Irwin-Honors Literature Review.pdf

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Trauma-Inducing News Coverage and the Roles of Memorials After Shootings
Lauren E. Irwin
University of Colorado Boulder
Honors Thesis Research
Department of Journalism in the College of Media, Communication and Information
Prof. Angie Chuang, Associate Professor of Journalism
April 1, 2022

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Contents
I. Literature Review
A. Introduction……………………………………………….…………… 3
B. Colorado’s Mass Shootings and Gun Violence History……………….. 4
C. Media Trauma on Survivors……………….…………………………... 5
D. Media Trauma on Journalists…………………………………………. 6
E. Memorial Journalism and Recovery…………………………...……… 8
F. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 10
II. Creative Project Overview
A. Initial Preparation……………………………………………………. 12
B. Source List and Explanation………………………………………… 12
C. Ethics in Interviewing………………………………………………... 15
D. Storyboard and Article Process……………………………….…....... 16
E. Photogrammetry Explanation and Visualization……………….......... 16
F. Presentation of Materials……………………………………………. 17
III. Bibliography
A. Literature and Article Resources……………………………………. 18

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Introduction
From the year I was born, 12 mass shootings have occurred in the state of Colorado and
six of them have happened less than 20 miles from my childhood home. Born in 2000,
throughout my childhood, the name Columbine was spoken in hushed voices year-round until
April memorials and practicing school shooting drills was part of the first-grade curriculum. The
2012 Aurora movie theater shooting brought young eyes to the courtroom for the first time and
dominated local media. I remember the news of the Arapahoe High School shooting six months
later traveling quickly around the halls in middle school. I waited anxiously by the phone when
my sister told me her school was on lockdown during the nearby 2019 STEM School shooting. I
watched the SWAT team run through my back alley during the Boulder King Soopers shooting
last March.
Almost everyone in the state of Colorado has been affected, or knows someone affected,
by the state’s notorious and ongoing list of shootings. As a journalism student and Colorado
native, I will be examining a handful of the state’s previous mass shootings. I am studying the
ways journalists have induced trauma on victims of a shooting and may also become traumatized
themselves through their reporting practices and how changing the narrative for news media will
provide solutions to this ongoing trend.
It’s important for me to know how journalists can better report on traumatic events to
minimize trauma for victims and themselves as well as the impacts reporting has—or
hasn’t—had on the community following local shootings. Additionally, I will be studying the
role of memorials and memorial journalism in the aftermath of traumatic events. Examining the
ways memorials provide assistance and recovery to victims and survivors, I plan to connect my
research with a possible solution on how reporting can better serve the public through an evolved

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form of news media, the use and implementation of reporting that memorializes the traumatic
event.
Trauma-Inducing News Coverage and the Roles of Memorials After Shootings
The following is research related to Colorado’s history with mass shootings, media
frenzies surrounding tragedies and the mental health of journalists and newsroom culture. In
addition to this, I examine the role of memorials, both physical structures and as online articles
that are spaces of relief for the community following death and pose a solution in journalistic
practices to minimize harm for reporters and the community.
Colorado’s Mass Shootings and Gun Violence History
What defines a mass shooting? After a string of mass shootings, one of which occurred
three miles from my apartment, Time Magazine released an article noting that the Gun Violence
Archive and many others define a mass shooting as an incident where four or more people are
shot or killed on the same day and within close proximity of one another. To consolidate research
on violence in America, scholars created encyclopedias. They found that the Congressional
Research Service aligns with Time’s definition. Consistently, scholars have defined a mass
shooting not for the type of location, but for the singular occurrence and possible randomized
killing (Richardson, 2020).
For this research, I have chosen five Colorado shootings. I chose these not necessarily
following exact guidelines for the definitions above, but because separately, they have severely
impacted the community, and myself, no matter the exact definition or details. The 1999
Columbine High School shooting wasn’t the state’s first mass shooting, but due to the severity

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and distinctiveness to this incident, it drew national attention that left Littleton strewn with
camera crews for months. Following the shooting, Colorado grappled with gun laws when then
18-year-old Robyn Anderson, who bought the guns the killers used, told legislators it was
entirely too accessible to purchase guns without background checks, (Soraghan, 2000). Now,
almost 23 years later, Colorado has enacted background checks to purchase guns, but advocates
argue not enough has been done to prevent death by gun violence and the mental health action
necessary to stop it (Gill, 2021). From Columbine to King Soopers, 22 years of gun violence has
changed the face of the Front Range.
Media Trauma on Survivors
After the Columbine High School shooting in 1999 shook the country, camera crews and
reporters flocked to Littleton, Colorado almost as fast as first responders. The months and
investigation following captured the eyes of the nation until an eventual silence fell over the
now-changed state of Colorado. The silence was broken as eyes turned to Newtown, Connecticut
at another act of gun violence at Sandy Hook Elementary School erupted in national coverage
and more gun control debates. Researchers found that due to this media spectacle of each
shooting, the country yearned for more coverage, allowing the tragedies to hang in the air and
not subside. People are infatuated with death, from serial killers to murder mystery parties, it is
something we are innately fascinated with. The shootings, like other tragedies, caught the
attention of the masses. But whether the country moved on to the next latest drama or the lack of
resolution regarding gun reform, people got to move on, even when those in the community
could not. These instances, researchers argue, need to be covered as historical events and
breaking news but due to a competitive news cycle, inflict pain on those involved,

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(Paccione-Dyszlewski, 2013; Schildkraut, 2014; Haravuori, 2011). For example, after the 2021
Boulder King Soopers shooting, so many local journalists were reaching out to grieving family
members that the Boulder Police Department issued a statement asking reporters to go through
them first, so families can grieve their losses instead of answering phone calls.
Using a 2017 Finland school shooting as an example, Haravuori mentions the flocks of
reporters and photojournalists at the scene, capturing the children evacuating the crime scene.
Accused to be sensationalizing a moment of grief, journalists were criticized for their actions
(Haravuori, 2011). But there is a fine line, were they doing the duty of news, informing the
community or were they exploiting the children’s sorrow for gains? Some may worry about
sensationalizing the incident with the new technology and search engine optimization driven
news model. And journalists may not define that fine line, the public may, but journalists
definitely walk it. Paccione-Dyszlewski also poses the question, what is ethical coverage? It’s an
important investigation into the ways journalistic practices have desensitized reporters to
covering traumatic stories or exploiting the vulnerable in search for the best headline or featured
photo.
Often, the daily news cycle creates a parachute journalism effect, where reporters jump
into a community quickly to get the story, and leave soon after, without seeing and feeling the
effects of their presence and their work on the featured community. Pro Publica reporter Logan
Jaffe mentioned to Milwaukee journalists that to continue to be trusted and write with accurate
intentions, reporters should think more about the audience they’re writing about and not just the
audience they are writing for (Powers, 2020). Researchers and reporters have found that news
must move on, even when tragedies occur in the community, or that very newsroom. Daily news
cycles continue and the community is left in the wake of the crisis (Gregory, 2019).

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The media spectacle that arose from Columbine’s heartbreak traveled coast to coast,
dominating coverage and posing a serious mental threat to those in the community who were
grieving dead children and coping with gun violence.
Media Trauma on Journalists
Recently, researchers and local journalists have been delving into the ethics of newsroom
culture and the toll that reporting can have on the mental health of reporters who consistently
cover crisis situations. In July 2021, Denver-based journalists held a conversation at a local press
club to talk about COVID-19 induced burnout and the effects of reporting on racially motivated
protests, political controversy, climate issues and the recent mass shooting, in which a gunman
killed 10 people in Boulder.
Researchers have found that journalists themselves are a high-risk population for
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and distress, among other feelings and diagnoses, that
occur after a career that exposes them to traumatic events such as shootings, bombings and
natural disasters (Yang, 2018; Seely, 2019). Following the 2018 Anapolis, Maryland Capital
Gazette newsroom shooting that left five dead, some free therapy sessions were provided by the
Tribune Publishing company for the few survivors (Gregory, 2019). Despite this, not many
academics or those involved in the media industry have had conversations about newsroom
culture and the support given to front-line journalists, a population not typically associated with
the title of a first responder in crisis situations.
Journalists who covered the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the Florida nightclub
shooting in 2016 found themselves grappling with the trauma that came post-publishing. The
reporters also noted the lack of journalistic support from their editors and administrators at their

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papers, who they thought would be their support system after an event like that. And they’re not
alone in their experiences (Yang, 2018). Seely finds that journalists are more likely to be on the
front lines reporting on traumatic events than ever before, and they’re doing it earlier in their
careers than before, especially with the rise of smartphones and live streaming technology in the
palm of a reporter’s hand (2019). Multiple researchers have found that not enough journalism
programs in higher education are preparing their students for this aspect of their careers,
(Simpson, 2004; Rentschler, 2009). Simpson specifically mentions the significance of the
Columbine shooting and the unstable feelings journalists experienced reporting on an extremely
tragic situation in their backyards. He says the journalism industry needs to understand that these
issues will arise as a part of the job description, but we can do a better job coping with them in
the aftermath (Simpson, 2004). Rentschler notes the industry’s trauma training films, pamphlets
and guidelines—something I have yet to be taught—and the complexity behind trauma reporting
and training. With the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot more attention has been drawn to educating
reporters on trauma in the field. Rentschleer mentions that there are multiple points of view, the
capitalistic organizational side of eye-catching trauma reporting, and the community voice of
trauma reporting (Rentschler, 2009). Either way, both argue that not enough has been done to
prepare journalists for their role in traumatic events and how to deal with that themselves.
There’s enough evidence to see that journalism education and the industry itself has not
prepared their reporters for the real-world tragedies and following trauma that they would
experience early in their careers. The Denver-based journalists have begun the conversation, but
it must be an ongoing and structural process that is acknowledged top-down by owners, editors
and reporters—that we are all human and experiencing the same tragedy differently.

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Memorial Journalism and Recovery
Physical memorials have represented a societal form of grief for years. They have been
created to honor the dead and as a way for survivors to process the trauma of a tragedy. But
rarely are these memorials connected with journalism and journalists. While memorials can serve
as a place of remembrance for the reporters who covered these tragedies, they are not significant
in their journalistic sense. If reporting could evolve to be, itself, a memorial, it would serve as
solace to the community and the journalists.
Researchers addressing memorials, both online and physical, note the community
significance and the healing process memorials provide for those who may have been affected by
a tragedy (Doss, 2006; Niemeyer, 2021; Socolovsky, 2008; Miller, 2020). Memorial journalism,
while not a widely known term and style, has been dabbled in the industry after the New York
Times memorialized every person who died in the September 11th attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon. Through memorializing the people who died, both the community and
the journalists affected by the tragedy were able to heal.
For example, Rebecca Walkowitz, a Rutgers English professor, noticed that memorial
journalism, while explored by the New York Times in their Portraits of Grief project, still limited
the memorialization of the victims’ lives, thus she created The Submission, a literary novel meant
to bring narrative to the issue and represent a non-traditional memorial (Miller, 2020).
Memorials, both physical structures like the Vietnam veteran memorial, online chat
spaces and journalism can provide places of healing for the community. The Vietnam
memorial--once highly criticized for its minimalistic wall--provided an interactive community
healing space where family members could trace their loved one’s name, something that is
reflected in the 2007 erection of the Columbine memorial in Littleton (Andersen, 2013).

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In her multiple publishing’s about trauma, memorials and grief, Erika Doss notes the
significant change American culture has seen over recent decades, where we move from a
Freudian belief of dealing with grief quickly, quietly and behind closed doors, to relying on
community support and outward communication to cope with traumatic events and crisis
situations (Doss, 2015, 2012). As mentioned above, Simpson is calling on the journalism
industry and reporters to better cope with the aftermath of traumatic reporting by going to
therapy, seeking help and taking antidepressants (Simpson, 2004). I argue that newspaper owners
and the journalism industry can do more than just reparative work for their reporters. We can be
preventative of these mental health issues in our reporting and writing for the sake of ourselves
and the community who our work is intended for.
One example is the recent memorialization, local paper The Colorado Sun, attempted
after the Boulder King Soopers shooting. While they still covered the breaking news and on-site
action of the shooting itself, their team took extra time to profile each person who was killed.
They included photos, background information and interviews with friends and family to
preserve and memorialize the ten people who died that day. This coverage is breaking from a
traditional mold that would touch on the victims, but heavily focus on the shooter—specifically
the media frenzy around the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooter, James Holms who had red-dyed
hair and began killing during the midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises and the national
attention reporters gave him (O'Neill, Cabrera, 2015).
In his book, Representing Death in the News: Journalism, Media and Mortality, Folker
Hanusch notes that in recent decades, it appears that the news is obsessed with death.
Consistently making headlines, he argues that death checks all of journalism’s “newsworthiness”
boxes, making the front page every time. But, he says, with increased use of technology and

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social media, the knowledge of death is just more accessible now more than ever before
(Hanusch, 2010). Since we are constantly being confronted with death and trauma with the rise
of social media, physical memorials and memorial journalism holds an important element of
difference to the coverage of an issue. Journalists are the people in the community with the
access to the victims’ stories, they can amplify their lives and provide healing for someone close
or someone you didn’t even know.
Conclusion
Through my research, I have found that the traditional news cycle and practices of
breaking news have inflicted trauma on victims of a shooting and the journalists that report on it.
Since gun measures continue to be a point of contention, to break these unhealthy trends, I
propose a new method of reporting, memorial journalism, on tragedies to better serve journalists
and the community they’re reporting on, in hopes that in the future, risk and trauma effects are
minimized.

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Creative Project Overview
I am studying a handful of Colorado’s shootings and the way the media interacted with
them to better understand how journalists can report on traumatic events better in the future for
the community’s and their own benefit. I also am studying the role of memorials and memorial
journalism in the aftermath of traumatic events to connect my research with a possible solution
on how journalism can better serve the public through an evolved form of news media. I will be
creating an article with interviews from both survivors and journalists who experienced these
Colorado shootings and using a 3D model process to visualize the physical memorials and
compare it with the role of memorial journalism.
Through research, I have found that the media hasn’t always done the best job covering
mass shootings and traumatic events. While it’s the role of the media to inform the public on
breaking news, there’s research that shows when journalists cover these events, they can
traumatize themselves and the community through continued coverage and repeated attempts for
interviews. Researchers found that the Columbine shooting was a media spectacle, allowing the
tragedy to exist for an extended period of time. Additionally, research has found that journalists
are consistently exposed to traumatic events through their reporting and often early in their
careers. But not much discussion has been focused on how the industry supports their reporters
through these times. Research has also shown that physical and online memorials have provided
a spot for healing after traumatic events and will provide a standpoint for my creative project
solutions to a new coverage style. For example, the New York Times and The Colorado Sun have
both provided examples for memorial journalism in the wake of traumatic events and deaths,
these examples will pave the way for a new style of coverage and my creative project discussion.

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Initial Preparation
To examine this topic, I have chosen five Colorado shootings to deep dive into: the 1999
Columbine High School shooting, the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooting, the 2012 Arapahoe
High School shooting, the 2019 STEM school shooting and the 2021 Boulder King Soopers
shooting. Through an extensive interview process, I will be speaking with sources present at each
shooting scene and the impact the traumatic event had on their life—as well as any media
coverage they directly participated in. I will also be speaking with multiple reporters that have
covered each of these shootings and the impact the event had on them, their reporting and how
they feel about journalistic standards and traumatic events moving forward. I also want to
breakdown coverage of these shootings from local news outlets and provide examples from news
media that properly and improperly report on these events.
First, I will gather documents and articles to properly cite my writing. Using local
examples like The Denver Post, The Colorado Sun and The Boulder Daily Camera will allow me
to assess how different organizations have covered local shootings and if that has changed over
time. I also will search for other forms of memorial journalism, such as the Aids Memorial
Movement on Instagram and a recent online COVID-19 health care death memorial.
Source List and Explanation
I plan to document my research and reporting in chronological order by shooting. First,
I’ll look at the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in Littleton. I first will conduct interviews
with survivors and first responders at the scene. These interviews will be with Heather Martin
and Zach Cartaya, students at Columbine at the time and co-founders of The Rebels Project, a
mass shooting and trauma support organization. I plan on talking to many reporters that have

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been in the Denver area since the late 90s about their experiences covering Columbine and the
aftermath of what happened since it was a shooting in the Front Range that had ripple effects
nationwide.
Secondly, I am looking at the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooting. I spoke with state
representative Tom Sullivan about the loss of his son and being photographed in a widely spread
photo. I also spoke with John Ingold from The Colorado Sun about the work he produced during
that time for The Denver Post.
Next on the timeline is the Arapahoe High School shooting. I plan on speaking with
former CU journalism student Jordan Lang about her time at the school during, before and after
the shooting and how the trauma affected her. I also spoke with Kim Christiansen and Tom
Costello about their experiences surrounding this school shooting.
The next is the STEM school shooting that happened in the spring of 2019. For the
source of the victims, I plan on speaking with Kendrick Castillo’s parents. He is buried at a local
cemetery and I know that his family is outspoken with local journalists about their son’s death.
Lastly, and most recently in time, I want to deeply examine the Boulder King Soopers
shooting. I spoke with Anna Haynes, who witnessed the shooting from her apartment and Henry
Larson, a CU student and CU Independent reporter who spoke with Hannah Prince and others
about his resistance to cover traumatic breaking news events like this again, after having a hard
time interviewing people at the scene. Additionally, I have a source, Moe Clark, who worked for
Newsline at the time, and refused to go report on the scene due to her mental health and the
sensitivity of the topic. Larson’s experiences at the Boulder shooting connects to my research in
that journalists often are exposed to traumatic events early in their careers. Additionally, CU
professor and photojournalist Ross Taylor was at the temporary memorial for days, grieving and

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experiencing it alongside the community with his camera in hand. His work will be featured
alongside community quotes and a preserved version of the temporary memorial in the Boulder
Museum early next year. His work fits perfectly with my two topics, the role of journalism
during tragedy, and the memorialization of that work for the community.
So, it’s safe to say that there are plenty of sources and people affected by shootings and I
was able to interview a wide variety of victims and journalists attached to each of these
shootings. I feel confident in my sources, I have a variety of photojournalists and journalists
from print and broadcast organizations. I have young and veteran journalists and a mix of men
and women. I am proposing this deep dive into the journalists’ feelings and trauma after
reporting on these events and the trauma that victims endured when surrounded or interviewed
by the media after these events.
Ethics in Interviewing
While I, too, am relatively young in my journalism career, I have not had the traumatic
experiences other journalists have had. Additionally, while I have experienced some form of
trauma from these various tragedies across the state and near my hometown, I know what these
victims have experienced is far worse. As a reporter, I want to create a safe space for my sources,
especially with triggering and difficult subjects. I want to ethically interview my sources and I
think the best way to do so is to be honest with them. I want to clarify that they can stop the
interview at any time, provide information in whatever format they feel most comfortable with
and that they are not obligated to tell me—the media—a story if it will personally harm them,
bringing back stressful memories and PTSD triggers. That being said, I want to tell this story to

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the best of my ability and I know I will do so if I can have insightful yet comfortable
conversations with my sources.
Storyboard and Article Process
Mid-March 2022 sounds like a good bit away, but I know it will be quickly approaching.
As an avid planner, I have gathered some key dates to hold myself accountable next semester in
my reporting. All visual elements will be completed no later than Jan. 16 and all interviewing
will be completed by Feb. 28. This will give me slightly less than a month to write, edit and
produce my content on my website in preparation for an early April defense. In the following
weeks after defending my thesis, I plan to pitch my article and multimedia elements to local
news outlets. I am giving myself more than three months to conduct interviews because that will
likely take the most time. I feel confident in my ability to turn around a high quality piece
quickly and that I have a variety of content to make my work stand out.
Photogrammetry Explanation and Visualization
I plan on a visual element, photogrammetry— a photography process—to produce 3D
models of each shooting memorial to visibly show the expansive history of Colorado’s mass
shootings. These visuals will serve as a virtual memorial format for those who didn’t know what
the memorials looked like, that they even existed and to pay homage to the type of memorials
that are beyond a journalistic sense. Additionally, through research and this visual representation,
I will be comparing the role of physical memorials to the use of memorial coverage by reporters.
I want to look at the ways memorials provide for victims and survivors and the journalists who
cover these traumatic events. I want to examine ways that memorial coverage can provide a new

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path for traumatic reporting that is both beneficial for the community and the reporters that cover
such heavy topics. This will be a great pairing alongside Ross Taylor’s memorial of the Boulder
King Soopers shooting inside the Boulder Museum.
Presentation of Materials
Right now I see my project being presented on my personal website, where there is a
research section and a creative section. The research section will house my literature review. The
creative section will house my article with the multimedia toward the end, when I introduce
memorial journalism solutions. I ideally see myself pitching the creative aspect, the article and
multimedia, to a local outlet like The Colorado Sun or The Denver Post.

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