This document provides information about general biology topics from the website EKP Informative Websites. It discusses photosynthesis, the light reaction, dark reaction, and electron transport chain. For each topic, it provides a brief definition or explanation. It also describes the four complexes of the electron transport chain - Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV - and their roles in shuttling electrons and pumping protons. The document aims to teach readers about these biology concepts and provides a link to the website for more information.
2. EKP INFORMATIVE
WEBSITES(EKPInformativewebsites.co
m)
Welcome to EKP Informative Websites. We will
teach you about some topics in general biology like
Photosynthesis, Light Reaction, Dark
Reaction, and Electron Transport Chain. We
are the student in SANHS and we will be your teacher. Are
you fluent in biology? Come here and we will teach you. We
have lots of information that help you the most.
4. Light reaction(The photo part)
•The reaction that occurs as the first phase
of photosynthesis, in which energy in the
form of light is absorbed and converted
to chemical energy in the form of ATP.
5. Dark Reaction(Calvin Cycle)
• The cycle of reactions( calvin cycle) that occurs in
the second phase of photosynthesis and does not
require the presence of light. It involves the
fixation of carbon dioxide and its reduction to
carbohydrate and the dissociation of water, using
chemical energy stored in ATP.
6. Electron Transport Chain
• Is the last component of aerobic respiration and is the
only pat glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric
oxygen.
• Is the series of electron transporters embedded in the
inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electron
from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.
7. Electron Transport Chain
•In the process, Protons are pumped from the
mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane
space and oxygen is reduced to form water.
8. Complexes of Electron Transport
• COMPLEX I(NADH Dehydration)
• COMPLEX II(SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE)
• COMPLEX III(CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE)
• COMPLEX IV(CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE)
9. COMPLEX I (NADH DEHYDROGENASE)
• Two electrons are carried to the first complex aboard
NADH. Complex I is composed of Flavin
mononucleotide(FMN) and an enzyme containing iron-
sulfur. FMN, which is derived from vitamin B2(also called
riboflavin), is one of several prosthetic groups or co-
factors in the electron transport chain.
10. COMPLEX II(SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE)
• COMPLEX II directly receives FADH2, which bypasses
complex I, and delivers electrons directly to the electron
transport chain.
• UBIQUINONE(Q) accepts the electrons from both
complex I and complex II and delivers them to complex
III.
11. COMPLEX III(CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE)
•COMPLEX III pumps protons through the
membrane and passes its electron to
cytochrome c for transport to the fourth
complex of proteins and enzymes.
12. COMPLEX IV(CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE)
•Reduces oxygen; the reduced oxygen
then picks up two hydrogen ions from
the surrounding medium to make
water.
