This power point presentation deals with Data Analysis method for researchers after they gathered data.

1. Ethiopian Civil Service University
Research Methodology
Data Analysis Method in
Research
By:
Lissanework Sileshi

2. 1. Definitions
2. Data Analysis in Qualitative Research
3. Data Analysis in Quantitative Research
Content

3. • A process of reducing data to a story and
interpreting it to derive insights.
• Reducing a large chunk of data into smaller
fragments, which makes sense.
• a mass of collected data is being brought to
order, structure and meaning.
• to clean and transform data into a
consistent form so it can be effectively
studied
1. Definitions
Data Analysis

4. • It makes studying data a lot simpler
and more accurate.
Definitions (cont…)
Why Data Analysis

5. • Qualitative data
– When the data presented has
words and descriptions.
• Quantitative data
– Any data expressed in numbers
of numerical figures
Definitions (cont…)
Data Type

6. • Qualitative data is made up of words,
descriptions, images, objects, and
sometimes symbols.
• .A word-based method is the most
relied and widely used global
technique for research and data
analysis.
2. Qualitative Data Analysis
Definition

7. • Content Analysis
• Narrative Analysis
• Discourse Analysis
• Ground Theory
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Type of Qualitative Data Analysis

8. • Examine patterns in communication in
a replicable and systematic manner.
• Analysis of simple word frequencies.
• Employed to understand factors such
as behaviours, attitudes, values,
emotions, and opinions.
.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
2.1 Content Analysis

9. Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Types of Content Analysis
• Quantitative vs Qualitative Content Analysis
• Conceptual vs Relational Content Analysis

10. • highlights frequency counts and objective
analysis of these coded frequencies.
• determine the presence of certain words,
themes, or concepts in a qualitative data.
• quantify and analyse the presence,
meanings, and relationships of such
certain words, themes, or concepts.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Quantitative Content Analysis

11. • Unit of Analysis/Code of Analysis is a single word or
symbol, paragraphs, lines, a theme, or an entire
article/page/post/ tweet/video/considered smallest
element of content analysis.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Quantitative Content Analysis

12. • Unit
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Qualitative Content Analysis

13. • Determines the existence and
frequency of concepts in a text.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Conceptual Content Analysis
Relational Content Analysis
• examining the relationships
among concepts in a text.

14. • Involves quantifying and counting
a frequency of a concept.
• The main goal is to examine the
occurrence of selected terms in
the data.
• Focuses on the number of times a
concept occurs in a set of data
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Conceptual Content Analysis

15. • exploring the relationships
between concepts.
• Assesses the relationships
between different concepts and
how they’re connected.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Relational Content Analysis

16. • to understand how participants
construct story and narrative
• concerned with the stories people
express about themselves or others.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
2.2 Narrative Analysis
• Explores how one has acted in various contexts across time
• interpreting stories or narratives in order to address a research
question
• concerned with the structure, content, and function of stories in
written and oral communication

17. • focuses on the story itself, looking at
the plot, characters, and setting.
• often used in literary criticism.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Structural Narrative Analysis

18. • looks at the themes within the story,
such as love, loss, or betrayal.
• used to understand a culture or social
group.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Thematic Narrative Analysis

19. • looks at how the story reflects the
values and beliefs of a culture. .
• used to understand history or current
events.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Cultural Narrative Analysis

20. • used in analysing the use of language
in social contexts.
• techniques to understand the world by
investigating the underlying meaning of
what & how people say
• examine how people in a given setting
use a particular word
• Study larger chunks of language, such
as entire conversations & texts,.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
2.3 Discourse Analysis

21. • Critical discourse analysis
• Applied linguistics
• Rhetorical analysis
• Applied linguistics
• Interactional sociolinguistics
• Ethnography of communication
• Speech act theory
• Pragmatics
• Variation analysis
• Conversation analysis
• Cognitive psychology
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Types of Discourse Analysis

22. • Studying written or spoken language in
relation to its social context.
• Understand how language is used in
real life situations.
• study of how broad and
specific discourses reflect social
inequities and imbalances of power for
different groups.
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Critical Discourse Analysis

23. • a set of systematic inductive methods
for conducting qualitative research
aimed toward theory development.
• collecting and analysing qualitative
data, the researcher can construct a
new theory
• the analysis and development of
theories happens after you have
collected the data
Qualitative Data Analysis (cont…)
2.4 Grounded Theory Analysis

24. • the process of collecting and
evaluating measurable data in order
to understand the behaviour and
performance entity
• statistical techniques are the most
favoured to analyse numerical data.
• represent a given reality in terms of
a numerical value
• to collecting and evaluating
numerical data to test a hypothesis
or identify patterns and correlations
3. Quantitative Data Analysis

25. • Two Types
– Descriptive Statistics used to
describe data.
– Inferential statistics that helps
in comparing the data.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont.…)

26. • used to describe the characteristics of
a population
• used to answer a wide range of what,
when, and how questions pertaining to
a particular population
• describe the basic features of versatile
types of data in research.
• .
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.1 Descriptive Statistics

27. • Types of Descriptive Statistics
• Measures of Frequency
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion or Variation
• Measures of Position
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
Descriptive Statistics (cont…)

28. • Count, Percent, Frequency
• It is used to denote home often a
particular event occurs.
• Researchers use it when they want to
showcase how often a response is given.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.1.1 Measures of Frequency

29. • Mean, Median, Mode
• The method is widely used to demonstrate
distribution by various points.
• Researchers use this method when they
want to showcase the most commonly or
averagely indicated response.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.1.2 Measures of Central Tendency

30. • Range, Variance, Standard deviation
• Here the field equals high/low points.
• Variance standard deviation = difference between the
observed score and mean
• It is used to identify the spread of scores by stating
intervals.
• Researchers use this method to showcase data spread out.
• It helps them identify the depth until which the data is
spread out that it directly affects the mean.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.1.3 Measures of Dispersion or Variation

31. • Percentile ranks, Quartile ranks
• It relies on standardized scores helping
researchers to identify the relationship
between different scores.
• It is often used when researchers want to
compare scores with the average count.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.1.4 Measures of Position

32. • used to make predictions about a
larger population.
• to understand the relationship between
variables.
• Types of Inferential Statistics
– Correlation
– Cross-tabulation
– Regression analysis
– Frequency tables
– Analysis of variance
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2 Inferential Statistics

33. • to understand the relationship between
two or more variables.
• a statistical measure of the relationship
between two variables
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2.1 Correlation

34. • used to analyse the relationship
between multiple variables.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2.2 Cross Tabulation

35. • find out the impact of independent
variables on the dependent variable.
• using statistical equations to predict or
estimate the impact of one variable on
another
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2.3 Regression Analysis

36. • used for testing the degree to which
two or more vary or differ in an
experiment.
• A considerable degree of variation
means research findings were
significant.
• In many contexts, ANOVA testing and
variance analysis are similar.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2.4 Frequency Table

37. • testing the degree to which two or
more vary or differ in an experiment.
• A considerable degree of variation
means research findings were
significant.
• In many contexts, ANOVA testing and
variance analysis are similar.
Quantitative Data Analysis (cont…)
3.2.5 Analysis Variance

38. 1. Descriptive Research Design
2. Survey Research
3. Correlational Research Design
4. Quasi-experimental Research Design
5. Experimental Research Design
4. Quantitative Research Design
Types of Quantitative Research Designs

39. • to understand a phenomenon, a
situation, or a population.
• used when trying to identify
characteristics, categories, and trends.
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.1 Descriptive Research Design

40. • The process of conducting research
using surveys that researchers send to
survey respondents. .
• useful for researchers who aim at
communicating new features or trends
to their respondents.
• limited cost involved, and there is a
need to access details easily
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.2 Survey Research Design

41. • investigates relationships between
variables without the researcher
controlling or manipulating any of
them.
• A type of non-experimental
research method in which a researcher
measures two variables.
• limited cost involved, and there is a
need to access details easily
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.3 Correlation Research Design

42. • a scientific approach to research
• independent variables are manipulated
and applied to dependent variables to
measure their effect on the latter.
• They are of 3 types, namely;
– pre-experimental,
– quasi-experimental, and
– true experimental research.
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.4 Experimental Research Design

43. • either a single group or multiple groups
are observed subsequent to some
agent or treatment presumed to cause
change.
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.4.1 Pre Experimental Research

44. • attempts to establish a cause-and-
effect relationship by using criteria
other than randomization.
• does not rely on random assignment.
• subjects are assigned to groups based
on non-random criteria.
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.4.2 Quasi Experimental Research

45. • A statistical approach to establishing a
cause-and-effect relationship between
different variables.
• A researcher has complete control
over the process which helps reduce
any error in the result.
Quan. Research Design (cont…)
1. 4.4.3 True Experimental Research

46. • to describe the characteristics of the
members of a sample or population,
• To explore the relationships between
variables,
• to test research hypotheses, and
• to visually represent data.
4. Data Analysis
Application

47. • Descriptive Statistics
• Tests of Significance
• Graphical/Pictorial Methods
• Analytical Techniques
Data Analysis (cont…)
Types