4- Let yij be observation j of a count variable for group i-i-1--I-j-1.docx

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4. Let y ij be observation j of a count variable for group i , i = 1 , , I , j = 1 , , n i . Suppose that Y ij are independent Poisson with E ( Y ij ) = i . (a) Show that the ML estimate of i is ^ i = y i = j = 1 n i y ij / n i . (b) Simplify the expression for the deviance for this model. .

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4. Explain what happens to the economy according to the Solow model when some fundamentals change (Increase/Decrease): Case 1. Saving/Investment rate Case 2 . Depreciation rate Case 3. Capital Case 4. Productivity. Present the results using the following 3 ways: 1. Solow diagram. 2. Dynamics over time graph. 3. In words. Example: Consider an economy in steady state. What happens to the economy according to the Solow model immediately and over time when the saving rate falls? 3. Explain in words what happens to the economy immediately and over time: .

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4. Explain why water dissolves so many different substances. A. Water dissolves so many different substances because of its ability to be present in a liquid, gas and solid state. Water is able to dissolve so many substances because of its high surface tension and high specific heat properties and is part of just about every living organism and can be found everywhere on the planet. B. Water dissolves so many different substances because of the partial charges on the water molecule caused by the polar covalent bonds. Electrons are shared unequally. by the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. This causes a partial negative charge on the oxygen end and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule. Water dissolves substances by binding to the positive and negative ends of other compounds pulling them apart. Any substance that is formed by polar bonds or ionic bonds can dissolve in water. Non-polar molecules do not have a net electrical charge and cannot be dissolved in water. C. Water can dissolve many different substances because of its polarity. That's why water is considered the unversal solvent. .

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4. Draw UML diagram for the following scenario using appropriate design pattern: Suppose, you are developing a system which will provide statistics of cricket players and teams. The app collects data from multiple sources in XML format and then dlsplays advance analysis of the players for the user. At some point, you decide to lmprove the app by Integrating a smart 3rd-party analytics library. But there's a catch; the analytics library only works with data in JSON format. [CO2] .

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4. Determine the type of sampling in the following: a. A study was conducted at a university in Cairo, Egypt, to determine the relationship between road risk perception and pedestrian injurics. The sample was taken from the list of student IDs. Every 40 th student was selected, after starting with a randomly chosen number. What sampling scheme was used? (Source: JM Ibrahim JM (2011) Road risk-perception and pedestrian injuries among students at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Journal of Injury and Volence Research (4)2. b. In a study of the health condition of residents of nursing homes, a simple random sample of all nursing homes in the city of Wenzhou was taken. All residents of the randomly selected nursing homes were interviewed. What sampling scheme was employed? (Source: Ireson J and Hallam S (2011) Survey of elderly health condition in Wenzhou city nursing home. Chinese Journal of Gerontology (8).) c. In a study of lung function, a simple random sample was taken from three groups of children: (i) children who live on a farm, (ii) children with intermediate farm exposure, and (iii) children with no farm exposure. Which sampling scheme was used? (Source: Ireson J and Hallam S (2005) Pupil's liking for school. British Journal of Educational Psychology (75).) .

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4. Characteristics of corporate bonds Which of the following allows a bond purchaser to convert a bond into a specified number of shares of stock of the firm that issued the bond? A siaking fund A bond covenant A convertible bond A call provision Compiete the following statement. Sinking fund buyback prices are usually tall provision buyback prices: As a result, the holder of a bond from a compary with a sinking fund stands to lose monty should a sinking fund provision result in the early paychtaf their bond than the. holder of a bond with a call provision. There are three leading bond-rating agencies in the U.S.: Standard \&. Poor's (SaP), Moody's, and Fitch Group. The three agencies were established in the early 20th century and grew in influence during the Great Depression of the 19305 as newly empowered government bank regulators used the bond-rating system to evaluate the soundness of bank assets. The agencles' status was further boistered as the economic and financial system became more turbulent with the stagfation of the 19705. By 1975, the Securitles and Exchange Commission (5EC) deemed the three agencles nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSROS). Which of the following best explains the conflict of interest that characterizes bond ratings agencies? Instead of charging buyers of bonds for bond ratings, the rabing agencies charge fees to issuers of these instruments. Since bonds rarely default, the influence of bond rating agencies has declined. There are too many imitators in the bond-rating business. Instead of charging bonds issuers for bond ratings, the rating agencies charge fees to buyers of these instruments. .

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4. Adaptation sometimes occurs in the following fashion: an environment changes, then a new mutation that produces some fitness-promoting effect arises, and then it sweeps to fixation. But most often adaptation starts from "standing genetic variation" - that is, from asllelic variants that are already present in populations at somewhat low frequency. These standing variants are just drifting about neutrally in frequency before the environment changes, and then, once the environment changes, selection favors of one of the formerly neutral variants. Given that standing genetic variation may be important for adaptation to a changing environment, why might we worry that urbanization has reduced populations' ability to adapt? If the genetic variation is already low before the environment changes, then there may be little standing genetic variation available to respond to the new selection pressures, leaving the population with few options for adaptation. 5. Mutation rates in urban settings are often higher because of pollution. These elevated mutation rates probably haven't shaped the evolutionary change of many urban populations just yet - cities simply haven't been around long enough for that to take effect-but if we let ourselves suppose that cities (and therefore scientists!) will persist over the next few hundred thousand or million years, we can then consider the long-term consequences of elevated mutation rates for urban organisms. If we suppose that a pair of urban and rural bird populations, say, come to be good species and then remain at their current population size over evolutionary time, do you expect equal rates of neutral evolution in the two species? Elevated mutation rates can increase the rate of neutral evolution because they introduce more genetic variation into a population, increasing the chances that new neutral mutations will arise and become fixed. Population size is decreased in urbanization so genetic drift has a higher effect fixing neutral mutations that could otherwise be advantageous in the occurrence of a change in the environment. .

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4. A phenotypically normal woman (let's call her Susie) has a mother (let's call her Karen) with phenylketonuria (PKU), a disease caused by the inability to process phenylalanine in food. There are no other instances of PKU in Karen's family history. However, Susie's father (let's call him Bill) suffers from a rare red-green colorblindness, as does Bill's mother's father (his maternal grandfather). Bill has a bother with the same colorblindness, but his two sisters have normal vision. a. Draw a pedigree depicted the above information, using the correct shapes. List all known genotypes. Hint - Susie is in Generation IV. b. Explain the likely inheritance pattern for each disease/abnormal condition. c. What percentage of Susie's eggs (gametes) will carry the allele that allows normal processing of phenylalanine and the allele that causes colorblindness? Show your work! .

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