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Silvia Dal Negro
(Libera Università di Bolzano)

AREE DI CONTATTO FRA TRENTINO 
E ALTO ADIGE
Il campo d’indagine: visto da sud
Il campo d’indagine: visto da nord
Distribuzione dei gruppi linguistici
2001 (ASTAT)

1890 (cit. in Caragata 1945)

100%

100%

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

% ladini

50%

40%

% tedeschi

40%

30%

% italiani

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

0%

0%

% tedeschi
% italiani
L’uso linguistico (alcuni casi studio)
13 informatori di oggi (Laives, 
Bronzolo e Salorno)

La biografia sociolinguistica di 
Eugenio Cristofoletti (Delugan 2007)
•

100%
90%
80%
70%

altro

60%

ted/ita

50%

•

trentino

40%

italiano

30%

•

tirolese

20%

tedesco

10%

•

0%
L1

Lingua
Usi parlati
Questionario

Usi scritti

•

«Le origini della famiglia Cristofoletti
[trasferitasi a Pochi nel 1862] sono quindi 
trentine, la lingua parlata era il dialetto 
trentino»;
Il padre di Eugenio nasce a Pochi nel 1892: 
«la normale lingua d’uso a Pochi e nella sua 
famiglia era il dialetto trentino, mentre la 
lingua di apprendimento era il tedesco»;
«Dunque i genitori di Eugenio si servivano 
del tedesco come lingua scritta, del dialetto 
come lingua parlata»;
«la popolazione di Pochi, comunque, 
utilizzava in gran parte il dialetto come lingua 
d’uso, e si poteva quindi parlare in dialetto 
anche fuori della famiglia, avendo però 
contatti anche con parlanti tedescofoni»; 
Eugenio nasce nel 1919: «conosceva bene il 
tedesco e, a seconda della situazione, lo 
alternava al dialetto trentino».
Repertorio linguistico nella Bassa atesina
Doppia diglossia asimmetrica:
Gli effetti sul sistema: il prestito lessicale
Ita/Trn > Ted/Tyr

Ted/Bav > Trn

Prima del 1919
• malta (anche N Tirolo)
• stuff (e stuffieren), anche N Tirolo
• oschtia
• tschigg (e tschiggn), anche N Tirolo
Amministrazione italiana
• Kabineer (Val Passiria)
• targa
• måchn si mår lai di multa
Vita quotidiana
• tschettone
• tabakele (< ‘tabacchino’)
• madai, soks in di lait!

Amministrazione austriaca
• stièura ‘imposta’ (Val di Non)
• sbanzegia ‘ventino’ (Val di Non)
Servizio militare («austriacano»)
• ghevera ‘fucile’
• prosac ‘tascapane’
• snellare ‘balzare, scattare’
Emigrazione
• aizimpòn ‘lavori ferroviari’ (noneso)
Contiguità
• sì, ma che fàulo che ses (Salorno)
• sprechenàr (Val di Cembra, BA) 
• tisler ‘falegname’
Gli effetti sul discorso: testualità
In: un suscht schliss ich, dankä ... lai a momentl gäl? <TOSSE>
S1: basta hhh
S2: basta # finita
S3: è già serata
S4: pensavo peggio hhh
S1: vuoi?
S2: sì volentieri # sait wån trinkschn du wain S1?
mittlårwaile saimår supår guate kollegn # unt baschta
ecco når gäasch åi ### äntwürfe ecco
wen es jez magari zen tog odår zwo wochn
Gli effetti sul discorso: sintassi
wän radl forn gäasch té cómpri # na bici da # 
wän # non so # wän go_kard forn gäasch te devi 
compràr en go_kard
Gli effetti sul discorso: un codice misto?
S1: hålt wän ins dår contratto scadere tuat
S2: jå wån wån schcade?
«richtige salurner dialekt isch holbs daitsch un holbs
italienisch»
e quando vi ritrovate tutti insieme come parlate?
«tutti e due perché anche i miei amici che sono italiani 
parlan anche il tedesco perché siamo quasi tutti più o 
meno bilingui no‐? in Bassa Atesina‐, allora ci capiamo 
o chi [!] non sa parlare il tedesco l'altro parla in italiano 
cioè:»
«wenn mir jemand sog du bisch a krautwalscher du 
redesch krautwalsch oder porco dio non so holt te devi 
parlar solo l’italian o solo l tedesch na geat nit i bin aso
aufgwochsen i wears ollm waiterbringen»
... ecco, un no grazie åln!

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Salorno 3 maggio 2012