6. Solar panel are made up of silcon plate
They maje use of renewable energy from sun to generate
electricity
Working of solar panel
It works on phenomenon
of p-n junction
Its just like large surface
area semiconductor
Three basic types:
single crystal silicon,
polycrystal silicon,
and thin film/amorphous
7. Assembling solar cells
A single solar cell always produces a VOLTAGE of
approximately 0.5 volts, regardless of its size.
To produce higher voltages, individual cells should be
connected in SERIES to add their voltages.
The larger the solar cell, the greater the Current will
be. Current is measured in Amperes.
The most common solar panels are for 12 V
applications. To reach that voltage, 24 cells would be
sufficient, but for charging batteries and in order to
compensate for voltage drops due to various factors, a PV
panel normally contains between 28 and 40 cells for a
higher voltage.
10. WATER TANK
2014-15
A water tank is a
container for storing water.
The need for a water tank
is as old as civilized man,
providing storage of water
for drinking water, irrigation
agriculture, fire
suppression, agricultural
farming, both for plants and
livestock, chemical
manufacturing, food
preparation as well as many
other applications.
11. WATER TANK
2014-15
Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank,
choice of materials of construction, as well as the following.
Location of the water tank (indoors, outdoors, above ground or
underground)determines color and construction characteristics.
Volume of water tank will need to hold to meet design
requirements.
Purpose for which the water will be used, human consumption or
industrial determines concerns for materials that do not have side
effects for humans.
Temperature of area where water will be stored, may create
concern for freezing and delivery of off setting heat.
Delivery pressure requirements, domestic pressures range from
35-60 PSI, the demand for a given gpm (gallons per minute) of
delivered flow requirements.
How is the water to be delivered to the point of use, into and out
of the water tank i.e. pumps, gravity or reservoir.
15. A motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate
through interacting magnetic fields and current to
generate force , although a Few use electrostatic
forces.
The reverse process, producing electrical energy
from mechanical energy, is done by generators such
as an alternator or a dynamo.
Electric motors are found in applications as
diverse as industrial fans , blowers and pumps,
machine tools, household appliances, power tools,
and disk drives.
16. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical
action. Pumps fall into three major groups: direct lift ,
displacement , and gravity pumps.
Pumps are classified according to the way in which
energy is imparted to the fluid. The basic methods are
(1) volumetric displacement, (2) addition of kinetic
energy, and (3) use of electromagnetic force.
17. Volumetric displacement
Displacement pumps, which lift a given volume
for each cycle of operation, can be divided into
two main classes, reciprocating and rotary
Addition of kinetic energy
Kinetic pumps can be divided into two classes,
centrifugal and regenerative. In kinetic pumps a
velocity is imparted to the fluid.
Use of electromagnetic force.
These can be used only to pump fluids that are
good electrical conductors. The pipe carrying the
fluid is placed in a magnetic field and a current
passed crosswise through the fluid, so that it is
subjected to an electromagnetic force in the
direction of the flow.
18. Specifications:-
Rating
Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate,
outlet pressure in feet of head, inlet suction in suction
feet of head.
Materials
The pump material can be Stainless steel (SS 316 or SS
304), cast iron etc.
In the water industry and for pharma applications SS
316 is normally used.
Frequency
Pumps are normally available that run at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
