2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING PROFESSION ,
PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
PROFESSION – NATIONAL AND
GLOBAL
3. E Evaluator:
Mrs. Bindu
Presented by :
Ms Amala Joy P
I Year M.Sc Nursing
S.C.O.N
4. WHY TO STUDY HISTORY
looking back gives you a vision of where
you want to go…..
provides an understanding of the
heritage behind nursing as a career
highlights the contributions of eminent
nurses towards the development of the
nursing profession.
5. INTRODUCTION
History -Events from past leading up to
present
Nursing had significant effect on peoples
lives
Profession of nursing evolved as society's
health care needs increased
6. Foundation of professional practice arise
from the theories of nursing, relevance to
basic social values, educational
preparation, motivation, autonomy, a
sense of commitment a sense of
community and a code of ethics
7. NURSING
The unique function of the nurse is
to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to
health, its recovery or to a peaceful death, that
the client would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do
this in such a way as to help the client gain
independence as rapidly as possible.
(Virgenia Henderson)
8. PROFESSION
A profession is an
occupation based on specialized
intellectual study and training, the
purpose of which is to supply skilled
service with ethical components to
others for a definitive fee or salary.
9. NURSING THROUGH
CENTURIES
Beginning to nineteenth century
Teachings of the early Christian church
Deaconess Phoeba – First visiting nurse
17 th to middle 19 th century – ‘
Darkest period’ in nursing
Florence Nightingale – changed the
history
10. Twentieth century
Nurses began to assume expanded and
advanced practice roles
1901 – Army nurse corps
1908 - Navy nurse corps
1920 - Nursing specialization
11. Twenty first century
Established Centre for ethics and human
rights
Revision of nursing practice and school
curriculum
Nursing care occurs in multiple care
settings
12. FACTORS INFLUENCED
NURSING PRACTICE
1. Religion
“Love thy neighbour as thyself”
Early religious values such as self denial,
spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and
hard work dominated nursing
throughout its history
2. War
Crimean war – role of nightingale
13. American civil war
World war I and II
Vietnam war
3.Societal attitude
No respect for women – poorly educated
Charles Dickens – showed low morale
standards of nursing care in his writings
Doctors hand maiden
14. 4. Demographic changes
Shift from rural to urban areas – higher
incidence of chronic and long term illness
5. Women's issues
Low status of women
Illiteracy
15.
16. EMINENT PERSONALITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF NURSING
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820 – 1910)
Born on May 12 – called to fulfill the
“mission of mercy”
“ Lady with the lamp”
Reformed hospitals
Produced and implemented public health
policies – political nurse
Training school for nurses in 1860
17. CLARA BARTON (1812 -1912)
School teacher, volunteered as a nurse
during the American civil war
Organized the nursing services
Established the American Red cross
18. LINDA RICHARDS (1841 – 1930)
First American trained nurse
Introduced nurses notes and doctors
orders
Initiated for wearing uniforms for nurses
Pioneer in psychiatric and industrial
nursing
19. MARY MAHONEY (1845 – 1926)
First African- American professional
nurse
Worked for the acceptance of African-
Americans in nursing and for the equal
opportunities
20. LILLIAN WALD (1867 – 1940)
Founder of public health nursing
Services to poor in slums
Visiting nursing services
21. LAVINIA L DOCK (1858 -1956)
Feminist, writer, political activist
Precursor to the current National league
for Nursing
22. MARGARET H SANGER (1879 – 1966)
Founder of planned parenthood
Imprisoned for opening the first birth
control information clinic
25. Nurse – ‘nutricius’ – means nourishing
Performed by priestesses and associated with
temple worships
Deacons, widows and virgins played a
significant role
Women joined to escape from poverty and
starvation during wars
Holy wars – knights – gained status for
nursing
Industrial and intellectual revolutions – high
rate of mortality, no guarantee of survival-
entry of Florence nightingale
26. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES IN
INDIA
During 700 – 600 B.C ‘Sushrutha
Samhita’
was written by the great surgeon
‘Sushrutha’, who said
“ The physician, the patient, the drugs and
the nurse are the four feet’s or padas
of the medicine, upon which the cure
depends”.
27. The first nursing school started in 250
B.C during Charakan time and only men
were considered pure enough to be
nurses.
First hospital – started by East India
Company in 1664 at Fort, St. George
Madras – for soldiers
St. Stephens Hospital Delhi – 1864 - First to
train Indian girls as nurses.
28. Modern nursing influenced by Florence
Nightingale
‘Suggestions on a system of nursing for
hospitals in India’
Military nursing – earliest type of nursing
1861 - reforms in military hospitals all
over the world
29. 1854 – Training school started in Madras for
midwives
1871 – First nursing school started at Madras
General Hospital
Available nurse were Anglo- Indians and
Christians
1891 – Indian nurses came for training.
Bai Kashibai Ganpal was the first Indian nurse
to come for training
1905 – T.N.A.I established
30. 1926 – Madras state formed the first
registration council.
1946 – First four year Basic Bachelor
degree program established in R.A.K,
Delhi and C.M.C Vellore.
1960 – First Masters Degree program
was started in R.A.K College of Nursing
Delhi.
31. MEN IN NURSING
Good Samaritan – first man to provide
nursing care
Group of men in 300 A.D started a
hospital and provided nursing care during
the black plague epidemic
Military, religious and lay orders of men
continued to provide nursing care in
middle ages
32. Two patron Saints – St. John of God and
St. Camillus
1888 – Nursing schools for men started in
Newyork
1901 – U.S military nursing changed from
predominantly male to female
After Korean war men were again permitted
in nursing practice as well as schools
In 1966 less than 1% male nurses
In 1996 5% of nurses are males
33.
34. CURRENT TRENDS
Nursing as a Profession
Nursing Education
Nursing Practice
Nursing Informatics
Nursing Research
35. NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Emergence of more men.
Increased level of knowledge, clinical
competencies, values and attitude became
more important
36. 1. SCOPE OF NURSING
Promoting health and wellness
Preventing illness
Restoring health
Care of the dying
37. 2 . STANDARDS OF NURSING
PRACTICE
ANA Nursing Standards
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcome identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
38. 3 . ANA Standards of Professional
performance
Quality of practice
Education
Professional practice evaluation
Collegiality
Collaboration
Ethics
Research
Resource utilization
Leadership
39. 4 . Code of Ethics
Philosophical ideas of right and
wrong that defines the principles you use
to provide care to your clients.
40. NURSING EDUCATION
Significant amount of formal education is
required to become a nurse.
SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMMES
1. Registered Nursing Programmes
> Diploma programmes
> Associate degree programmes
> Baccalaureate degree programmes
41. 2 . Graduate Nursing Education
> Masters programme
> Doctoral programme
3 . Continuing and In service Education
43. NURSING RESEARCH
Focuses on EBP (Evidence based practice)
in order to improve the knowledge and
skills in patient care.
Recently it is focusing on the research
skills to address the emerging issues of
importance towards nursing.
44. NURSING INFORMATICS
IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Used in all areas of nursing
like assessment, planning, implementation
and evaluation.
IN ADMINISTRATION
*MIS
It helps the nurse managers in
the areas of quality management, unit
staffing and reporting
45. >Nursing Office Automation
IN NURSING RESEARCH
Nurse researchers can use its
advantage in the areas of literature
review, data gathering, data analysis and
in preparation and communication of
research findings
46. IN NURSING EDUCATION
>> Computer assisted learning
>> Computer assisted Interactive
video instructions
>> Teleconferencing
>> M- learning
47. CURRENT STATUS OF MEN IN
NURSING
Competitive and challenging career
5.4% of total nurses in U.S is men
13% total nursing students are men
48.
49. SCOPE OF NURSING IN INDIA
STAFF NURSE
NURSING SUPERVISOR
ASSISTANT NURSING SUPERIENDENT
57. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
1. American Nurses Association
> Founded in 1896
> foster high standards of nursing practice
> promote educational and professional
advancements
58. 2. Canadian Nurses Association.
Developed national standards and
code of ethics
3. National League for Nursing
> formed in 1952
> foster nursing services and nursing
education
> Interested non nursing personnel's can
be the members
59. 4. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
NURSES
> Established in 1899
> provides an organization through which
member national associations can work
together to promote the health of the
people and the care of sick.
60. PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA
1. T.N.A.I ( Trained Nurses Association of
India)
2. S.N.A ( Student Nurses Association )
3. I.N.C ( Indian Nursing Council )
61.
62. FUTURE TRENDS IN
NURSING
Four major arenas influence the pathway
for the Future includes:
o Nursing Philosophy
o Nursing Practice
o Nursing Education
o Nursing Research
63.
64.
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