Theory of Bureaucracy

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO2M-6KvAOs

4. THE FIRST KNOWN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE USE WAS IN 1818. THE 19TH-
CENTURY DEFINITION REFERRED TO A SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE IN
WHICH OFFICES WERE HELD BY UNELECTED CAREER OFFICIALS,
AND IN THIS SENSE "BUREAUCRACY" WAS SEEN AS A DISTINCT FORM
OF GOVERNMENT, OFTEN SUBSERVIENT TO A MONARCHY.
IN THE 1920S, THE DEFINITION WAS EXPANDED BY THE GERMAN
SOCIOLOGIST MAX WEBER TO INCLUDE ANY SYSTEM OF
ADMINISTRATION CONDUCTED BY TRAINED PROFESSIONALS
ACCORDING TO FIXED RULES. WEBER SAW THE BUREAUCRACY AS A
RELATIVELY POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT; HOWEVER BY 1944, THE
AUSTRIAN ECONOMIST LUDWIG VON MISES NOTED THAT THE TERM
BUREAUCRACY WAS "ALWAYS APPLIED WITH AN OPPROBRIOUS
CONNOTATION, AND BY 1957 THE AMERICAN SOCIOLOGIST ROBERT
MERTON NOTED THAT THE TERM "BUREAUCRAT" HAD BECOME
AN EPITHET.

5. Some other meanings can also be quoted so as to understand
bureaucracy well.
1. It refers to all government offices. It may refer to totality of
government office or bureau that constitutes the permanent
government of the state., is referred to as "the bureaucracy."
2. All public officials. The bureaucracy refers to the entire public
officials of a government. They may constitute both high, low, elected
and appointed bureaucrats.
3. Bureaucracy has an informal usage, as in "there's too much
bureaucracy where I work." This informal usage describes a set of
characteristics or attributes such as "red tape" or "inflexibility"
that frustrate people who deal with or who work for organizations
they perceive as "bureaucratic.“

6. A bureaucracy is an organization, whether
publicly or privately owned, made up of several
policymaking departments or units. People who
work in bureaucracies are informally known as
bureaucrats.

7. WHAT BUREAUCRATS
DO ?
• GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRATS
PERFORM A WIDE VARIETY OF
TASKS. WE OFTEN THINK OF
BUREAUCRATS AS PAPER-PUSHING
DESK CLERKS, BUT BUREAUCRATS
FIGHT FIRES, TEACH, AND MONITOR
HOW FEDERAL CANDIDATES RAISE
MONEY, AMONG OTHER ACTIVITIES.

8. WHAT DOES
BUREAUCRACY
DO?
• MODERN SOCIETY RELIES ON THE EFFECTIVE
FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDE PUBLIC
GOODS, ENHANCE QUALITY OF LIFE, AND STIMULATE
ECONOMIC GROWTH.
• THE ACTIVITIES BY WHICH GOVERNMENT ACHIEVES
THESE FUNCTIONS INCLUDE—BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO—
TAXATION, HOMELAND SECURITY, IMMIGRATION, FOREIGN
AFFAIRS, AND EDUCATION. THE MORE SOCIETY GROWS
AND THE NEED FOR GOVERNMENT SERVICES EXPANDS, THE
MORE CHALLENGING BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BECOMES.
• PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS BOTH THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC POLICY IN GOVERNMENT
BUREAUCRACIES AND THE ACADEMIC STUDY THAT
PREPARES CIVIL SERVANTS FOR WORK IN THOSE
ORGANIZATIONS.

9. ‘BUREAUCRACY IS AN
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE THAT
IS CHARACTERIZED BY MANY RULES,
STANDARDIZED PROCESSES,
PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS,
NUMBER OF DESKS, THE
METICULOUS DIVISION OF LABOR
AND RESPONSIBILITY, CLEAR
HIERARCHIES AND PROFESSIONAL,
ALMOST IMPERSONAL
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
EMPLOYEES.’

10. Task Specialization
Formal Selection
Impersonal
Hierarchical Layers Of
Authority
Rules And Regulations
Career Orientation

32. BUREAUCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
Bureaucracy as an organization is expected to play a pivotal role, in process of development. The
concept of Development Administration had originated in U.S.A. and as such bureaucratic systems are
expected to be effective instruments to achieve objectives of development. With their emphasis on rules
and regulations, division of labor, hierarchy, role specialists, rationality, impersonally and neutrality,
bureaucracy was expected to ensure smooth process of development.
In fact, bureaucracy played a key role in stability standard of integrity and professional competence.
Bureaucracy supported industrialized developed nations to achieve their objectives. But the capacity of
bureaucracy to adopt to change is rather low.

33. BUREAUCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
In developing countries where temporal dimensions play a key role in process of development,
according to some thinkers, bureaucracy is a misfit. The Weberian model is subject to the dysfunctional
consequences of failing to take into consideration the individual or behavioral aspects of people who
work within organizational system. It has been observed that in an unstable environment it cannot take
up the challenges of situation.
Stalker identified two distinct systems of management namely mechanistic and organic and found
that mechanistic system of management which relied heavily on Weberian norms cannot function in an
unstable environment whereas organic system of management with its emphasis on individuals,
downward and lateral communication, continuous interaction and participatory management would be
suitable for unstable environment. Much of the bureaucratic pursuit was directed towards activities
other than achievements of goals whereas the need was to fulfill development programs.

34. BUREAUCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
According to Warren Bennis, bureaucracy is likely to go out of use in changed socio-economic
environment. In Indian context bureaucracy, who emphasized on maintenance of law and order and
generation of revenue has failed to fulfil developmental functions.
a)Bureaucracy is not necessarily bad what is required is developmental bureaucracy and this can be
achieved through motivation and training.
b)Conflict between bureaucracy and political executive need not be dysfunctional. This conflict can help
in finding new solutions to existing problems through the process of integration.
c)Hierarchical organization forms of bureaucracy can be transformed into people centric institutions
through innovation, structural and procedural reforms.
d)Bureaucracy should not be burdened with all kinds of activities. If it were to perform developmental
activities it should be left alone to perform these activities only. It cannot be overturned with regulatory
and revenue generation functions.

35. BUREAUCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
The bureaucracy, broadly defined, is that apparatus of government designed to implement
the decisions of political leaders. Political leaders make policy, the public bureaucracy
executes it. If the bureaucracy lacks the capacity to implement the policies of the political
leadership, those policies, however well intentioned, will not be implemented in an effective
manner. It is one thing to promise development, it is quite another to achieve it.
Viewed in this light, the role of public bureaucracy in the process of economic, social, and
political development looms large indeed. The role of bureaucracy is critical to all areas of the
development process in developing nations. Public bureaucracy is a very vital element of the
development process.
Bureaucratic capacity determines what will get done, when it will get done, and how well it
will get done. The greater the capacity of the bureaucracy to implement complex economic
and social development plans, the higher the development potential of that society.
Bureaucratic capacity is not a sufficient condition for development, but it is most assuredly a
necessary condition.

36. CHALLENGES OF BUREAUCRACY

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REFERENCES

39. KATE KATHERINE H. LECCIO PROF. ALDIN LORENZO
MPA 1 Presenter Course Facilitator