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Wouter Groen
PhD MD
Child Psychiatrist at
Karakter
Senior Researcher
Donders Centre
Cognitive Neuroimaging
clinical fellowship F2010(1)-13
a little history
descriptive nosology in Middle Ages
renaissance’s empiricism
a biological diagnostic instrument
from descriptive to biological
understanding
psychiatry’s
renaissance:
empiricism
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Patient
Control
autism symptom vs. biomarker
age of discovery: focus on theory
background
method
results
results
evidence for developmental derailment:
children with autism look longer at irrelevant
parts of visual scenes
the effects disappeared when corrected for IQ
conclusions
developmental derailment
on biomarkers
why biomarkers do
not differentiate well
biomarkers are influenced
by genes and environment
equally; subtle differences
are amplified during
derailment
low IQ and disorder
intertwined
IQ vs. disorder
IQ distribution
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
is the difference between
70 and 100…
… as functionally meaningful as the
difference between 160 and 190?
how does IQ (distribution!) map
onto ability?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 50 100 150 200 250
IQ
Functional disability
IQ is an order statistic
IQ represents rankorder, not
linear ability, especially at the
ends of the IQ range
therefore, parametrics
statistics should not be used
with IQ data (i.e. correlation,
confounders, etc)
instead, use non-parametric
rank statistics
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 100 200 300
take home message
issues In intellectual disability research include:
non-linearity of IQ and IQ-disease dependency.
any questions
Outline
• Psychiatric disorders are currently behaviorally
defined (similar to somatic disorders in the
Middle Ages).
• To bring psychiatry into the modern age, the
scientific community has been in search of
biomarkers (similar to somatic medicine in the
early renaissance).
• Finding meaningful and useful biomarkers has
proven extremely difficult.
Outline continued
• Typically, dimensional symptom scores overlap
between patients and controls. Importantly, so do
biomarkers, rendering them quite useless for
diagnosis.
• In the late renaissance, scientists combined
empiricism with theorizing, opening the door to
the modern age.
• Similarly, better theories in current psychiatry may
provide better biomarkers. Complex theories,
however, bring about complex issues.
Outline continued
• In intellectual disability research, these issues
include: non-linearity of IQ and IQ-disease
dependency.
• I would like to invite everybody to comment on
these two issues.
Thanks for
listening

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The quest for biologically informed diagnoses in child psychiatry