Paper#1  Lineups, Show-ups, and Photographic Arrays     Before the law enforcement officials made use of forensic evidence as means to combat criminal activity and catch criminal offenders, the primary sources used by police officers were the lineups, show-ups, and photo array. Show-ups are the identification method where the suspect is presented to the victim of the crime, which differs from the photo array (Cicchini, 2010). These techniques were built to have a great foundation, and were based on the eyewitness account of the victim but are not perfect. Previous research has proved that eyewitness identification can be unreliable and has been the leading cause of wrongful convictions (Cicchini, 2010). Perhaps, the specific nature of the crime can cause a victim to mistakenly identify the suspect, thus leading to a wrongful conviction. Courts need to take into consideration the witness’s capacity to observe the crime and whether the witness was impaired by stress or fright, personal biases, visual defects, fatigue, injury, drugs, alcohol at the time of the visual observation (Cicchini, 2010). If a vicious crime took place, then the victim may not have the proper frame of mind to correctly identify the suspect. Forensic evidence can then provide police officers a more definitive tool to correctly identify criminal suspects. Forensic investigators have been known to identify suspects by using a single strand of fiber taken from the crime scene (Saferstein, 2020). I would argue that the show-ups, photo arrays, and lineups should only be used in cases where no forensic evidence can be used to identify a suspect but are far less superior to forensic evidence. References Cicchini, M. D., & Easton, J. G. (2010). Reforming the law on show-up identifications.  Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology ,  100 (2), 381+.  https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A238353109/AONE?u=tel_a_bethelc&sid=AONE&xid=013f8cdb Saferstein R., & Roy T. (2020).  Criminalistics . [Savant Learning Systems]. Retrieved from  https://savantlearningsystems.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780135268407/ Paper#2  Occasionally, a patrol officer will use a technique such as a show-up when there is a cooperative witness of a crime who very clearly witnessed the incident occur, and officers have a suspect in custody who accurately matches the description given by their dispatch. I have personally seen this happen two, or three times in my four years of being a police officer and it is a rare occurrence. When people watch shows such as CSI or anything with law enforcement investigations in it, they are generally under the perception that reality works the exact same. I have been to calls where an unlocked vehicle had been gone through and a had items stolen out of it, during calls like this is when a victim will sometimes ask if we are going to fingerprint the door handles to identify the suspect. Unfortunately, as fingerprinting on a scene is still a tool law enforcement has the capabilitie.

1. Paper#1
Lineups, Show-ups, and Photographic Arrays
Before the law enforcement officials made use of forensic
evidence as means to combat criminal activity and catch
criminal offenders, the primary sources used by police officers
were the lineups, show-ups, and photo array. Show-ups are the
identification method where the suspect is presented to the
victim of the crime, which differs from the photo array
(Cicchini, 2010). These techniques were built to have a great
foundation, and were based on the eyewitness account of the
victim but are not perfect. Previous research has proved that
eyewitness identification can be unreliable and has been the
leading cause of wrongful convictions (Cicchini, 2010).
Perhaps, the specific nature of the crime can cause a victim to
mistakenly identify the suspect, thus leading to a wrongful
conviction. Courts need to take into consideration the witness’s
capacity to observe the crime and whether the witness was
impaired by stress or fright, personal biases, visual defects,
fatigue, injury, drugs, alcohol at the time of the visual
observation (Cicchini, 2010). If a vicious crime took place, then
the victim may not have the proper frame of mind to correctly
identify the suspect. Forensic evidence can then provide police
officers a more definitive tool to correctly identify criminal
suspects. Forensic investigators have been known to identify
suspects by using a single strand of fiber taken from the crime
scene (Saferstein, 2020). I would argue that the show-ups, photo
arrays, and lineups should only be used in cases where no
forensic evidence can be used to identify a suspect but are far
less superior to forensic evidence.
References
Cicchini, M. D., & Easton, J. G. (2010). Reforming the law on

2. show-up identifications.
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
,
100
(2), 381+.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A238353109/AONE?u=tel_a_bet
helc&sid=AONE&xid=013f8cdb
Saferstein R., & Roy T. (2020).
Criminalistics
. [Savant Learning Systems]. Retrieved from
https://savantlearningsystems.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780135
268407/
Paper#2
Occasionally, a patrol officer will use a technique such as a
show-up when there is a cooperative witness of a crime who
very clearly witnessed the incident occur, and officers have a
suspect in custody who accurately matches the description
given by their dispatch. I have personally seen this happen two,
or three times in my four years of being a police officer and it is
a rare occurrence. When people watch shows such as CSI or
anything with law enforcement investigations in it, they are
generally under the perception that reality works the exact
same. I have been to calls where an unlocked vehicle had been
gone through and a had items stolen out of it, during calls like
this is when a victim will sometimes ask if we are going to
fingerprint the door handles to identify the suspect.
Unfortunately, as fingerprinting on a scene is still a tool law
enforcement has the capabilities to use, it is a very rare
occurrence as generally the only items ever to be fingerprinted
are pieces of evidence which would be collected and sent to a
TBI lab for that type of research, such as weapons, or burglary
tools. “Humans and other primates are unique in having

3. thickened, roughened, skin on their fingertips, toes, palms, and
soles of the feet. These skin surfaces, when magnified, look like
a plowed field, with ridges and furrows, and allow us the useful
ability to grip things. Forensic scientists refer to this feature of
skin as friction ridges. Skin is never completely dry or clean;
grime, oil and sweat on the fingerpads create an impression of
the ridge pattern, known as a finger- print, whenever someone
touches something.
Fingerprints
have been recovered from all kinds of surfaces, although it has
proved hard to detect them on human skin, which would be a
very useful source of evidence if it could be done.”
(Identification Evidence. 2006). It is hard to say if things such
as line-ups, or photographic arrays are a thing of the past as I
have never had any experience with them, but that is not to say
that investigators do not use them regularly. “The classic
eyewitness identification
takes place in court, with the witness pointing to the defendant
and stating "That's the perpetrator." Such identifications are
usually preceded by outof-court identifications, using one of
three procedures: (1) lineups, in which a witness is asked to
pick a suspect out of a line of people; (2) showups, in which a
witness is shown just one suspect and asked whether that
suspect was involved in the incident at issue; or (3) photo
arrays, in which a witness is asked to pick a suspect's photo out
of an array of photos.” (Slobogin. 2002).
References
Identification Evidence. (2006). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner
(Eds.), Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Sources (pp.
282-285). Gale.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2588900121/GVRL?u=tel_a_b
ethelc&sid=GVRL&xid=6d3f880d.
SLOBOGIN, C. (2002). Eyewitness Identification:

4. Constitutional Aspects. In J. Dressler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
Crime and Justice (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 661-664). Macmillan
Reference USA.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403000116/GVRL?u=tel_a_b
ethelc&sid=GVRL&xid=91aca02b.
Paper 3
During a time of crisis for any organization, efforts should be
focused on the crisis, stakeholders, and then functions should
continue as normal once the crisis has been resolved (Crandall,
Parnell, & Spillan, 2014). The stakeholders in the Penn State
scandal seemed far too concerned with their image to do the
right thing, however, when awareness for these types of
situations is not always been as accessible, what is the right
course of action? In spite of that, “four of the most powerful
people at the Pennsylvania State University” knew of the
accusations against Sandusky, for more than a decade, and
still did not take the proper steps to protect future kids
from Sandusky in his charitable organization (Crandall, Parnel,
& Spillan, 2014, p. 18). Even after Sandusky’s retirement, he
was allowed continued access to the facility (Jacobs, 2014).
The grand jury indicted Sandusky on forty-five counts of crimes
against children (Jacobs, 2014). The University
President Graham Spanier and the head football coach Joe
Paterno were terminated; Vice President Gary Schultz
and Athletic Director Timothy Curley resigned, in connection
with concealing Sandusky’s inappropriate behavior. Later they
were charged with crimes related to this incident. The
NCAA decided that post-season games were to be barred
for four years, scholarships were cut back, and head coach
Paterno’s wins for the past fourteen years were to be taken off
the books; however, the University was still allowed to
participate in sports. The controversial actions of the

5. NCAA prompt lawsuits from former players, former members of
the board of trustees, as well as the Paterno estate. It was said
that the NCAA violated its own rules for normal or standard
disciplinary actions. Nonetheless, Paterno’s wins were
reinstated, but the damage to the children in his charity program
was already done.
In conclusion, the NCAA must follow the law in any situation,
same as police, courts, and other law enforcement agencies. Our
constitution does not allow punishment to exceed what is
allowed according to the law, even if some feel it should. Penn
State along with other corporations needs organizational plans
to handle a crisis of this magnitude. However, this scandal has
set the precedent for future institutions to learn from and the
NCAA to revise their discipline policies to meet the demand of
victims, like these young boys.
References
Crandall, W., Parnell, J. A., & Spillan, J. E. (2014). Crisis
management in the new strategy landscape (2nd ed.). SAGE
Jacobs, J. M. (2014). Procedural Aspects of the Penn State
Scandal. Parliamentary Journal, 55(4), 138–154.
Paper #4
On November 5, 2011, the sports world was rocked by the news
that former Pennsylvania State University assistant football
coach Jerry Sandusky was being charged with sexual abuse of
minors” (Sanderson & Hambrick, 2012). The Penn State scandal
hurt the school’s reputation, not to mention all the students and
school alumni affected. The troubling thing about the scandal is
that the school’s administrators knew about coach Jerry
Sandusky and his problem with raping children. The school was

6. wrong for hiding this information, and even worst, the school
helped cover up what coach Jerry Sandusky was doing. Other
people were involved in this scandal that is just as wrong as the
school administration. When coach Jerry Sandusky was caught
by staff in the shower with a minor, the staffer notified the
school. When the staffer saw that the school did nothing about
what he reported, the staffer should have gone to law
enforcement. When the school finally did something about
coach Jerry Sandusky, they came down hard on the
administration. Many top officials quit or were fired over this
scandal.
I feel that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
took the sanctions they gave Penn State too far. Sanctions like
barring the football team from any postseason games for four
years, cutting back the scholarships that were to be giving out,
and taking Coach Paterno’s past 14 years of wins off the books
(Crandall, Parnell, & Spillan, 2014). The sanctions that were
hand down by the NCAA ended up punishing the wrong people.
When the school fired everyone that helped cover up what
Coach Jerry Sandusky had done, that is all that needed to be
punished. What the NCAA did was punish people who had
nothing to do with the scandal.
Reference
Crandall, W., Parnell, J. A., & Spillan, J. E. (2014). Crisis
management in the new strategy landscape (2nd ed.). SAGE.
Sanderson, J., & Hambrick, M. E. (2012). Covering the scandal
in 140 characters: A case study of Twitter’s role in coverage of
the Penn State saga.
International Journal of Sport Communication
,
5
(3), 384-402.

7. Paper #5
The time when Theodor Seuss Geisel was making cartoons was
a very controversial time in American history. The tensions
towards African American citizens were still rising. While
huge strides were made from the time of emancipation, it was
still not enough during the time of World War II. The image I
chose was one that brought to light this discrimination. The
wartime demand for labor created opportunities for African
Americans, but there were still challenges they faced to be
treated equally (Schultz, 2013). This cartoon shows the war
industry being told by Uncle Sam to use all the keys on the
piano to get real harmony. This is referencing using African
American laborers to build the war machine. The cobwebs on
the black keys show how big business was against black labor
during this time. Unfortunately, it was not just big business
that kept segregation alive. It was seen in the military as well.
African Americans were placed in their own units and were not
integrated throughout the war. President Roosevelt fearing a
protest at the capital in turn signed Executive Order 8802 which
created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (Schultz,
2013). This committee required companies to hire workers
without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin when
they had federal contracts (Schultz, 2013). This cartoon shows
both a positive and negative view. It shows that the war
industry was still holding racist views. It also shows Uncle
Sam poking at the war industry to hire all and not base it off
race, creed, color, or national origin. We needed all Americans
to work together in the war efforts during World War II.
American needed to unite as a country to gain victory on both
war fronts. I agree with Dr. Seuss’s point of view in this
cartoon. Our country has faced many issues throughout the
years and after this class, I really realized the failure during
Reconstruction hindered America for decades.

8. References
Political Cartoons (n.d.).
http://theodorgeisel.weebly.com/political-cartoons.html
.
Schultz, K. M. (2013). HIST, Volume 2: US History Since
1865. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Paper#6
In this discussion in unit three, we are told to choose a political
cartoon drawn by Theodor Seuss Geisel, also known as Dr.
Seuss. Geisel was a political cartoonist as America entered and
fought World War II. His cartoons during this period address
many issues, from the dangers of Nazism to racism here at
home. We are asked to choose a political cartoon from the
1930s or 1940s and explain its larger historical context. Who or
what is being addressed, and what do we feel Dr. Seuss is
saying about the subject through the medium of his art? Do we
think Dr. Seuss has a positive or negative view of the cartoon
characters in the cartoon you select, and do we agree with Dr.
Seuss's point of view in the cartoon you select? Political
cartoons played an essential role in the early days of politics.
Cartooning is not simply a passive expression of the public
spirit, but it actively contributes to its growth, and political
creativity is born ("Metaphorical Devices," 2019).
Geisel or Dr. Seuss was a well-known children's book author of
such books like
Green Eggs and Ham
and
How the Grinch Stole Christmas

9. (Lamb, 2013). Before he was a famous children's book, author
D. Seuss was a cartoonist for the New York City newspaper
known as
PM
from 1941 to 1943. Dr. Seuss drew approximately 400 cartoons
within this time frame. Many of Dr. Seuss's cartoons were
patriotic and even nationalistic. However, some of Dr. Seuss's
cartoons did resort to ethnic stereotyping, which was
unacceptable now but not uncommon in those times.
Unfortunately, some of the ethnic stereotyping cartoons have
called for the cancelation of Dr. Seuss instead of taking him and
his cartoons with historical context. Still, I would agree that
some of them are inappropriate.
I chose the cartoon "What This Country Needs is a Good Mental
Insecticide" in my discussion. With all the fuss about Dr. Seuss
being prejudice, I see this cartoon being the total opposite, and
it does paint him in a positive light. In my opinion, the cartoon
is saying that we need a mental insecticide that kills the
negative thoughts in our heads. In the cartoon, Uncle Sam
sprays the man with the insecticide and kills the prejudice or
racial bug in his head. That is a powerful cartoon that is still
relevant in today's world. There is a bug living in everyone's
head that gives people negative thoughts, and if that bug were
dead, everyone's life and even the world would be better.
Lamb, C. (2013). Herblock's History: Political Cartoons from
the Crash to the Millennium/Dr. Seuss Went to War: A Catalog
of Political Cartoons.
Journal of American History
,
100
(3), 946–947.
https://doi-org.bethelu.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/jahist/jat521
Metaphorical Devices in Political cartoons with Reference to

10. Political Confrontation in Pakistan after Panama Leaks. (2019,
June 30).
Journal of Pakistan Vision
,
20
(1), 1.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A589659959/AONE?u=tel_a_bet
helc&sid=AONE&xid=07a3e809
Paper #7
I really struggled with this because I am not a visual person and
still art, whether it be paintings, photography or sculptures just
does not move me. Granted there are some sculptures that I find
interesting not based on the actual piece, but the overall
mechanics of how it was put together. For example, the Cloud
Gate in Millennial Park in Chicago, IL (famously called the
Chicago Bean) I am more intrigued by how the artist was able to
keep the seamless appearance using over 150 stainless steel
plates. (Mastropieri, 2020) Architecture would be good example
to illustrate my appreciation of function over form.
I am an audiophile and am extremely influenced by music. As
far as trying to pin something down to art or art-like is very
genre dependent. Music can be used as a tool to both heighten
or change the mood you are in. Most types of music one could
easily place in an art-like category based on cultural preferences
like Crash Test Dummies or Dido. However political bands like
Rage Against the Machine or rapper Tupac Shakur a legitimate
argument can be made that they both have form and content and
provide insight into the subject matter. (Jacobus & Martin,
2019)
To close this out, a brief synopsis of me. I am married and
father to two teenagers. We are a merry band of social and

11. political misfits living in middle Tennessee with 3 dogs and 3
cats. As if that isn’t enough to keep me busy, I work as a
Critical-Care Paramedic provider and educator intermixed with
some social and political activism.
References
Jacobus, L., & Martin, F. D. (2019).
THE HUMANITIES THROUGH THE ARTS, TENTH EDITION.
McGraw-Hill Education.
Mastropieri, K. (2020, April 29).
A Brief History of the Chicago Bean
. Retrieved from culture trip: https://theculturetrip.com/north-
america/usa/illinois/articles/brief-history-of-the-chicago-bean/
Paper #8
According to Sheposh (2020), art is the visual expression of
human imagination in an attempt to create an object that carries
an aesthetic or emotional impact. Art generally includes
painting, sculpture, drawing, architecture, printmaking,
photography, and filmmaking. A particular piece of art that
provokes emotions is “The Scream” by Edvard Munch. There
are four versions of 'Scream' which the one that became the
most famous work was the last one painted in 1893.
The Scream evokes several emotions by just viewing the piece.
It evokes loneliness, stress, isolation, madness, scared,
uncertainty, anxiety, and even suicidal thought. By viewing the
work, it seems as the person also wants to let people know they
exist. It can also be seen as a person releasing their internal
emotions due to overwhelming by screaming. The Scream is
generally interpreted as a representation of the universal anxiety
of modern man (Kasmir Images, 2020).

12. The Scream is considered to be artlike rather than art. Artlike is
assumed to be work that possesses some characteristics of
works of art but lacks revelatory power (Martin & Jacobus,
2019). The piece is artlike due to being attention-holding. It
also lacks a revealed subject matter meaning that the piece can
have various views concerning its meaning. Thought-provoking
is another characteristic of artlike that can occur when viewing
the piece due to colors and the person's expression.
My name is Yesica Perez. I am currently a customer service
advisor at a utility company and pursuing my bachelor’s degree
in business leadership. There are many things I enjoy doing in
my free time, such as traveling, attending Tennessee VOLS
basketball games, and playing basketball and volleyball.
Reference
Kashmir Images (2020).
The Scream (1893).
Sheposh, R. (2020). Art.
Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Martin, F. D., & Jacobus, L. A. (2019).
The humanities through the arts (10th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education