make use of the file

2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING PROFESSION ,
PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
PROFESSION – NATIONAL AND
GLOBAL

3. E Evaluator:
Mrs. Bindu
Presented by :
Ms Amala Joy P
I Year M.Sc Nursing
S.C.O.N

4. WHY TO STUDY HISTORY
 looking back gives you a vision of where
you want to go…..
 provides an understanding of the
heritage behind nursing as a career
 highlights the contributions of eminent
nurses towards the development of the
nursing profession.

5. INTRODUCTION
History -Events from past leading up to
present
Nursing had significant effect on peoples
lives
Profession of nursing evolved as society's
health care needs increased

6. Foundation of professional practice arise
from the theories of nursing, relevance to
basic social values, educational
preparation, motivation, autonomy, a
sense of commitment a sense of
community and a code of ethics

7. NURSING
The unique function of the nurse is
to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to
health, its recovery or to a peaceful death, that
the client would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do
this in such a way as to help the client gain
independence as rapidly as possible.
(Virgenia Henderson)

8. PROFESSION
A profession is an
occupation based on specialized
intellectual study and training, the
purpose of which is to supply skilled
service with ethical components to
others for a definitive fee or salary.

9. NURSING THROUGH
CENTURIES
Beginning to nineteenth century
 Teachings of the early Christian church
 Deaconess Phoeba – First visiting nurse
 17 th to middle 19 th century – ‘
Darkest period’ in nursing
 Florence Nightingale – changed the
history

10. Twentieth century
 Nurses began to assume expanded and
advanced practice roles
 1901 – Army nurse corps
 1908 - Navy nurse corps
 1920 - Nursing specialization

11. Twenty first century
 Established Centre for ethics and human
rights
 Revision of nursing practice and school
curriculum
 Nursing care occurs in multiple care
settings

12. FACTORS INFLUENCED
NURSING PRACTICE
1. Religion
 “Love thy neighbour as thyself”
 Early religious values such as self denial,
spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and
hard work dominated nursing
throughout its history
2. War
 Crimean war – role of nightingale

13.  American civil war
 World war I and II
 Vietnam war
3.Societal attitude
 No respect for women – poorly educated
 Charles Dickens – showed low morale
standards of nursing care in his writings
 Doctors hand maiden

14. 4. Demographic changes
 Shift from rural to urban areas – higher
incidence of chronic and long term illness
5. Women's issues
 Low status of women
 Illiteracy

16. EMINENT PERSONALITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF NURSING
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820 – 1910)
Born on May 12 – called to fulfill the
“mission of mercy”
“ Lady with the lamp”
Reformed hospitals
Produced and implemented public health
policies – political nurse
Training school for nurses in 1860

17. CLARA BARTON (1812 -1912)
School teacher, volunteered as a nurse
during the American civil war
Organized the nursing services
Established the American Red cross

18. LINDA RICHARDS (1841 – 1930)
First American trained nurse
Introduced nurses notes and doctors
orders
Initiated for wearing uniforms for nurses
Pioneer in psychiatric and industrial
nursing

19. MARY MAHONEY (1845 – 1926)
First African- American professional
nurse
Worked for the acceptance of African-
Americans in nursing and for the equal
opportunities

20. LILLIAN WALD (1867 – 1940)
Founder of public health nursing
Services to poor in slums
Visiting nursing services

21. LAVINIA L DOCK (1858 -1956)
Feminist, writer, political activist
Precursor to the current National league
for Nursing

22. MARGARET H SANGER (1879 – 1966)
Founder of planned parenthood
Imprisoned for opening the first birth
control information clinic

23. MARY BRECKINRIDGE (1881 – 1965)
Established the Frontier nursing services

25. Nurse – ‘nutricius’ – means nourishing
Performed by priestesses and associated with
temple worships
Deacons, widows and virgins played a
significant role
Women joined to escape from poverty and
starvation during wars
Holy wars – knights – gained status for
nursing
Industrial and intellectual revolutions – high
rate of mortality, no guarantee of survival-
entry of Florence nightingale

26. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES IN
INDIA
During 700 – 600 B.C ‘Sushrutha
Samhita’
was written by the great surgeon
‘Sushrutha’, who said
“ The physician, the patient, the drugs and
the nurse are the four feet’s or padas
of the medicine, upon which the cure
depends”.

27.  The first nursing school started in 250
B.C during Charakan time and only men
were considered pure enough to be
nurses.
 First hospital – started by East India
Company in 1664 at Fort, St. George
Madras – for soldiers
 St. Stephens Hospital Delhi – 1864 - First to
train Indian girls as nurses.

28. Modern nursing influenced by Florence
Nightingale
‘Suggestions on a system of nursing for
hospitals in India’
Military nursing – earliest type of nursing
1861 - reforms in military hospitals all
over the world

29. 1854 – Training school started in Madras for
midwives
1871 – First nursing school started at Madras
General Hospital
Available nurse were Anglo- Indians and
Christians
1891 – Indian nurses came for training.
Bai Kashibai Ganpal was the first Indian nurse
to come for training
1905 – T.N.A.I established

30. 1926 – Madras state formed the first
registration council.
 1946 – First four year Basic Bachelor
degree program established in R.A.K,
Delhi and C.M.C Vellore.
 1960 – First Masters Degree program
was started in R.A.K College of Nursing
Delhi.

31. MEN IN NURSING
Good Samaritan – first man to provide
nursing care
Group of men in 300 A.D started a
hospital and provided nursing care during
the black plague epidemic
Military, religious and lay orders of men
continued to provide nursing care in
middle ages

32. Two patron Saints – St. John of God and
St. Camillus
1888 – Nursing schools for men started in
Newyork
1901 – U.S military nursing changed from
predominantly male to female
After Korean war men were again permitted
in nursing practice as well as schools
In 1966 less than 1% male nurses
In 1996 5% of nurses are males

34. CURRENT TRENDS
 Nursing as a Profession
 Nursing Education
 Nursing Practice
 Nursing Informatics
 Nursing Research

35. NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Emergence of more men.
Increased level of knowledge, clinical
competencies, values and attitude became
more important

36. 1. SCOPE OF NURSING
 Promoting health and wellness
 Preventing illness
 Restoring health
 Care of the dying

37. 2 . STANDARDS OF NURSING
PRACTICE
ANA Nursing Standards
 Assessment
 Diagnosis
 Outcome identification
 Planning
 Implementation
 Evaluation

38. 3 . ANA Standards of Professional
performance
 Quality of practice
 Education
 Professional practice evaluation
 Collegiality
 Collaboration
 Ethics
 Research
 Resource utilization
 Leadership

39. 4 . Code of Ethics
Philosophical ideas of right and
wrong that defines the principles you use
to provide care to your clients.

40. NURSING EDUCATION
Significant amount of formal education is
required to become a nurse.
SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMMES
1. Registered Nursing Programmes
> Diploma programmes
> Associate degree programmes
> Baccalaureate degree programmes

41. 2 . Graduate Nursing Education
> Masters programme
> Doctoral programme
3 . Continuing and In service Education

42. NURSING PRACTICE
Nursing Practice Acts
Licensure and certification

43. NURSING RESEARCH
Focuses on EBP (Evidence based practice)
in order to improve the knowledge and
skills in patient care.
Recently it is focusing on the research
skills to address the emerging issues of
importance towards nursing.

44. NURSING INFORMATICS
 IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Used in all areas of nursing
like assessment, planning, implementation
and evaluation.
 IN ADMINISTRATION
*MIS
It helps the nurse managers in
the areas of quality management, unit
staffing and reporting

45. >Nursing Office Automation
IN NURSING RESEARCH
Nurse researchers can use its
advantage in the areas of literature
review, data gathering, data analysis and
in preparation and communication of
research findings

46.  IN NURSING EDUCATION
>> Computer assisted learning
>> Computer assisted Interactive
video instructions
>> Teleconferencing
>> M- learning

47. CURRENT STATUS OF MEN IN
NURSING
Competitive and challenging career
5.4% of total nurses in U.S is men
13% total nursing students are men

49. SCOPE OF NURSING IN INDIA
STAFF NURSE
NURSING SUPERVISOR
ASSISTANT NURSING SUPERIENDENT

50. DEPUTY NURSING SUPERIENDENT
NURSING SUPERIENDENT
DIRECTOR OF NURSING

51. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF
THE NURSE
 CAREGIVER
 COMMUNICATOR
 TEACHER
 CLIENT ADVOCATE
 COUNSELOR
 CHANGE AGENT
 LEADER
 MANAGER

52.  CASE MANAGER
 RESEARCH CONSUMER

53. EXPANDED CAREER ROLES
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING
1. NURSE PRACTIONER
2. CERTIFIED NURSE MIDWIFE
3. CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
4. CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE
ANESTHETIST

54. 5. NURSE RESEARCHER
6. NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
7. NURSE EDUCATOR
8. NURSE ENTREPRENEUR

55. FACTORS INFLUCING
COMTEMPORARY NURSE
PRACTICE
ECONOMICS
CONSUMER DEMANDS
FAMILY STRUCTURE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LEGISLATION
WOMENS MOVEMENT
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
NURSING SHORTAGE

56. NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
Participation enhances
-> the growth of involved individuals
-> nurses collectively influence policies
affecting nursing practice

57. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
1. American Nurses Association
> Founded in 1896
> foster high standards of nursing practice
> promote educational and professional
advancements

58. 2. Canadian Nurses Association.
Developed national standards and
code of ethics
3. National League for Nursing
> formed in 1952
> foster nursing services and nursing
education
> Interested non nursing personnel's can
be the members

59. 4. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
NURSES
> Established in 1899
> provides an organization through which
member national associations can work
together to promote the health of the
people and the care of sick.

60. PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA
1. T.N.A.I ( Trained Nurses Association of
India)
2. S.N.A ( Student Nurses Association )
3. I.N.C ( Indian Nursing Council )

62. FUTURE TRENDS IN
NURSING
Four major arenas influence the pathway
for the Future includes:
o Nursing Philosophy
o Nursing Practice
o Nursing Education
o Nursing Research

65. Juliet Sylvia, Nursing is a caring science –
a reflection,2010, Indian journal of
continuing nursing education, volume 2,
issue no - , Pp :7-10, July-December
 Premila Lee,Vathsala Sadan, Nursing
Informatics,2008, Indian journal of
continuing nursing education, volume
9,issue no - ,Pp : 6-9, January

66. Karuppaiah a, Josephine R, Professional
power in nursing,2008, Indian journal of
continuing education,volume 9,issue no
- , Pp : 10-13, January-June
Dr.Rajinder Mahal,Dr.Usha Ukande,
Nurse and nursing: Evolution and
future,2011,Indian journal of nursing
studies, volume 2, No – 1, Pp:2,3,January
– June

67. Manivannan.C, Men in nursing,2009,
Trends in nursing administration and
education, volume 2, no :3, Pp:31-33, July-
December
Elizabeth.A.Curtis, Jan de Vries,Fintan K
Sheerin, Developing leadership in nursing:
exploring core factors,2011, British
journal of nursing, volume 20, no: 5,
Pp:306-309

68. Sivalakshmi, A Study to assess the image
of nursing and perception of independent
nursing practice as expressed by
panchayat leaders in rural areas of
Madurai with a view to develop an
awareness package on nursing,2010,
trends in nursing administration and
education, vol :3, No :1, Pp:31-35, January
– June.

69. BOOK REFERENCES
Zeewekh.J.A,Jo Carol Claborn (2003)
Nursing today – Transition and trends,
fourth edition, saunders publications,
Missouri, Pp : 30-80, 142-186,304-347
Finkelman.A, Carole kenner (2010)
Professional nursing concepts –
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132

70. Bolander. B.V (1994), ‘Soresen and
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psychophysiologic approach, third edition,
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Roux Gayle, Halsteas.A.J (2009), Issues
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71. Joglekar.S.K (1996) Hospital ward
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Potter.A.P, Perry.A.G (2009)
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72. Kozier Barbara, Erb Glenora..et al
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73. INTERNET REFERENCES
http://www.minoritynurse.com/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/820146
http://www.tnaionline.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nursing/htnl