Subpolar regions include areas just outside the Arctic and Antarctic Circles with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. While subpolar climates exist in both hemispheres, most land in these latitudes in the southern hemisphere benefits from ocean moderation. Common subpolar regions include parts of Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, northern China, Mongolia, and Siberia. These areas have semi-permanent low pressure systems and experience fur, fishing, and resource booms and busts throughout their history.

1. Subpolar regions include all parts of the world
just outside the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.
However, the climates considered truly Subpolar
are found only in the northern hemisphere. The
southern hemisphere contains very little land in
these latitudes, and what lands do exist benefit
greatly from the oceans' moderating effects.

3.  Sub-polar regions are ones with long, cold
winters, and short, mild summers, and
include areas such as Canada, Alaska, and the
Northern parts of
China, Scandinavia, Mongolia, Siberia, etc.

4. Subpolar
 The region bordering the polar
region, between 50° and 70° North and South
latitude.
 This is generally an area of semi-permanent
low pressure that exists and where the
Aleutian and Icelandic lows may be found.

5. Floating freshwater
ice is a key
component of cold-
regions river and
lake systems, mainly
in the Northern
Hemisphere and
mountain regions.

8. A series of fur, timber, gold, fishing
and oil booms and busts have
marked Alaska's history and culture.

9. Denali (Mount McKinley)
Mount McKinley is the tallest mountain in North America.
It is 20,320 feet tall. Mount McKinley is also called
Denali. Denali is an Athabascan Indian name meaning “The
High One.”

10. Glaciers
Glaciers are made up of
fallen snow that, over many
years, compresses into large,
thickened ice masses.
Glaciers form when snow
remains in one location long
enough to transform into ice.
What makes glaciers unique is
their ability to move. Due to
sheer mass, glaciers flow like
very slow rivers. Some
glaciers are as small as
football fields, while others
grow to be over a hundred
kilometers long.

11. Earthquakes
Alaska has from 10-20 earthquakes every day! The largest
so far was the Great Alaskan Earthquake in 1964. It killed
131 people and caused 300-400 million dollars in damage.
The earthquake was felt in all parts of Alaska, and even
parts of Canada and Washington, and it created waves up to
70 meters high. This was a 6-story apartment building in
Anchorage after the 1964 earthquake.

12. The Northern Lights
(Aurora Borealis)
Aurora Borealis is also known as the
northern lights. It is a fantastic light
show!
It is caused by electricity that passes
through a thin gas and it causes a spark
or glow.
The electricity comes from particles
from the sun that come in contact with
the earth's atmosphere.

13. Alaskan Animals
Eagle Musk Ox Killer Whales
Polar Bear Porcupine Grizzly Snowshoe
Bear Hare
Caribou Moose

14. These are just a few examples of culture and traditions
in Alaska.
Clothing Subsistence Lifestyle
Iditarod Dog Sled Race Music and Dance
Blanket Toss

15. The Five Feathers On A Dance Fan Represent:
First Feather - Yupiks of the land
Second Feather - animals of the water
Third Feather - birds of the sky
Fourth Feather - animals of the land
Fifth Feather - fruits and wild vegetables

16. Alaska offers many delicious regional specialties.
Seafood naturally plays a large role in Alaskan
cooking, with fresh catches of king crab, salmon and
halibut.
Wild game and traditional treats like blueberry pie and
sourdough pancakes are a must-try for all visitors. Enjoy
many of the wild berries and massive vegetables that
grow well during Alaska’s periods of long sunlight in the
summer.

17. Seasoned dried fish strips
are a tasty snack.
Many Natives depend on king salmon,
halibut, and other fish for food and
income. Many Alaskans also depend on meat
from caribou and moose.

18. Long ago, hunters would
put one person on a blanket and
toss them high into the air to
scout for food, as there were no
trees or tall buildings to climb
up and see far away. The
scout, when tossed high, could
look around and find animals and
point the hunters in the right
direction.
Today, the blanket toss is
performed at many festivals and
celebrations in Alaska for a fun
way to preserve a cultural
tradition.

19. Mukluks are like tall
moccasins made of
fur and animal skin.
They are waterproof
and very warm.
A parka from long ago
and
a modern parka. A kuspuk is a lightweight coat. Mothers carry
their babies in the back of the kuspuk.

20.  This portrait of an Inuit
man wearing a fur jacket
with hood was most
likely taken at the
beginning of the 20th
century. Traditional Inuit
clothing is made from
animal skins. Large thick
warm coats with big
hoods called parkas are
worn as an outer layer.

22. This picture shows several
Inuit constructing an igloo
with blocks of snow.
Traditionally, Inuit lived in
igloos during the coldest
months and tent like huts
during the warmer months

24. The Iditarod Dog Sled Race is an annual
tradition in Alaska. It was started to
keep alive the tradition of using dogs
and sleds as opposed to snowmobiles and
four-wheelers.
The race is over 1,000 miles from
Anchorage to Nome.
A special award is given to the last
person who crosses the finish line. It is
called the Red Lantern award
because, as a joke, they used to say that
the last person was so far behind they
needed a lantern to find the way to
Nome. Now it is a symbol of
perseverance and honor.

25. THIS MAN IN
ALASKA IS
CARVING
IVORY, AN
INUIT
TRADITION.

26. Alaskan Inuit men
are dancers called
Kaviagamute.
They are performing
the Wolf Dance.
Today, many Inuit
communities continue
the tradition of Inuit
dancing.

27. Alaska’s climate
The most popular time to visit Alaska is between May
and September, when the days are longer and the weather
more welcoming. Many Alaska tours take place in the later
weeks of May and throughout June, when travelers can enjoy
warm afternoons and bright, sunny skies. Summer and fall
tend to be the rainier seasons in Alaska.

28. CANADA

30.  Languages: English, French
 "Canada" comes from the Huron and Iroquois
word "Kanata" meaning "village"

31.  Canada's culture - influenced by European
culture and traditions, especially British and
French
 Official symbols – maple leaf, beaver, and the
Canadian horse

32.  Canada is in the top five producers of natural
gas, copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and gold
 HOCKEY is the national sport of Canada

33.  Provinces -(10) - Alberta, British
Columbia, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince
Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan
 Territories (3) - Northwest
Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon

36. CLOTHING
 Northern forest natives wore soft-tanned hide
Moccasins, leggings, shirts and coats in the summer.
 Sometimes leggings with moccasins were attached to
the slipover.
 Subarctic people tended to wear lighter clothing and
whenever they stopped, to keep warm, they’d build a
fire.
 Winter sleeping robes were made of rabbit skins cut into
strips, twisted and woven together.
 Gwich’in women tattooed their chins and on ceremonial
occasions men styled their hair with red ochre mixed
with grease and sprinkled with down.

37.  Many northern
indigenous people
depend on frozen lakes
and rivers for access to
traditional
hunting, fishing, reindeer
herding or trapping
areas.

39. Canadian Shield

40. Boreal Forest in Alberta

41. Mackenzie River Settlements and
Housing

42.  Double Lean-tos
covered in hide and
brush were used.

43.  Lean-tos were free-
standing beams of
wood or whale bone
that were layered
against a log or large
rock, lashed
together, and covered
in brush and
hide, resulting in a
slanted roof and an
opening for entering or
exiting.

44.  Obtaining food was an important and
essential ritual for the Subarctic peoples.
 Usually on foot or on snowshoes, they would
hunt, fish, trap and gather wild plants.
 Fishing
 In the winter, ice fishing was popular.
 In the spring, the rivers and the coastal waters
were rich in fish and seafood.
 Most of the Northern fishes, and their fish
eggs, could be eaten.

45.  The subarctic people often hunted
moose, caribou, hare, musk oxen, bear and
elk, as well as waterfowl and fish.

46. MONGOLIA

47. - Mongolia is located between Russia and China.
- The capital and largest city is Ulaanbaatar.

48.  Chinggis Khan
Founder of Mongolian
Empire

49. Ger
•Nomads have to move
from one place to
another due to the
weather and other
factors.
•Nomads need housing
that is easily
constructed and put
down.
•Nomads have
constructed the ger A member of a group of people
who have no fixed home and
due to their move according to the seasons
requirements. from place to place in search of
food, water, and grazing land.

50. Yurt (Ger)
Nearly all herders live in white gers (felt-lined
tents, yurt in Russian), a characteristic sight
throughout Mongolia. Each family has their own ger.

51.  Reindeer herders
 Use reindeers as their main resource of food
and clothing

52. MEXICO

54.  The word "Mexico" is derived from Mexica
(pronounced "Me-shee-ka"), the name for the
indigenous group that settled in central
Mexico in the early fourteenth century and is
best known as the Aztecs.

56.  Name for these traditions is Rusalii.
 The Rusalii traditions of the Aromanians and Slavs in
Macedonia have many similarities to the Romanian Căluş.
The custom happens between Christmas and 12th
Night, with bands of 20 to 60 young men who form the
rusalski družini.
 In common with the Căluş, no one is allowed to go among
them except those who wished to be healed, and the
Meglo-Aroumanian version includes a mute dressed in
fancy dress. The Bulgarian Eska have one part of group
masked, carrying wooden swords, and the other wear large
bells and have their faces blacked, this combination of two
distinct groups can also be found in Austria.

57. TRADITIONAL SPORTS

58. Charrería
Charreada is the national sport of
Mexico, it dates back to the 16th
century and consists of a series of
Mexican equestrian events. The
most notable event is the charreada;
a style of rodeo developed in
Mexico in the interest of maintaining
the traditions of the charro. A charro
is a term referring to a traditional
horseman or a cowboy of Mexico
A charreada event.

59. Bullfighting
The Spanish colonization of Mexico
introduced bullfighting in to the country.
The sport has been one of the most
popular in the country for the last 400
years.

60. Mexican sombrero forms an
integral part of Mexican clothing.
This term simply refers to a
kind of a hat that has a brim. The
brim acts as a way of protection
from the sun.
 Such sombreros were generally
worn as a part of traditional
clothing. The peasant sombreros
are generally made of
straw, whereas, some are even
made of felt, which inclines
towards the expensive side.

61. Skirts also formed a part
of Mexican clothing and
these are generally
rectangular in shape. This
is worn by wrapping it
around the body and
tucking one part of it
towards the inside.

62.  The Puebla dress is also
one such kind that
belongs to this category.
Puebla dresses and
blouses generally have
short sleeves and loose
fits. It became famous as
Boho dress, later on.

63. The rebozo is another kind of garment
that can be included in the clothing. The
rebozo is worn by women in Mexico.
The origins of this piece of clothing
cannot be placed correctly; experts say
that the rebozos originated due to the
intermingling cultures that were colonized
by Spain.
It is also noticed that the term rebozo
has not made its appearance in the Spanish
language till the year 1562.
 The rebozo is rectangular in shape and
these are found in materials like
cottons, silk, wool, or even articela.
The rebozo is also worn as a shawl or a
scarf. Women also use the rebozo to carry
goods to the market.

64. The huipil is one such beautiful
garment that forms a part of
traditional Mexican clothing.
Huipil can be described to be a
sleeveless tunic or can be roughly
said to be a sack-like garment.
Generally, cotton is used for
huipil, but at times, one can even see
the use of wool.
Here, rectangular strips of cloth
are cut in varied lengths, either long
or short, and this can also be either
wide or narrow in width.
 Only women wear the huipil
garment. Here, the fabric is woven
and embellished with motifs that tell
a story of the old folklore.

65. The quechquemitl is another such garment
that can be called the traditional Mexican
clothing gear.
This garment is almost cape-like in its
appearance where the head has to pass
though the center opening and the corners
of the fabric are left hanging on four
sides.
It is not only the women who adorn the
quechquemitl - the poncho is one such
ubiquitous garment and has often made a
comeback in the fashion scenario.

67. A traditional Yucatecan Maya house. Cozumel, Mexico.

68.  Three products constitute the heart of most Mexican
dishes: corn, hot peppers (chiles), and beans, products that
stem from pre-Columbian times. Corn is consumed in all
possible forms: as a cooked or roasted corncob ( elote
), cooked grain of corn, porridge ( atole ), as wrapped and
steamed dough with filling ( tamal ), but most importantly
as a tortilla, a thin, round "pancake."
 Tortillas are made from corn dough and come in many
sizes, although the traditional tortilla that accompanies
most meals has a diameter of approximately six inches (15
centimeters). When tortillas are filled with meat or other
ingredients they are called tacos or quesadillas, which are
especially popular in central Mexico.
 Much of the sophistication of Mexican cuisine comes from
the use of more than one hundred different types of
chiles, which range from the large and "sweet" chile ancho
to the small and extremely hot chile habanero .

69.  Mexicans generally have a light breakfast of coffee and/or fruit
before they leave for work or school. Halfway through the
morning, people may eat a warm tortilla-based snack or a bread
roll.
 The most important meal of the day is served between two and
four in the afternoon (the comida ) and consists of three or four
courses: soup; rice or pasta; meat or chicken—if affordable—
accompanied by tortillas and refried beans; and dessert. Dinner is
served between eight and ten at night and consists mainly of
sweet rolls, coffee, and milk. Mexicans frequently eat outdoors.
 Homely restaurants serve inexpensive fixed menus known as
comida corrida . Mexicans drink huge quantities of soft drinks and
beer. Although the national liquor is tequila, which is produced
from the maguey cactus, Mexicans prefer rum with cola during
weddings and other celebrations, or fiestas.

70. A Mexican woman prepares
tortillas with salsa and beans.
Corn, chili peppers, and beans
are the main items in most
Mexican foods.

72. China
中國

73. China’s Historic Traditions
 China is an ancient country with thousands of years of
history. This history remains as a basis of Chinese. China
is the country with the early civilization than other
countries and this made China have the early
development of irrigations, inventions of
paper, gunpowder, silk weaving etc. People in China
thought their country was the center of the whole world
and named their country the Middle Kingdom. China
influenced into Korea and Japan in their
inventions, culture, Buddhism and Confucius idea. China
was reluctant to open their county to the Westerners and
was forced to be opened. After WWII, China was divided
into two groups-Communist and Nationalist. The
communists made a communist nation, The Peoples
Republic of China, and the Nationalist made Taiwan

74. China’s Culture
Culture
 After 1949, culture of China has been changed as it
became to Communism and there were major changes in
the Chinese way of life.
- Communes : communities own land and members work
together. Not private ownership
 -Slow in population growth : changes from large family to
small family
 -Position of women has improved : woman’s ownership of
property, having jobs, choice of husband and divorce.
 -Mixture of old and new culture in China : New traditions
in cities, old traditions in rural area.