by Bobbio et al. (1998) and Ocloo et al. (2010), Rengsutthi and Charoenrein (2011) in
previous studies. The total carbohydrate was high in the cookies with partial substitution of
jackfruit seed powder due to the present of starch as reported by Singh et al. (1991) in a
study using starch in jackfruit seed as a binding agent in the production of chilli sauce.
According to Butool et al. (2015), jackfruit seed powder is a good source of fiber which
helps in decreasing the amount of calories in the food and also low in fat content which gives
an outstanding eating quality for the consumer. Similarly, Dilek et al. (2007) also stated that

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with the current trend in the food industry, food that contain low calories are more popular
due to increase in nutritional and health awareness among consumer in their daily diet. Thus,
the information about the nutritional value of the food product can help the consumer to plan
a nutritious and balanced diet (Golcu et al., 2012).
The energy and fat content also reduced as the concentration used in cookies
increased. These results are in agreement with a previous study reported by Arpit and John
(2015). The moisture also became lower as the percentage of jackfruit seed powder used in
cookies decreased. In contrast, Islam et al. (2015) reported that the percentage of moisture in
biscuits were higher as the amount of jackfruit seed powder increased in the formulation of
biscuits. The protein content also increased as the concentration of jackfruit seed powder in
cookies increased. According to Roy Chowdhury et al. (2012), high oil absorption suggests
the hydrophobic structures of jackfruit seed protein in protein subunits. The absorption
capacity of jackfruit seed powder and its blends suggest that they may find useful application
in formulation of baker products.
According to Stone and Sidel (1993), sensory evaluation is defined as a scientific
discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret the responses to products that are
perceived by the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. There was no significant
difference between all samples based on overall acceptability. This result was supported by
Islam et al. (2015), where no changes in overall acceptability was reported in biscuits made
using jackfruit seed powder as a substitute to wheat flour. Based on Table 3, panelists mostly
preferred the colour of formulation 1 (20% jackfruit seed powder) and formulation 2 (40%
jackfruit seed powder) whereby the score was 7.2 (like moderately), while for control the
mean score for colour was 6.7 (like slightly). The brownish colour of cookies for formulation
1 (20% jackfruit seed powder) and formulation 2 (40% jackfruit seed powder) was due to the
powder itself that is brown in colour. For aroma, the panelist mostly preferred the control and
formulation 1 (20% jackfruit seed powder) whereby the score was 7.1 (like moderately). This
is mainly due to the aroma of the flour itself and other ingredients. For texture, panelists
mostly preferred texture from control with the score of 7.5 (like moderately) followed by
formulation 1 (20% jackfruit seed powder), 7.3 (like moderately) and formulation 2 (40%
jackfruit seed powder), 6.9 (like slightly). The texture of cookies made using 40% jackfruit
seed powder was much rougher due to present of high amount of jackfruit seed powder. This
finding was reported by Islam et al. (2015). The highest mean score for taste was for control,
7.7 (like moderately) followed by formulation 1 (20% jackfruit seed powder) and
formulation 2 (40% jackfruit seed powder).
CONCLUSION
There were significant differences by using jackfruit seed powder as a wheat flour substitute
in cookies. Wheat flour substitution by 20% and 40% of jackfruit seed powder was found to
be a beneficial preference due to its functional and nutritional properties such as high total
carbohydrates, protein and crude fiber, and low in fat and moisture content. In addition, there
was no significance difference in the sensory analysis for this formulation. Thus, the result
obtained in this study support the use of jackfruit seed powder as a potential wheat flour
substitute in cookies and can be utilized in the bakery industry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the lecturers and students of Management and Science
University (MSU) for contributing towards the success of this research.

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REFERENCES
AOAC (2002). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, 17th Edition.
Arpit S. & John D. (2015). Effects of different levels of jackfruit seed flour on the quality
characteristics of chocolate cake. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sciences, 3(11): 6-9.
Burkill H.M. (1997). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, 2(4): pp. 160-161.
Bobbio F.O., El-Dash A.A., Bobbio P.A. & Rodriguis L.R. (1998) Isolation and
characterization of the physico-chemical properties of the starch of Jackfruit seeds
(Artocarpus heterophyllus), Cereal Chemistry, 55: 505-511.
Butool S. & Butool M. (2015). Nutritional Quality on Value Addition to Jackfruit Seed
Flour. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(4): 1-2.
Choi S.E. (2016). Chapter 3 Sensory Evaluation. Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC. pp. 84.
Dilek, K., Zeynep, H., Alev, B. & Sinan, K. (2007). Bubble and pore formation of the high-
ratio cake formulation with polydextrose as a sugar and fat replacer. Journal of Food
Engineering, 78: 953-964.
Febles, C. I., Arias A., Hardisson A., Rodrigues-Alvarez C. & Sierra, A. (2002). Phytic Acid
Level in Wheat Flours. Journal of Cereal Science, 36: 19-23.
Goswami, C; Hossain, M.A., Mortuzaand, M.G. & Islam. R. (2010). Physicochemical
Parameters of Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam) Seeds in Different Growing
Areas. International Journal of BioResource, 2(10): pp. 01-05.
Grace J. (2008). Grind Jackfruit Seeds as Substitute for flour. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Available from: http://paperheart1993.blogspot.my/2008/03/feasibility-of-grind-
jackfruit-seeds-as.html
Golcu A, Haji Shabani A.M., Cifuentes A. & Miksik I. (2012). Food Analysis: Present,
Future and Foodomics. International Scholarly Research Notices, 12.
Hasidah, M.Y. & Noor Aziah, A.A. (2003). Organoleptic and physico-chemical evaluation of
breads supplemented with jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flour. Proceeding
Malaysian Science and Technology Congree (MSTC). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Islam S., Begum R. & Khatun M. (2015). A study on nutritional and functional properties
analysis of jackfruit seed flour and value addition to biscuits. International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 4(12): 139-147.
Ocloo, F.C.K., Bans, D., Boatin, R., Adom, T. & Agbemavor, W.S. (2010). Physico‐
chemical, functional and pasting characteristics of flour produced from Jackfruits
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds. Agriculture Biological Journal, 1(5): 903‐908.
Rengsutthi, K. & Charoenrein, S. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of jackfruit seed starch
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) and its application as a thickener and stabilizer in chilli
sauce. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44 (5): 1309-1313.
Roy Chowdhury, A., Bhattacharyya, A. K. & Chattopadhyay, P.(2012). Study on functional
properties of raw and blended jackfruit seed flour (a non-conventional source) for food
application. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 3(3): 347-353.
Singh A., Kumar S. & Singh I.S. (1991). Functional properties of jackfruit seed flour.
Lebensm-Wissu Technology, 24: 373–4.
Stone H. & Sidel J.L. (1993). Sensory Evaluation Practices. 2nd
edition Academic Press: San
Diego.
Stephanie (2006). Easy sugar cookies. All recipes. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Available
from http://allrecipes.com/recipe/9870/easy-sugar-cookies/

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SLEEP DISORDERS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS IN SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
Aida Nabilah Z.1, a *
and Shantha Kumar C.1, b
1
Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences,
Management & Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Corresponding author: aidanabbila@gmail.com*
ABSTRACT
Background & Aims: Sleep disorder is a significant issue among university students. The
impact of sleep problem is very important in this society nowadays. Therefore, the aim of
this study was to determine the sleep disorders and its associated factors among university
students in Shah Alam, Selangor. Materials & methods: A cross-sectional study was
conducted and response rate to the questionnaire study was 488/488 students (male= 244,
female= 244) were recruited from Management and Science University (MSU) and
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) in Shah Alam, Selangor who completed a sleep quality
and behavior questionnaire based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth
Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES).
Results: The mean age of the students were 22.31 years with SD 1.931. There was a
significant association (P value= 0.001) between type of institute and sleep quality.
Management and Science University (MSU) students (n= 208; 54%) were poor quality
sleeper compared to Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) students (n= 177; 46%). Overall,
78.9% of the students were defined as poor quality sleepers, 45.1% suffering excessive
daytime sleepiness, and 98.6% were categorized as individuals with ‘eveningness’. There
was no significant association of gender differences in sleep quality, but there was a
significant association of gender differences in sleeping habits and excessive daytime
sleepiness. Conclusion: Most of the students defined as poor quality sleepers and suffered
from excessive daytime sleepiness. The majority of them were categorized as ‘eveningness’.
Keywords: Sleep disorders, University students, Sleep quality, Excessive daytime sleepiness
INTRODUCTION
Sleep is one of the important things in life and it can be classified into three main
behavioral states which are wakefulness, Rapid-Eye-Movement sleep, and Non-Rapid-Eye-
Movement sleep that can be detected through electroencephalogram (EEG) test that tracks
and records brain wave pattern10
. Sleep disorder can be determined by one or more
characteristics which are hard to initiate sleep, hard to maintain sleep, or wake up too early3
.
Sleep problems can affect physiology that maintain the overall wellbeing and cause the other
health problems associated with poor sleep12
. Therefore, the daytime consequences of sleep
problems can lead to the difficulty in daily life that include increase of healthcare services,
increase risk of depression, poor memory, poor work performance, and risk of failure at
work3
. Sleep problem seems to be common among students with average between 7 to 7.5
hours of sleep per night, which is about 1 to 1.5 hours less than ideal estimate of 8.5 hours
per night10
. Some factors such as the environment, circadian rhythms, and time awake can
determine the amount and timing of sleep and sleep architecture19
. The important of sleep to
control mental health, high-level learning, and general wellbeing has acquired considerable
attention over the past decade2
. Besides, sleep complaints may cause a negative self-view and

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the physical concerns rising from depression9
. From previous research, it found that those
who had poor sleep quality had used alcohol, prescription of drugs, and over-the-counter
(OTC) medications as sleep aids1
. Furthermore, previous research also found that in
comparison to other health related variables such as time management, stress, mental health,
exercise, and intake of nutrient, sleep had the biggest effect on semester cGPA14
. Students
who had a poor sleep quality have a tendency to show a depression, anxiety, hypertension,
confusion, high level of psychosocial distress, increase of impatience, and other general
health problems16
. Sleep problem already bring a lot of impact towards our life. Sleep is a
reversible behaviour which is important for some different functions that include repair and
growth, restorative process, and memory consolidation that occur throughout the brain and
body, therefore sleep problem would result in words deterioration, psychological, and
neurocognitive14
. Sleep problem is a significant issue among adolescents and adults and it
also associated with sleep habits, age, gender, and lifestyle19
. Furthermore, poor sleep quality
will affect physical and psychological health problems include academic pressure, symptoms
of anxiety, depression, hypertension, increased drug use, frequent use of medical services,
fighting, smoking, and suicide ideation16
. So, the impact of sleep problem is very important
in this society nowadays. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to identify the sleep
disorders and its associated factors among university students in Shah Alam, Selangor.
Respondents
This study used a cross sectional design. Two universities were chosen in Shah Alam,
Selangor which are Management and Science University (MSU) and Universiti Teknologi
Mara (UiTM) using a purposive sampling technique. A convenient sampling method has
been used to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. As recommended by ethics
review, respondents had the excuse to refuse participation in the survey questionnaire. This
survey has been conducted by give away the questionnaires and the duration of study has
been taken approximately 3 months from February 2017 until April 2017. A total of 488
students were participated in this study, considering 30% from the sample size calculation to
be assumed as dropped out questionnaires. There were 244 respondents from MSU and 244
respondents from UiTM, including 122 male participants and 122 female participants from
each university.
Sleep disorders and behaviour measures
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) distinguishes between poor quality and
good quality sleepers by determining seven aspects which include subjective sleep quality,
sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep problem, use of sleep aid, and
daytime dysfunction over the past month. Scoring of an answer is based on a ‘0’ to ‘3’ scale,
whereby ‘3; reflects the negative extreme. The global sum of “5” or greater shows “poor”
quality sleeper while less than “5” shows “good” quality sleeper.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a questionnaire in which the individual scores
eight items on the likelihood that they would doze in eight situations with response from 0
(would never doze) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The score of the ESS is the sum of ratings
for the eight items which ranges from 0 to 24. Those with scores 10 and above were
categorized to have significant levels of daytime sleepiness or known as excessive daytime
sleepiness (EDS).
The Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness (MES) questionnaire was used to
determine the ‘chronotype’ or the sleeping habit of individuals, referring to people as
morning people with morningness or ‘larks’ for those who wake up early and are most alert

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in the beginning of the day, or evening people with eveningness or ‘owls’ for those who are
most alert in the late evening and prefer to go to bed late, and the ones in between. Students
were required to answer the questionnaire based on their experience for the past month, the
score from each question were added together, and the sum were converted into five category
of Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES). Definitely morning type (70-86), moderately
morning type (59-69), neither type (42-58), moderately evening type (31-41), and definitely
evening type (16-30).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
version 22. Descriptive results were expressed as frequency, percentage, mean, and SD.
Pearson’s Chi-square (X2
) analysis was used to determine the differences in the frequency
distributions between categorical variables and to evaluate the associations, therefore the P
value are two-sided and the value that less than 0.05 were considered as a significant
association (with 95% confidence intervals). Fisher’s exact test was used when 2 and more
cells have expected count less than 5.
RESULTS
Sociodemographic characteristics of the students
A total of 488 students were approached and all of them responded the questionnaire. The
respondents (n= 488; 100.0%) consisted of 244 students from Management and Science
University (MSU) and 244 students from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) in Shah Alam,
Selangor. From each university, students were divided equally to 122 male students and 122
female students, ranged between 17 to 28 years old and the mean age were 22.31 years with
SD 1.931. The majority of them were ethnic Malay (n= 372; 76.2%), while the rest of them
were Chinese (n= 7; 1.4%), Indian (n= 74; 15.2%), and others (n= 35; 7.2%).
Sleep quality among students
As measured by PSQI, Table 1 presents (n= 103; 21.1%) of the students reported a good
quality sleepers and (n= 385; 78.9%) of the students reported a poor-quality sleeper. There
was a significant association (X2
= 11.83; P value= 0.001) between type of institute and sleep
quality. The private institute students (n= 208; 54%) were poor quality sleeper compared to
public institute students (n= 177; 46%). There was no association of gender with sleep
quality (X2
= 2.77; P value= 0.096), as the number of male students who had good sleep
quality (n= 59; 57.3%) was almost similar to female students (n= 44; 42.7%).
Sleep disturbance among students
Table 2 presents the prevalence of sleep disturbance and reason for having trouble sleeping
among university students. Most of the students did not experience the sleep disturbances
during the past month. 27.7% (n= 135) did not experience cannot get to sleep within 30
minutes, (n= 89; 18.2%) experience not more than once in a week, (n= 131; 26.8%)
experience once or twice in a week, and (n= 133; 27.3%) experience three or more times in a
week.

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Table 1: Association between sociodemographic factors and sleep quality among university
students
Variable Sleep quality X2 (df) P value
Good quality
sleeper
Poor quality
sleeper
n (%) n (%)
Institute
Private 36 (35) 208 (54) 11.83 (1) 0.001
Public 67 (65) 177 (46)
Gender
Male 59 (57.3) 185 (48.1) 2.77 (1) 0.096
Female 44 (42.7) 200 (51.9)
Race
Malay 82 (79.6) 290 (75.3) 0.678a
Chinese 2 (1.9) 5 (1.3)
Indian 12 (11.7) 62 (16.1)
Others 7 (6.8) 28 (7.3)
Marital status
Single 101 (98.1) 384 (99.7) 0.114a
Married 2 (1.9) 1 (0.3)
Field of study
Science 54 (52.4) 204 (53.0) 0.01 (1) 0.919
Non-science 49 (47.6) 181 (47.0)
Years of study
1st 20 (19.4) 113 (29.4) 4.79 (2) 0.091
2nd 40 (38.8) 117 (30.4)
3rd 43 (41.7) 155 (40.3)
cGPA
≥3.00 89 (86.4) 296 (76.9) 4.43 (1) 0.035
<3.00 14 (13.6) 89 (23.1)
BMI group
Underweight 5 (4.9) 33 (8.6) 7.06 (2) 0.029
Normal 82 (79.6) 254 (66.0)
Overweight 16 (15.5) 98 (25.5)
Part time job
Yes 8 (7.8) 65 (16.9) 5.31 (1) 0.021
No 95 (92.2) 320 (83.1)
a
= Fisher’s exact test

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Table 2: Assessed sleep quality and prevalence of sleep disturbance as measured by PSQI
among university students
Reason for having
trouble sleeping
Not at all
during the
past month
Not more
than once in
a week
Once or
twice in a
week
Three or
more in a
week
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Cannot get to sleep
within 30 minutes
135 (27.7) 89 (18.2) 131 (26.8) 133 (27.3)
Wake up in the
middle of the night
or early morning
116 (23.8) 109 (22.3) 147 (30.1) 116 (23.8)
Have to get up to
use the bathroom
148 (30.3) 87 (17.8) 139 (28.5) 114 (23.4)
Cannot breathe
comfortably
337 (69.1) 88 (18.0) 54 (11.1) 9 (1.8)
Cough or snore
loudly during sleep
296 (60.7) 82 (16.8) 77 (15.8) 33 (6.8)
Feel too cold
during the night
134 (27.5) 120 (24.6) 133 (27.3) 101 (20.7)
Feel too hot during
the night
165 (33.8) 127 (26.0) 158 (32.4) 38 (7.8)
Have bad dreams
while sleeping
196 (40.2) 178 (36.5) 97 (19.9) 17 (3.5)
Feeling pain while
asleep
371 (76.0) 57 (11.7) 52 (10.7) 8 (1.6)
Other reasons 122 (25.0) 51 (10.5) 45 (9.2) 21 (4.3)
Excessive daytime sleepiness among students
As measured by ESS, Table 3 presents (n= 220; 45.1%) of the students reported had
excessive daytime sleepiness and (n= 268; 54.9%) of the students reported had no excessive
daytime sleepiness. There was a significant association (X2
= 4.77; P value= 0.036) between
type of institute and excessive daytime sleepiness. The private institute students (n= 122;
55.5%) had excessive daytime sleepiness compared to public institute students (n= 98;
44.5%). There was a significant association of gender with excessive daytime sleepiness (X2
=
7.45; P value= 0.006), as the number of female students who had excessive daytime
sleepiness (n= 125; 56.8%) was higher compared to male students (n= 95; 43.2%).
Situations that may cause dozing or sleeping among students
Table 4 shows how likely it was for the students to doze off or fall asleep in situations that
may cause dozing or sleeping. Majority of the students would never doze or sleep in the
situations that may cause them to doze off or fall asleep. 21.5% (n= 105) would never doze
or sleep while sitting and reading, (n= 163; 33.4%) had a slight chance of dozing or sleeping,
(n= 159; 32.6%) had a moderate chance of dozing or sleeping, and (n= 61; 12.5%) had a high
chance of dozing or sleeping.

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Table 3: Association between sociodemographic factors and excessive daytime sleepiness
(EDS) among university students
Variable Normal EDS X2 (df) P value
n (%) n (%)
Institute
Private 122 (45.5) 122 (55.5) 4.77 (1) 0.036
Public 146 (54.5) 98 (44.5)
Gender
Male 149 (55.6) 95 (43.2) 7.45 (1) 0.006
Female 119 (44.4) 125 (56.8)
Race
Malay 204 (76.1) 168 (76.4) 2.84 (3) 0.418
Chinese 6 (2.2) 1 (0.5)
Indian 39 (14.6) 35 (15.9)
Others 19 (7.1) 16 (7.3)
Marital status
Single 268 (100.0) 217 (98.6) 0.091a
Married 0 (0) 3 (1.4)
Field of study
Science 134 (50.0) 124 (56.4) 1.96 (1) 0.161
Non-science 134 (50.0) 96 (43.6)
Years of study
1st 80 (29.9) 53 (24.1) 7.46 (2) 0.024
2nd 94 (35.1) 63 (28.6)
3rd 94 (35.1) 104 (47.3)
cGPA
≥3.00 212 (79.1) 173 (78.6) 0.02 (1) 0.900
<3.00 56 (20.9) 47 (21.4)
BMI group
Underweight 19 (7.1) 19 (8.6) 5.07 (2) 0.079
Normal 176 (65.7) 160 (72.7)
Overweight 73 (27.2) 41 (18.6)
Part time job
Yes 42 (15.7) 31 (14.1) 0.24 (1) 0.626
No 226 (84.3) 189 (85.9)
a
= Fisher’s exact test

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Table 4: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) measured by ESS among university students
Situation that may
cause dozing or
sleeping
Never Slight
chance
Moderate
chance
High
chance
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Sitting and reading 105 (21.5) 163 (33.4) 159 (32.6) 61 (12.5)
Watching TV 129 (26.4) 188 (38.5) 140 (28.7) 31 (6.4)
Sitting inactive in a
public place (e.g. a
theatre or a
meeting)
200 (41.0) 143 (29.3) 109 (22.3) 36 (7.4)
Being a passenger in
a motor vehicle for
an hour or more
194 (39.8) 140 (28.7) 110 (22.5) 44 (9.0)
Lying down in the
afternoon
70 (14.3) 91 (18.6) 161 (33.0) 166 (34.0)
Sitting and talking
to someone
307 (62.9) 108 (22.1) 57 (11.7) 16 (3.3)
Sitting quietly after
lunch (no alcohol)
125 (25.6) 146 (29.9) 124 (25.4) 93 (19.1)
In a car, while
stopped for a few
minutes in traffic
276 (56.6) 120 (24.6) 65 (13.3) 27 (5.5)
Sleeping habits among students
Table 5 presents the ‘chronotype’ or the sleeping habit of individuals, indicating to people as
morning types/ people with morningness/ ‘larks’- for those who wake up early and are most
alert in the beginning of the day, or evening types/ people with eveningness/ ‘owls’- for those
who are most alert in the late evening and prefer to go to bed late, and the ones in between. In
this study, none of the students were classified into moderately morning type and definitely
morning type. 57% (n= 278) of the students were classified into definitely evening type, (n=
203; 41.6%) were classified into moderately evening type, and only (n= 7; 1.4%) were
classified into neither type.

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Table 5: Association between sociodemographic factors and sleeping habits among
university students
Variable Sleeping habits X2 (df) P value
Neither type Moderately
evening type
Definitely
evening type
n (%) n (%) n (%)
Institute
Private 4 (57.1) 96 (47.3) 144 (51.8) 1.10
(2)
0.577
Public 3 (42.9) 107 (52.7) 134 (48.2)
Gender
Male 0 (0) 94 (46.3) 150 (54.0) 9.85
(2)
0.007
Female 7 (100.0) 109 (53.7) 128 (46.0)
Race
Malay 6 (85.7) 157 (77.3) 209 (75.2) 2.47
(6)
0.871
Chinese 0 (0) 3 (1.5) 4 (1.4)
Indian 0 (0) 28 (13.8) 46 (16.5)
Others 1 (14.3) 15 (7.4) 19 (6.8)
Marital status
Single 7 (100.0) 200 (98.5) 278 (100.0) 4.24
(2)
0.120
Married 0 (0) 3 (1.5) 0 (0)
Field of study
Science 6 (85.7) 120 (59.1) 132 (47.5) 9.45
(2)
0.009
Non-science 1 (14.3) 83 (40.9) 146 (52.5)
Years of study
1st 3 (42.9) 56 (27.6) 74 (26.6) 3.58
(4)
0.465
2nd 3 (42.9) 59 (29.1) 95 (34.2)
3rd 1 (14.3) 88 (43.3) 109 (39.2)
cGPA
≥3.00 5 (71.4) 161 (79.3) 219 (78.8) 0.26
(2)
0.879
<3.00 2 (28.6) 42 (20.7) 59 (21.2)
BMI group
Underweight 1 (14.3) 19 (9.4) 18 (6.5) 3.50
(4)
0.479
Normal 4 (57.1) 132 (65.0) 200 (71.9)
Overweight 2 (28.6) 52 (25.6) 60 (21.6)
Part time job
Yes 2 (28.6) 21 (10.3) 50 (18.0) 6.42
(2)
0.040
No 5 (71.4) 182 (89.7) 228 (82.0)
DISCUSSION
This study found that (n= 103; 21.1%) of the students reported a good quality sleepers
and (n= 385; 78.9%) of the students reported a poor-quality sleeper. Poor quality of sleep can
be determined by late bed time, long latency of sleep, and short total sleep time. It is
consistent with the study by Forquer et al. (2008) in USA6
. Physical and mental syndrome of
poor sleep quality include fatigue, concentration failure, low pain threshold, uneasiness,
restlessness, depression, and others7
. From this study, there was a significant association

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between type of institute and sleep quality. Consistent with previous study by Lemma et al.
that assessed sleep quality among two different university11
. The reason could be because
sleep quality varied according to different environment, social, and academic demands.
Besides, this study also found out there was a significant association between cGPA
and sleep quality. According to El Desouky et al., students with poor sleep quality would get
lower cGPA5
. However, this study shows that among poor quality sleepers, there were 76.9%
get higher cGPA and only 23.1% get lower cGPA. The reason could be because students
with poor sleep quality prefer to study at late night and had short duration of sleep. In this
study, there was a significant association between BMI group and sleep quality. Consistent
with study by Theorell et al. there was a relationship between sleep quality and BMI21
. The
reason could be because the people with the BMI of underweight and overweight do have
poor sleep quality because of their poor eating habit or lack of eating.
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is more frequent between Western people as
compared to Asian people10
. A study by Zailinawati et al. found a lower prevalence of EDS
among Malaysian medical students24
. Similar with this study that shows (n= 220; 45.1%) of
the students reported had excessive daytime sleepiness and (n= 268; 54.9%) of the students
reported had no excessive daytime sleepiness. However, in comparison with other Asian
studies, this study presented a very high prevalence of EDS (45.1%) as compared to the study
among Korean adult populations by Joo et al.8
and study among Asian multi-ethnic
populations by Ng and Tan13
. There are various factors that correlate to excessive daytime
sleepiness which include age, clinical and sleep-related factors, and insufficient sleep8
. EDS
have a significant correlation with young person, short period of sleep, poor quality of sleep,
lacking of sleep10
.
In this study, we found that there was a significant association between gender and
EDS. It consistent with study by Tsai and Li that found a significant gender differences on
EDS23
. In contrast, no significant gender difference in EDS among the students has been
observed in study by Reyner and Horne18
. The researcher found that gender differences in
EDS are conflicting and thus factors which might correlate to the divergence of gender
influences in EDS can be considered in the future. Furthermore, in this study, there was a
significant association between year of study and EDS and it consistent with previous study
in Ethiopia by Lemma et al., found that increasing year of study was associated with sleep
problems11
. The reason could be because of the increasing of academic demands as the
increasing the year of study.
The ‘chronotype’ or the sleeping habit of individuals, indicating to people as morning
types/ people with morningness/ ‘larks’- for those who wake up early and are most alert in
the beginning of the day, or evening types/ people with eveningness/ ‘owls’- for those who
are most alert in the late evening and prefer to go to bed late, and the ones in between. In our
study, majority of the students were classified as ‘definitely evening type’ and ‘moderately
evening type’, similar to the study by Lai & Say among other Malaysian tertiary students10
and also among Japanese students study by Park et al.15
. Mainly, older people are likely to
have a morning-oriented sleeping habits4
. According to Tankova et al., teens and young
adults are likely to be more evening-oriented but would be more morning-oriented at the age
of 50 as the neuronal activity of the circadian rhythm is decreased with age20
.
In this study, none of the students were classified into moderately morning type and
definitely morning type. 57% (n= 278) of the students were classified into definitely evening
type, (n= 203; 41.6%) were classified into moderately evening type, and only (n= 7; 1.4%)
were classified into neither type. According to this study, there was a significant association
between gender differences and sleeping habits, which shows most of male students were
definitely evening type. It consistent with study by Tran et al. shows that most of male

8th
23
students were definitely evening type22
. The reason could be because of male students are
more energetic than female as they have higher stamina and metabolism. Besides, this study
also found there was a significant association between field of study and sleeping habits,
shows that majority of science students were evening type compared to non-science students.
It is consistent to the previous study by Prashanth et al. that observe the quality of sleep
among medical students17
. The reason could be because of medical students suffer high level
of stress due to academic demands and most alert in the evening hours and also prefer to go
to bed late.
Several limitations must be examined when describing the results from our study.
This study was conducted at only in one private university and one public university in Shah
Alam, Selangor, therefore the results cannot be concluded to all university students in Shah
Alam, Selangor. A study including all public university and all private university in Shah
Alam, Selangor will greatly improve the future studies. Another limitation of the study was
that a number of factors that could be possible to affect the sleep disorders were not
addressed. For example, factors such as stress, depression, and other mood disorders could be
possible reason to the sleep disorders. However, despite all the limitations, our study also has
several important strengths. Firstly, the respondents were recruited from all field of study
including science and non-science students. Secondly, the multi-ethnic students such as
Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other ethnic were involved in this study.
CONCLUSION
Overall, 78.9% of the students were defined as poor quality sleepers, 45.1% suffering
excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and 98.6% were categorized as individuals with
‘eveningness’, defined as people who are most alert in the late evening hours and prefer to go
to bed late. Management and Science University students (n= 208; 54%) were poor quality
sleeper compared to Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) students (n= 177; 46%).
Furthermore, there were some factors which are type of institute, cGPA, BMI group, gender,
year of study, and field of study that associated with sleep disorders among university
students in Shah Alam Selangor. These results focusing on the importance of sleep quality
when promoting the general health among university students. Furthermore, improved sleep
quality will likely benefit university students in their mental health status, daily activities,
and academic performance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the help of the Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Science,
Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
for approving the conduct of the study. The authors also appreciate the help of all university
students from Management and Science University and Universiti Teknologi Mara in Shah
Alam, Selangor in completing the questionnaires.
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26
UPSHOT OF COFFEE CONSUMPTION ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN FREQUENT
AND NON-FREQUENT DRINKERS AMONG HEALTHY POPULATION IN
RURAL AND URBAN AREA OF KOTA KINABALU, SABAH
Audrey Julius and *Neni W. Selamat
Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences,
Management and Science University, 40100, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Corresponding author, email: neni_widiasmoro@msu.edu.my
ABSTRACT
The upshot of blood pressure relies on the quantity and prevalence of foregoing caffeine
intake and on the rate of caffeine metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of
coffee consumption on blood pressure among frequent and non-frequent drinkers in rural and
urban area of Kota Kinabalu. A total of 168 participants (age = 26.52 ± 6.33 years; female =
50%; weight = 61.35 ± 12.52 kg; height = 163.37±7.70 cm; diploma holder = 45.2%) were
recruited. Questionnaires consisting of socio-demography (5 items), caffeine intake
frequency (2 items) and knowledge (10 items) were distributed. Blood pressure (BP) was
taken before coffee consumption and after 30th
, 60th
, 90th
and 120th
minutes. SPSS version 24
were employed for statistical analysis. Frequent drinkers displayed significantly higher BP on
the 90th
(p=0.015) and 120th
(p<0.001) respectively after intervention compared to non-
frequent drinkers. Significant upshot of BP was detected among frequent drinkers between
0th
and 30th
minutes (p<0.001), 30th
and 60th
minute (p<0.001), 60th
and 90th
minute
(p=0.002), 90th
and 120th
minute (p<0.001). Significant upshot of non-frequent were found at
0th
and 30th
minute (p<0.001). Subsequently, only urban participants reported significant
increase in BP between 0th
and 30th
and 60th
and 90th
and 120th
minute (p<0.001). Both rural and urban population
possessed moderate knowledge (5.85 ± 1.91 vs 5.71 ± 1.73). This research ratifies that
frequent caffeine intake elevated higher BP. This finding provided elementary evidence
supporting that coffee intake is not advisable by hypertension patients.
Keywords: Coffee, caffeine, blood pressure, urban, rural
INTRODUCTION
Rubiaceae is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom. Coffee is part of the
botanical family. It comprises almost 500 genera and more than 6500 species. The species in
this family including herbs, tree and shrubs. They can be found in tropical and sub-tropical
area throughout the world and usually found in the lower part of the forests. Basically, the
coffee plant (coffea genus) is the most important member of the Rubiaceae family but there
are another family that important as well. For example, the bark of Cinchona officinalis. It is
the source of quinine, used to treat malaria fever (Sette, 2014). The force of blood pushing
against blood vessel walls is known as "Blood Pressure". When the pressure in the arteries is
higher than it should be, it is called High Blood Pressure (HBP) or Hypertension (American
Heart Association 2015). Blood Pressure (BP) is reported as two numbers, example 112/78
mm HG. The upper one is called as systolic (number of the pressure when the heart beats).
The lower number is called as diastolic (number of the pressure when the heart rests between
beats). Reading below 120/80 mm HG is the normal BP. If the BP stays around 85/55 mm
HG and the person experiencing any symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, dehydration and

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