1. |
WECC Linear State Estimator Project
September 22, 2015 – Salt Lake City, Utah
Presentation to JSIS
Ken Martin and Lin Zhang
Electric Power Group

2. |
 Project Introduction - Synchrophasor Data Validation and Conditioning Application
(SDVCA)
 Data Validation
> Model less Using Algorithms
> Model Based Using Linear State Estimator (LSE)
 enhanced Linear State Estimator (eLSE)
> Overview
> Enhancements
> Testing and Results
> eLSE Product
 Discussion and Next Steps
BriefingOutline
19/22/2015© Electric Power Group. 2015. All rights reserved.

3. |
 Objective is to develop a validation and conditioning application for WECC utilities
 Specified to include validation & conditioning using:
> Model less algorithms
> Model Based Linear State Estimator (LSE)
 Modeless approach uses the algorithms developed under a DOE sponsored project
> EPG was the contractor for this project
 Model based approach uses the LSE developed by Virginia Tech at Dominion
> VT/Dominion placed the code in the public domain
 Test and demonstration at BPA
> Test site arranged by WECC
> Historical data testing using 3 years of archived data
> Real-time data testing using a live data feed
Projectoverview
29/22/2015© Electric Power Group. 2015. All rights reserved.

4. |Page 3
Model-Less & LSE-Based
Data Validation and Conditioning
Model-Less Validation &
Conditioning
LSE-Based Validation &
Conditioning
Output Selection
Input:
Raw C37.118
Model-less
conditioned
C37.118
Model-less
conditioned
C37.118
LSE-conditioned
C37.118
Output:
Conditioned
C37.118

5. |
DataValidationUsingModelessApproach
Page 4
Module 1 & 2
Communication &
Message Format
Module 3
Time & Timing
Data
Stream
Comm error
Msg size
Chk word
PMU ID
Missing Samples
Msg order &
sequence
Time good
Latency ok
Stuttering
Module 4 & 5
PMU Status & Data
characteristics
PMU Status
H/L limits
Hi Noise
Stale data
Frequency
derivation
User defined
calculations &
logics for
topology-based
validation
Module 6 Measurement
Topology
Output Conditioning
w/wo LSE
Data validation flag
Combine flag &
data
Conditioned data
set to NaN for
error
Conditioned
data w/or w/o
error flags
GPS (Optional)

6. |
SDVCADataFlow
Page 5
PDVC: Phasor Data Validation & Conditioning

7. |
LSEissuestoresolve
 Many models used in WECC
> Which should be used?
> Which are proprietary only?
> Where do we get it?
 Converting model to that used by LSE
 Using the LSE outside of .net environment
 Keeping topology consistent – Synchronizing data with topology
> SCADA reports are not synchronized with phasors
> How do we get breaker updates for historical data and synchronize with phasor data?
> Same for real-time data?
 Choosing the best data (modeless or model based)
Page 6

8. |
ProjectSchedule
 Notes
> Original start was delayed for documents
> Task 2 started when approved by WECC
> Task 3 & 4 run concurrently - Resolving issues with state estimation
> Have to work with BPA & SCADA ICCP server availability
> Project end date extended to December 1
Page 7
Task # Task description Work time
projected
Schedule
Start
Scheduled
finish
Actual
start
Actual finish
1 Algorithm & software design 4 mo. 6-Mar-14 21-Aug-14 21-Apr-14 15-Aug-14
2 Develop & deliver code to WECC 7 mo. 24-Sep-14 23-Apr-15 24-Sep-14 21-May-15
3 Install & test at BPA 1 mo. 23-Apr-15 23-May-15 15-May-15
4 Back test with 3 years of data 1 mo. 23-Apr-15 23-May-15 15-May-15
5 Deliver complete working system 1 mo. 23-May-15 23-Jun-15

9. |
 Three phase LSE code developed at Virginia Tech by Prof Thorp and Kevin Jones
 VT code implemented at Dominion Virginia Power in 2013
 EPG enhanced VT/DVP code to extend the LSE to complex power systems such
as the WECC/BPA system
 EPG’s enhanced LSE (eLSE) has been tested and validated on the BPA system
 Presentation outline
> Overview
> Enhancements
> Model Builder
> Breaker Status Update – PMU Digital or ICCP
> Testing and Results
> Lessons Learned
> eLSE Product
LSEOverview
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 8

10. |
eLSEInputsandUses
© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights
reserved
9
eLSE Application
Utility
Network
Model (CIM)
C37.118
PMU data
• WECC SDVCA
• DataNXT: Validation and
Conditioning
• PhasorNXT: Visualization
and Situational
Awareness
• Network Applications
• Contingency Analysis
• Energy Market
• Stability
Topology
Information
Inputs:
 PMU Data (PDC)
 Network Model (CIM integration)
 Topology Info (PMU digital or ICCP)
9/22/2015

11. |
 Series Capacitor
 Shunt capacitor/reactor
 Split bus
 Naming convention
 Bypass breaker modeled in line
 Breaker status interface to accept Inter-Control Center
Communications Protocol (ICCP)
eLSEApplication–SixMajorEnhancementsImplemented
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 10

12. |
SeriesCapacitorEnhancement
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 11
R X
B/2 B/2
V2
I21I12
V1
One Line Segments ONLY
– No Series Caps Example 2: Multiple line segments with series capacitors
Original LSE code enhanced Linear State Estimator code
Example 1: Series capacitors – one line segment
V1 V2R X
B/2 B/2
I12 I21
R X
B/2 B/2
SC
V1 V2
I12 I21
R X
B/2 B/2
SC

13. |
SplitBusEnhancement–RemovesNon-observablebusfrom
calculation
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 12
Transimission Line
Transimission LineA
B
C
D
E
F
I
J
K
L
M
Substation 1 Substation 2
M
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
m
Closed Open PMU
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3

14. |
NamingConventionEnhancement–CanUseIntegersorStrings
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 13
Enhanced LSE allows use of Strings following
WECC Naming Convention eg,
SubstationName_KV_NodeID
SubstationName_DeviceType_KV_ID
……
CHIEF_JO_PCB_500_936
CHIEF_JO
CHIEF_JO_500_900
Original Code used Integers for Naming

15. |
 Automatic CIM parsing engine
> Parse the CIM model and convert it to LSE model
 Mapping File Creation
> Mapping PMU signals to LSE model
 Signal mapping engine
> Read the mapping file and automatically map PMU signal to the LSE model
 GUI of network model builder
> Edit network model, eg add or remove lines, breakers
> Update models
eLSEModelBuilder–FourMajorComponents
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 14

16. |
LSE Provides two ways of retrieving breaker status update
1. Using PMU digital
2. Using EMS data – integrated using Inter-Control Center
Communications Protocol (ICCP)
BreakerStatusUpdateforreal-time- TwoMethods
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 15

17. |
 Validated for BPA’s entire 500kV and
portion of 230kV system
 System reduced to PMU visible area
> 37 Substations with PMU installed
> 220 phasor measurements
> 65 observable substations
 Able to run properly at 60 frames per
second
 Testing with historical and live field
PMU data
eLSEValidation–65ObservableSubstationswithPMUsat37Substations
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 16
Elements Number
Substations 65
Lines 96
Line Segments 126
Transformers 129
Nodes 3091
Breakers 849
Switches 2357
Series Capacitors 18
Shunt Capacitors 112
Observable buses 78

18. |
 Minor offsets are expected when using linear state estimation
 Initial BPA results showed 40kV offset at Chief Joseph
 Approach used to identify root cause:
> Use bad data detection module which flags bad data to identify if
problem is due to bad measurements
> Compare PMU data and SCADA data – should match
> Calculate line impedance using PMU measurements – compare
results with model to identify model problems
 Remove questionable lines in model to run eLSE for good results
TestingandApproachUsedtoAddressIssues
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 17

19. |
 Chief Joseph Brake event
Testing–InitialResultwithChiefJosephBrakeEvent–40kVOffset
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 18
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1
440
879
1318
1757
2196
2635
3074
3513
3952
4391
4830
5269
5708
6147
6586
7025
7464
7903
8342
8781
9220
9659
10098
10537
10976
11415
11854
12293
12732
13171
13610
14049
14488
14927
15366
15805
16244
16683
17122
17561
18000
18439
18878
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19756
20195
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25902
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27658
28097
28536
28975
29414
29853
30292
30731
31170
31609
32048
32487
32926
33365
33804
Chief Joseph 500 kV East Bus Voltage Magnitude
LSE Estimated Raw PMU measurement
40kV

20. |
 PDCI event
Testing-InitialResultwithPDCIEvent–40kVOffset
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 19
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500
510
520
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1
550
1099
1648
2197
2746
3295
3844
4393
4942
5491
6040
6589
7138
7687
8236
8785
9334
9883
10432
10981
11530
12079
12628
13177
13726
14275
14824
15373
15922
16471
17020
17569
18118
18667
19216
19765
20314
20863
21412
21961
22510
23059
23608
24157
24706
25255
25804
26353
26902
27451
28000
28549
29098
29647
30196
30745
31294
31843
32392
32941
33490
34039
34588
35137
35686
36235
36784
37333
37882
38431
38980
39529
40078
40627
Chief Joseph 500 kV East Bus Voltage Magnitude
LSE Estimated Raw PMU measurement
40kV

21. |
 Chief Joseph Brake event
Removequestionablelines–Offsetreducedto2kV
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 20
525
530
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1
452
903
1354
1805
2256
2707
3158
3609
4060
4511
4962
5413
5864
6315
6766
7217
7668
8119
8570
9021
9472
9923
10374
10825
11276
11727
12178
12629
13080
13531
13982
14433
14884
15335
15786
16237
16688
17139
17590
18041
18492
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24806
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25708
26159
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27061
27512
27963
28414
28865
29316
29767
30218
30669
31120
31571
32022
32473
32924
33375
33826
Chief Joseph 500 kV East Bus Voltage Magnitude
LSE Estimated Raw PMU measurement
2kV

22. |
 PDCI event
Removequestionablelines–Offsetreducedto10kV(lessthan2%)
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 21
505
510
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520
525
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545
550
555
1
615
1229
1843
2457
3071
3685
4299
4913
5527
6141
6755
7369
7983
8597
9211
9825
10439
11053
11667
12281
12895
13509
14123
14737
15351
15965
16579
17193
17807
18421
19035
19649
20263
20877
21491
22105
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27017
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29473
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30701
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33157
33771
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34999
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36227
36841
37455
38069
38683
39297
39911
40525
41139
41753
42367
42981
43595
44209
44823
45437
Chief Joseph 500 kV East Bus Voltage Magnitude
LSE Estimated Raw PMU measurement
10kV

23. |
 Standard CIM Model
> “Common” information model, NOT common, customization required
 Network parameters
> Critical for LSE estimated results
 Good redundancy of measurements
> Help detect bad data and give better estimated results
 PMU digitals for breaker status, instead of using ICCP
> No time skew issue if using PMU digitals
LessonsLearnt
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 22

24. |
 eLSE available as a stand alone product
 eLSE functionality integrated into applications – WECC SDVCA, EPG’s PhasorNXT and DataNXT
 Production Grade – Tested and Validated
> BPA System
> ERCOT System
> LADWP Virtual PMU Use Case – (Victorville McCullough Adelanto system)
 Designed to handle complex systems
 Incorporates bad data detection and identification module
 Implementation Steps for a Utility/ISO
> Model Integration
> PMU Data Mapping
> ICCP Integration
eLSEProduct
9/22/2015© Electric Power Group 2015. All rights reserved 23

25. |
Discussion and Q/A
24 Apr 2015© Electric Power Group. 2015. All rights reserved.

26. |
ThankYou
25
201 S. Lake Ave., Suite 400
Pasadena, CA 91101
626-685-2015
www.electricpowergroup.com