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Encryption in the Age of Breaches
- 2. Let’s talk numbers! “Only 4% of the total breaches involved data that was encrypted ...” • 888 breaches across all verticals – Healthcare, Retail, Government • Malicious Outsider – 62% • Malicious Insider – 12% • 80% of the attacks were in North America • < 1% in South America 245 million records compromised in H1 of 2015 Source: 2015 H1 SafeNet Breach Level Index Report
- 3. Bit of History Source & Image Courtesy: Wikipedia
- 4. Symmetric vs Asymmetric • One key to encrypt and decrypt • Example: DES, AES • Length of the key improves security • Example: AES-128 vs AES- 256 • Used often in Disk/File/Database encryption scenarios • Two Keys • Example: RSA • Sender encrypts with Receiver’s Public Key • Receiver Decrypts his Private Key • Length of the key improves security • Example: RSA-1024 vs RSA-3072
- 5. Since WW II • DES – March 1975 • Diffie Hellman - 1976 • RSA Algorithm – 1978 • PGP - 1991 • 3DES – 1998 • AES – 2001 • Bitcoin – 2008 • AWS KMS - 2014 • Quantum Computing - ?
- 6. Attack Vectors Attacks against DBs • Weak Auth. • Injection Attacks • MITM • Attacks against Backups • Attacks against DB memory • Attacks against data at rest Attacks against Crypto (Cryptanalysis Attacks) • Chosen Plaintext • Known Plaintext (Alan Turing Used this) • Chosen Cipher text • Known Cipher text (and some other info)
- 7. Data Encryption in the Enterprise • Disk/File Level Encryption • Application Encryption • Database Encryption – Transparent Data Encryption – Column Level Encryption – Encryption Gateways These techniques have important differences
- 8. Encryption Benefits • Reduce Attack Surface "I love crypto. it tells me what part of the system not to bother attacking" - Drew Gross, Forensic Scientist • Protect Sensitive Data “Crypto won't be broken. It will be bypassed ” - Adi Shamir, Cryptographer • Get to compliance Faster • CYA
- 9. Disk Encryption • Can be used to encrypt disk/partition/files • Possible in most OSs – Example: dm-crypt on most Linux flavors • Cloud technologies such as AWS, Azure etc. support native Disk Encryption. – Key Management: KMS (AWS), Key Vault (Azure) • Often used for DB encryption – Simply encrypt volume containing /data dir.
- 10. 1. Disk Encryption: Attack Vectors Attack Vector Disk Encryption Stolen Disk Corruption of data (AEAD) × (rarely) Attacks against Backups × Attacks against memory × Notes: • DIY has many pain points. • However, Cloud platforms ease away most of these pain points • Low hanging fruit. • Actual Security benefits are debatable
- 12. Application Encryption: Attack Vectors Protection against Attack Vector App Encryption DB Credential Compromise Attacks against DB Backups Attacks against DB Memory MITM Notes: • Prone to error. Needs developers with expertise. • Peer Reviews, IV & V is a must • Constant upgrade/upkeep needed • Reporting/Migration use cases need further thoughts
- 13. DB Internals • Page Size = 8 KB (in Postgres) • A table with 800 KB has ~100 pages • File size in disk ~ 800 KB • Each page has one or more rows of data (called ‘tuples’)
- 14. Memory Page Structure (Postgres) Source: Bruce Momjian (https://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/internalpics.pdf)
- 15. 3. Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)
- 16. More on TDE • Fully transparent to applications • Can be implemented at database, schema, tablespace, or table level • No need to change data types, stored procs, indexes etc. • Supported by DB Vendor directly – No need of third party solutions or products • Performance impact: – Between 4 – 15%, depending on use case – Negligible for read heavy applications
- 17. TDE: Attack Vectors Protection against Attack Vector Disk Encryption Stolen Disk Corruption of data (AEAD) (rarely) Attacks against Backups Attacks against memory × SQL Injection × MITM ×
- 18. 4. Column Level Encryption (CLE) • All DBs have ‘functions’ to do crypto – Encryption – Hashing – Key stretching • Queries to use these functions: insert into demo(col1) values (encrypt('data', 'key', 'aes')); • Key Management Support is poor
- 19. CLE: Attack Vectors Protection against Attack Vector Disk Encryption Stolen Disk Attacks against Backups Attacks against memory × Corruption of data (AEAD) × Notes: • Prone to error. Needs developers with expertise. • Peer Reviews, IV & V is a must
- 21. More on Encryption Gateways • Quick way to do column level encryption • Easy to deploy • No changes to the applications – But DB datatypes, stored procs may need to change – Can’t index or query encrypted columns • Can act as a DB firewall – Detect attacks like ‘SQL Injection’, ‘DDoS’ before they get to DB • Performance Impact: – About 15% overall
- 22. EG: Attack Vectors Protection against Attack Vector Disk Encryption Stolen Disk Attacks against Backups Attacks against memory Corruption of data (AEAD) SQL Injection Attacks Cross Site Scripting (Stored) ….. [maybe] MITM
- 23. Challenges • Key Storage/Isolation – Where do you store the keys? – Impact on DevOps – Who owns the keys • Protecting Keys – In memory – At rest • Key Rotation • Backup/Restores • HA, AutoScaling etc.
- 24. Best Practices • Always use HSMs • Don’t invent your crypto or crypto library • Use tried and tested crypto libraries • Isolate keys from data – And from your code. – Don’t check into GitHub • IV & V code, and implementation – There are only a few firms that could do this!
- 25. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- There was a time when … As a result a lot of SMBs and startups are not using encryption. Because with encryption, it is cost, complexity and time-to market.