1. Fuori dalla matrice:
per un'ipotesi di ricerca
sul code mixing
Simone Ciccolone
Work in progress | Bolzano, 13.12.2012

2. Schema della presentazione
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Lo spazio del code mixing
Esempi dalla letteratura scientifica
Esempi dal corpus Kontatto
Riflessioni a mo’ di conclusione

3. Lo spazio
del code mixing

4. code switching
code mixing
fused lects
Continuum dei fenomeni di contatto

5. CS
code mixing
FL
congruent
lexicalization
alternation
insertion
I tre processi del code mixing

6. Spazio del code mixing
★ «recurrent pattern» (Auer)
★ «CS as the unmarked choice» (Myers-Scotton)
★ «CS setting» (de Bot/Broersma/Isurin)
❖
«It is a unique setting in which both languages [...] are activated
to a very high level»
❖
«In a CS setting switching between languages is the
conversational norm»

7. “
It can be argued that in a CS setting, the individuals’
language system tends to be attracted to a critical
state in which the transition from one state (speaking
language A) to another state (speaking language B)
appears to be highly unpredictable, but not random
”
de Bot/Broersma/Isurin 2009: 87

8. Teoria degli esemplari
★ Categorization
★ Chunking: «co-occurring experiences tend to be associated»
★ Rich memory storage: esemplari «built up from tokens of
language experience that are deemed to be identical»
★ Analogy: «novel utterances are created based on previously
experienced utterances»
★ Cross-modal association: «meaning is assigned to the
largest chunk available»
(Bybee 2010)

9. Produzione di nuove espressioni
★ juxtaposition: linear concatenation of two units
❖
e restaurant at the end of the universe
❖
Babelfish
★ superimposition: a unit elaborates or ‘fills in’ a schematic
slot in another construction
❖
Hitchhiker’s Guide to <LUOGO TURISTICO>? → Hitchhiker’s Guide
to Europe / to the Galaxy
Dąbrowska/Lieven 2005 (cit. in Bybee 2010: 65)

10. Subject
DRIVE
me
you
him
her
...
mad
crazy
nuts
up the wall
It drives me crazy
ese things drive him mad
is is driving me nuts

11. insertion
It drives me loco
superimposition
Fill the gaps...

12. EL island?
Mi manda up the wall
nuova unità
Fill the gaps...

13. Processi del code mixing
Dalla matrice al triggering

14. EL islands o transfer di locuzioni?
Yo anduve
in a state of shock
por dos días
I walked
en un estado de shock
for two days
(Pfaff 1979, cit. in Muysken 2000: 5)
Chay-ta
las dos de la
noche-ta
chaya-mu-yku
that-AC
the two of the
night-AC
arrive-CIS-1pl
Quechua/Spagnolo (Muysken 2000: 63)

15. Insertions o prestiti?
A: Ke dixo el
rav?
What did the rabbi say?
B: La misma
e same
(rabbi)
paraša
ke avía en šabat
scriptural portion
that there was on Sabbath
Spagnolo/Ebraico (Berk-Seligson 1986, cit. in Muysken 2000: 64-65)

16. Transference > Transversion
A: Ke dixo el
rav?
What did the rabbi say?
B: La misma
(rabbi)
paraša
scriptural portion
e same
ke avía en šabat
that there was on Sabbath
Ával paraša, tefilá
ke se áze al
beyt aknéset,
But [the] scriptural portion, the prayer that is done in the synagogue
al kal,
az
todos ya saven kwalo es
in the synagogue, so everybody knows what it is.
Spagnolo/Ebraico (Berk-Seligson 1986, cit. in Muysken 2000: 64-65)

17. Trigger words
★ Clyne (2003):
❖
phonologically unintegrated lexical transfers
❖
proper nouns
❖
bilingual homophones
★ de Bot/Broersma/Isurin (2009):
❖
cognates
★ Auer (1999):
❖
diamorphs (including established borrowings)

18. Co-attivazione dei codici: lessico
★ “Doppia cittadinanza”
❖
Bilingual homophones
❖
Cognates
❖
Established borrowings
★ Parole apolidi
❖
Nomi propri
❖
Nomi per referenti nuovi/specifici (es. pizza, computer...)
★ “Visitors”
❖
phonologically unintegrated transfers
❖
nonce/occasional borrowings (= insertions, Muysken 2000: 78)

19. Triggering lessicale
But he ate a
dango
o
tabe-ta
kara
ne
dumpling
ACC
eat-PAST
because
FOC-P
trigger
(Takagi 2000, cit. in Namba 2012: 458)

20. Referenti specifici
dus in Nederland zijn zoveel devlet hastanesi var
so
in Holland
are
so-many
state hospital
there-are
trigger
(neerlandese/turco; Hok-Shing Chan 2009: 191)

21. Congruent lexicalization
Weet jij
[whaar]
Do you know
waar/where
cognate
Jenny
is?
is/is
NProp
cognate
(Dutch/English; Crama/van Gelderen 1984, cit. in Muysken 2000: 5)

22. Congruent lexicalization
FR
En de partij
dy’t hy derby
blaasde
NL
en de partij
die hij erbij
blies
FR
is net
foar
NL
is niet
voor
herhaling vatbaar
BH
(Frisian/Dutch; Wolf 1995, cit. in Muysken 2000: 6)

23. Congruent lexicalization
Bueno,
in other words,
el flight
en otras palabras
unintegrated transfer / insertion
que sale de
Chicago
around three o’clock
NProp
(Spanish/English; Pfaff 1976, cit. in Muysken 2000: 6)

24. Congruent lexicalization
Why make
Carol
sentarse atrás
NProp
everybody has to move
pa’que
so that (>switch)
pa’que
se salga
so that (>switch)
(English/Spanish; Poplack 1980: 589)

25. «Shared structure»
★ «In a third set of cases, it appears that ther is a largely (but
not necessary completely) shared structure, lexicalized by
elements from either language»
★ «the elements from the two languages are inserted, as
constituents or as words, into a shared structure»
(Muysken 2000: 5-7)

26. Triggering > Alternation, Congr.Lex.
★ 103 instances of triggering (Dutch/English):
‣
‣
71 congruent lexicalizations
32 alternations
★ «ere are also instances where [...] the structure is not
shared and no repair occurs»
★ «the facilitation process, notably triggering, invalidates
constraints»
(Clyne 2003: 168)

27. Attivazione di strutture
ma ci stanno
dei
smart
fading
italiani
Adj-N
cà bhfuil mo
fuckin’
sheaicéad?
dov’è la mia
maledetta
giacca
Regis 2005 (cit. in Berruto AItLA 2010)

28. Esempi dal corpus
Kontatto

29. Cognates > alternation
A:
håsch früchtä tee
B: also grünän
tee
#
ai lamponi
cognate
haint hån i a lista
cognate
> IT
gmåcht con CENTO province °italiane°
> IT

30. Insertions > alternation
infatti #
wail i tu do in
bambini unt musica
wek
perché tolgo
nonce borrowings
V-Part
allora c'ho solo più tre
alternation

31. Insertions o alternations?
★ ah im lånt odår che ne so io
★ unmeglich miriam wåasch che male
★ gäats glab i nimmår # che paga # guardavan tutti
bundesliga eh
(Kontatto: 3/14 annotazioni con “che” preceduto da ted.)

32. Ma(1) ∼ Ma(2)?
★ ma iå # ma i fårschtäa netta [...]
★ >>ma logisch ma<<
★ na heb mi i fåll um ma che cazzo vuoi
★ ma in leschtår zait hån i gedächtnislükkn ma di brutto
proprio
★ di mara isch °ma la mara che cazzo di fine ha fatto?°
(Kontatto: 5/48 annotazioni con “ma” preceduto da ted.)

33. Mir mi sembra...
★ na obår i will määr ausdauår # mir non me ne frega un cazzo
schnäll zu sain
★ fer mir # non fa differenza insomma

34. Wänn X alora Y
★ äh ##
★ wänn radl foorn gäasch
★
te compri # na bici da #
★ wänn # non so #
★ wänn gocard foorn gäasch
★
te devi comprar en gocard

35. Riflessioni
a mo’ di conclusione

36. Somma di grammatiche
★ «somma delle possibilità delle due grammatiche», e non
semplicemente unione (Berruto 2011)
★ Intersezione = congruent lexicalization (Muysken)
❖
A∩B
∀ a, b { ∃ (R ∈ A) e (R ∈ B) }
★ Unione = Composite CS (Myers-Scotton)
❖
A∪B
∀ a { ∃ (R ∈ A) } e ∀ b { ∃ (R ∈ B) }
★ Somma di grammatiche (Berruto)
❖
|A+B| ⊃ A, B
∀ a, b { ∃ (R ∈ A) o (R ∈ B) }

37. Triggering: cause ed effetti
★ Condivisione di forme: cognates
★ Condivisione di strutture: congruent lexicalization
★ Attivazione di forme: alternation / multi-word insertions
★ Attivazione di strutture: portmanteau constructions

38. Effetti e “limiti” del triggering
★ Quali elementi attivano maggiormente il codice non
selezionato?
★ Con quale intensità?
★ Quali sono gli effetti del triggering che emergono in
superficie? (alternation, congruent lexicalization, maggiore
commistione in senso generale...)
★ Cosa viene attivato? (forme, strutture, schemi...)
★ Quali condizioni extralinguistiche permettono/bloccano gli
effetti del triggering?

39. Simone Ciccolone
Work in progress Bolzano, 13.12.2012
Fuori dalla matrice:
per un'ipotesi di ricerca sul code
mixing