Iron Deficiency Anaemia ppt

2.  Iron is a mineral needed by our bodies and it
is one of the most common elements in the
Earth’s crust.
 Iron has several vital functions in the body;
› Serves as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from
the lungs by haemoglobin
› A transport medium for electrons within cells
› An integrated part of important enzyme systems
in various tissues

3. STRUCTURE OF Hb
 4 polypeptide chains
 Alpha-1& 2 chains
 Beta-1 & 2 chains
 4 haem groups
 Haem is made up of iron
& porphyrin
 4 iron molecules attached
to each haem groups
 Quaternary structure of
superimposed
polypeptide chains

5.  “Anaemia" usually refers to a condition in
which your blood has a lower than normal
number of red blood cells.
 Iron is an essential mineral that is needed to
form hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein
inside red blood cells.
 Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in
which the body lack enough red blood cell to
transport oxygen-rich blood to body tissues

6.  Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum by
enterocytes
 2 types of iron
 Haem iron (Fe2+ - from meat)
 Non-haem iron (Fe3+ - from plants)
 Amount of iron absorbed is regulated according to the
body’s needs
 Iron is transported by a protein called ‘transferrin’
 Transferrin transports iron to the erythroblast mitochondria
for the synthesis of ‘haem’.
 Iron is stored in 2 forms; ferritin & hemosiderin in the bone
marrow, liver and spleen.

7.  DMT-1: divalent metal
transporter-1
 Ferroportin: controls the
export of iron into the
portal plasma and
transport it into the blood
circulation
 Ferrireductase: converts
iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+
state
 Ferrioxidase: converts
Fe2+ back to Fe3+
 Hepcidin: inhibits the
activity of ferroportin

8.  Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common
nutritional deficiency worldwide affecting 1.3
billion people
 The prevalence of IDA in the United States
varies widely by age, sex, and race
 Infants, toddlers, pregnant women and
menstruating women are mostly affected

9. WHO region Children
(6-59 months)
Menstruating
women (15-49yrs)
Pregnant women
(15-49yrs)
African region 32% 41% 44%
Region of the Americas 56% 55% 60%
South-East Asia region 41% 45% 47%
European region 54% 55% 62%
Eastern Mediterranean
region
38% 45% 49%
Western Pacific region 64% 59% 61%
Table 1: Estimated percentage (95% CI) of anaemia due to iron deficiency
(2010)

10.  Inadequate iron intake
› Vegetarians
› Tea-toast type feeding (old age)
 Increased demands
› Pregnancy or blood loss due to menstruation
› Internal bleeding
› Rapid growth
› Lactation
 Inability to absorb iron
› Gastric surgery
› Celiac disease

11.  General fatigue
 Weakness
 Pale skin
 Shortness of breath
 Dizziness
 Strange cravings to eat items that
aren’t food, such as dirt, ice, or clay
 Tingling or crawling feeling in the legs
 Tongue swelling or soreness
(glossitis)
 Cold hands and feet
 Fast or irregular heartbeat
 Brittle/spoon nails
 Headaches
 Jaundice
 Angular stomatitis
 Enlarged spleen
 Iron deficiency anaemia can lead to;
› Decreased work & school
performance
› Slow cognitive & social
development during childhood
› Difficulty maintaining body
temperature
› Decreased immune function, etc

12.  Women of childbearing age
 Pregnant women
 People with poor diets
 People who donate blood frequently
 Infants and children
 vegetarians

13.  Iron deficiency anaemia can become severe
and lead to health problems;
Heart problems: enlarged heart or heart failure
Problems during pregnancy: premature births
and low birth weight babies
Growth problems: delayed growth and
development, increased risk to infections

14.  Iron required depends on sex and age;
 Male 1 mg
 Women in repr.age 2-3 mg
 Pregnant 3-4 mg
 Infants & toddlers 1-3mg
 Children 8mg

15.  COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT:
› Hb,Htc,RBC:Low
› MCV,MCH,MCHC:Low
› RDW: High
› Retics: Normal/Low
› Plt:Normal/Low/High
› WBC:Normal/Low
 Smear:Hypochromia,anisocytosis,microc
ytosis, poikilocytosis

16.  Serum Iron:  (N: 60 – 180 μg/dL)
 TIBC:  (250 - 430 μg/dL)
 Serum Ferritin:  (N:Female;10-150 μg/L,
Male;29-248 μg/L)
 Transferrin saturation (Fe/TIBC):  (<15%)
<5%:definitely indicates iron deficiency
 Serum Transferrin Receptor: 
 Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin:  (17 – 27
μg/dL)
 Bone marrow :
› Erythroid hyperplasia,
› Absence of hemosiderin

17.  Microcytic anemias
› Iron deficiency anemia
› Thalassemia
› Sideroblastic anemia
› Lead poisoning
› Anemia of chronic diseases

18. Iron
deficiency
Chronic
disease
Thalassemia
Siderobl.
anaemia
Lead
poisoning

19.  Oral iron therapy
› Iron supplements – ferrous sulfate (iron salts)
› Iron tablets with vitaminC
 ferrous sulfate
 Gluconate
 fumarate
 Parenteral iron therapy
 Foods rich in iron and vitamin C

21.  http://www.namrata.co/case-study-iron-deficiency-anemia/
 http://www.hematology.org/Fellows/Case-Studies/733.aspx
 https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2005_10/Page1.htm
 http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hemoglobin/hemoglobh.htm
 http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-
oncology/anemias-caused-by-deficient-erythropoiesis/iron-deficiency-anemia
 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview#showall
 http://www.austincc.edu/emeyerth/hemoglob.htm
 http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/blood3.htm
l
 https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-
respiratory-system-39/transport-of-gases-in-human-bodily-fluids-222/transport-
of-oxygen-in-the-blood-841-12086/
 http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7431
 http://www.medicinenet.com/iron_and_iron_deficiency/page4.htm#how_is_iron
_deficiency_detected