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SMITTY’S
COLLECTION
OF
NUMERICAL RECIPES
A collection of algorithms prepared by Keith Smith.
Many of the
statistical equations
used in these
algorithms are from
“Schaum’s Outline of
Probability and
Statistics”…
ITERATIVE SYSTEM
OUTPUT
SIGNALSYSTEM
FEEDBACK
SIGNAL
INPUT
SIGNAL
+
-
+
-
The following algorithm which generates the gamma function is defined in “gamma.kws”…
double gamma(float n){
/* Local Variables */
double zold=0.000001,znew,Aold=0.00,Anew;
/* Make calculations using the given specifications and report the results. */
/* We use the Trapezoidal Rule.*/
while(zold<=30) {
znew=zold+0.0010;
Anew=Aold+0.00050*(exp((n-1)*log(zold)-zold)+exp((n-1)*log(znew)-znew));
Aold=Anew; zold=znew;
}
return Aold;
}
This algorithm was used in a program called “BVN.cpp”...
Index=Refinement+25;
Pold=0.0; /* Initialize the probability . */
for (RowCount=-Index;RowCount<=Index;RowCount++) {
Aold=0.0; /* Reset the marginal accumulation . */
for (ColumnCount=-Index;ColumnCount<=Index;ColumnCount++) {
/* Independent variables. */
x = 5*ColumnCount*pow(Index,-1.0);
y = 5*RowCount*pow(Index,-1.0);
dx=5*pow(Index,-1.0);
dy=5*pow(Index,-1.0);
/* Depenedent variable: BVN((m1,m2),(s1,s2;r)) . */
BVN = exp(-((x-m1)*(x-m1)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s1,-1.0)-
2*rho*(x-m1)*(y-m2)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0)+
(y-m2)*(y-m2)*pow(s2,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0))*
pow(2*(1-rho*rho),-1.0))*
pow(2*3.14159265*s1*s2*sqrt(1-rho*rho),-1.0);
/* Record BVN in the matrix. */
fprintf(Destination1,"%0.6f ",BVN);
/* Integrate out x . */
Anew=Aold+BVN*dx;
Aold=Anew;
} /* Go to the next value of x. */
Pnew=Pold+Aold*dy; /* Accumulate the probability . */
fprintf(Destination1,"n"); /* Continue to the next row of BVN . */
/* Record the Marginal distribution and the probability . */
fprintf(Destination2,"%0.6f%12.6f%12.6fn",y,Aold,Pold);
Pold=Pnew; /* Update the probability . */
} /* Go to the next value of y and resume computing the marginal */
/* distribution . */
} /* WriteData */
The following algorithm, which generates solutions to ordinary differential
equations, is defined in “BSSLCALC.cpp” and “CALC2010.cpp”…
/* RK4 */
f1 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*zold-c*xold-d);
g1 = zold;
f2 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+0.5*refinement*f1)-c*(xold+0.5*refinement*g1)-d);
g2 = zold + 0.5*refinement*f1;
f3 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+0.5*refinement*f2)-c*(xold+0.5*refinement*g2)-d);
g3 = zold + 0.5*refinement*f2;
f4 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+refinement*f1)-c*(xold+refinement*g1)-d);
g4 = zold + refinement*f3;
znew = zold + refinement*pow(6.00,-1.00)*(f1 + 2*f2 + 2*f3 + f4);
xnew = xold + refinement*pow(6.00,-1.00)*(g1 + 2*g2 + 2*g3 + g4);
tnew = told+refinement;
This algorithm is used in “WAVECALC.cpp”…
xold=xLower;
while (xold<xUpper) { /* next row */
xnew=xold+RefineMent; yold=yLower; Aold=0.00 /* compute the next point of the marginal distribution */;
while (yold<yUpper) { /* nex column */
ynew=yold+RefineMent;
RR=xold*xold+yold*yold;
R=exp(0.5*log(RR));
if (menuchoice=='A')
z=exp(-attenuation*exp(viscosity*log(R)))*cos(frequency*exp(viscosity*log(R)));
if (menuchoice=='B')
z=cos(xold)*cos(yold);
if (menuchoice=='C')
z=cos(xold)*sin(yold);
if (menuchoice=='D')
z=cos(xold)+sin(yold);
if (menuchoice=='E')
z=cos(xold)+cos(yold);
if (menuchoice=='F')
/* Depenedent variable: BVN((m1,m2),(s1,s2;r)) . */
z=exp(-((xold-m1)*(xold-m1)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s1,-1.0)-
2*rho*(xold-m1)*(yold-m2)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0)+
(yold-m2)*(yold-m2)*pow(s2,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0))*
pow(2*(1-rho*rho),-1.0))*
pow(2*3.14159265*s1*s2*sqrt(1-rho*rho),-1.0);
fprintf(Destination1," %0.6f",z);
pointcount++;
yold=ynew;
/* integrate out y if BVN is the choice */
if (menuchoice=='F') {
Anew=Aold+z*RefineMent;
Aold=Anew; }
} /* next column */
fprintf(Destination1,"n");
xold=xnew;
/* compute the aggregate probability if BVN is the choice */
if (menuchoice=='F') {
Pnew=Pold+Aold*RefineMent /* compute the next point of the cumulative distro */;
Pold=Pnew;
fprintf(Destination2,"%0.6f %0.6f %0.6fn",xold,Aold,Pold);}
} /* next row */
The following algorithm, which generates sets of probability distributions along with their respective
expected values is defined in “CALC2011.cpp”…
/* Update the independent variable. */
xnew=xold+RefineMent;
Pnew1=Pold1+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew1+pold1);
Pnew2=Pold2+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew2+pold2);
Pnew3=Pold3+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew3+pold3);
Pnew4=Pold4+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew4+pold4);
Pnew5=Pold5+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew5+pold5);
EX1new1=EX1old1+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold1+xnew*pnew1);
EX1new2=EX1old2+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold2+xnew*pnew2);
EX1new3=EX1old3+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold3+xnew*pnew3);
EX1new4=EX1old4+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold4+xnew*pnew4);
EX1new5=EX1old5+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold5+xnew*pnew5);
EX2new1=EX2old1+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold1+xnew*xnew*pnew1);
EX2new2=EX2old2+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold2+xnew*xnew*pnew2);
EX2new3=EX2old3+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold3+xnew*xnew*pnew3);
EX2new4=EX2old4+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold4+xnew*xnew*pnew4);
EX2new5=EX2old5+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold5+xnew*xnew*pnew5);
/* complete the feedback loop */
xold=xnew;
Pold1=Pnew1;
Pold2=Pnew2;
Pold3=Pnew3;
Pold4=Pnew4;
Pold5=Pnew5;
EX1old1=EX1new1;
EX1old2=EX1new2;
EX1old3=EX1new3;
EX1old4=EX1new4;
EX1old5=EX1new5;
EX2old1=EX2new1;
EX2old2=EX2new2;
EX2old3=EX2new3;
EX2old4=EX2new4;
EX2old5=EX2new5;
θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ
0.1 0.178412 0.100000 0.035683 0.010000 0.002379 0.000500 0.000095 0.000017 0.000003 0.0000004 0.1
0.2 0.252313 0.200000 0.100926 0.040000 0.013457 0.004000 0.001077 0.000267 0.000062 0.000013 0.2
0.3 0.309020 0.300000 0.185412 0.090000 0.037082 0.013500 0.004450 0.001350 0.000381 0.000101 0.3
0.4 0.356825 0.400000 0.285460 0.160000 0.076123 0.032000 0.012180 0.004267 0.001392 0.000427 0.4
0.5 0.398942 0.500000 0.398942 0.250000 0.132981 0.062500 0.026596 0.010417 0.003799 0.001302 0.5
0.6 0.437020 0.600000 0.524423 0.360000 0.209770 0.108000 0.050345 0.021600 0.008631 0.003240 0.6
0.7 0.472035 0.700000 0.660849 0.490000 0.308396 0.171500 0.086351 0.040017 0.017270 0.007003 0.7
0.8 0.472035 0.800000 0.807403 0.640000 0.430614 0.256000 0.137797 0.068267 0.031496 0.013653 0.8
0.9 0.535237 0.900000 0.963427 0.810000 0.578056 0.364500 0.208100 0.109350 0.053511 0.024604 0.9
θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ
1.0 0.564190 1.000000 1.128379 1.000000 0.752253 0.500000 0.300901 0.166667 0.085972 0.041667 1.0
2.0 0.797885 2.000000 3.191538 4.000000 4.255385 4.000000 3.404307 2.666667 1.945319 1.333333 2.0
3.0 0.977205 3.000000 5.863229 9.000000 11.726464 13.500000 14.071752 13.500000 12.061502 10.125000 3.0
4.0 1.128379 4.000000 9.027033 16.000000 24.072096 32.000000 38.515342 42.666667 44.017535 42.666667 4.0
5.0 1.261566 5.000000 12.615617 25.000000 42.052221 62.500000 84.104869 104.166667 120.148958 130.208333 5.0
6.0 1.381977 6.000000 16.583717 36.000000 66.333669 108.000000 159.203768 216.000000 272.920756 324.000000 6.0
7.0 1.492705 7.000000 20.897873 49.000000 97.522079 171.500000 273.064747 400.166667 546.131237 700.291667 7.0
8.0 1.595769 8.000000 25.532304 64.000000 136.157793 256.000000 435.764985 682.666667 995.999906 1365.333333 8.0
9.0 1.692569 9.000000 30.466235 81.000000 182.797478 364.500000 658.070724 1093.500000 1692.181935 2460.375000 9.0
10.0 1.784124 10.000000 35.682480 100.000000 237.862398 500.000000 951.539576 1666.666667 2718.667424 4166.666667 10.0
θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ
11.0 1.871205 11.000000 41.166510 121.000000 301.879128 665.500000 1328.297854 2440.166667 4174.676368 6710.458333 11.0
12.0 1.954410 12.000000 46.905837 144.000000 375.223795 864.000000 1801.194036 3456.000000 6175.488285 10368.000000 12.0
13.0 2.034214 13.000000 52.889572 169.000000 458.347752 1098.500000 2383.558041 4760.166667 8853.207365 15470.541667 13.0
14.0 2.111004 14.000000 59.108110 196.000000 551.702349 1372.000000 3089.381772 6402.666667 12357.536215 22409.333333 14.0
15.0 2.185096 15.000000 65.552900 225.000000 655.513262 1687.500000 3933.168660 8437.500000 16856.463631 31640.625000 15.0
16.0 2.256758 16.000000 72.216261 256.000000 770.307070 2048.000000 4929.963762 10922.666667 22536.978169 43690.666667 16.0
17.0 2.326213 17.000000 79.091244 289.000000 896.384672 2456.500000 6095.293576 13920.166667 29605.738717 59160.708333 17.0
18.0 2.393654 18.000000 86.171525 324.000000 1033.640754 2916.000000 7445.226219 17496.000000 38289.702098 78732.000000 18.0
19.0 2.459245 19.000000 93.451317 361.000000 1183.745317 3429.500000 8996.251073 21720.166667 48836.776445 103170.791667 19.0
20.0 2.523132 20.000000 100.925292 400.000000 1345.705388 4000.000000 10765.369051 26666.666667 61516.380025 133333.333333 20.0
θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ
21.0 2.585441 21.000000 108.588533 441.000000 1520.228083 4630.500000 12770.002326 32413.500000 76620.077430 170170.875000 21.0
22.0 2.646284 22.000000 116.436474 484.000000 1707.764755 5324.000000 15028.054515 39042.666667 94462.146983 214734.666667 22.0
23.0 2.705758 23.000000 124.460212 529.000000 1908.465855 6083.500000 17557.850495 46640.166667 115380.130966 268180.958333 23.0
24.0 2.763953 24.000000 132.697379 576.000000 2122.707509 6912.000000 20378.076225 55296.000000 139735.369 331776.000 24.0
25.0 2.820948 25.000000 141.047384 625.000000 2350.790618 7812.500000 23507.899105 65104.166667 167913.572 406901.042 25.0
26.0 2.876814 26.000000 149.623065 676.000000 2592.940858 8788.000000 26966.877709 76162.666667 200325.309 495057.333 26.0
27.0 2.931615 27.000000 158.311584 729.000000 2849.534355 9841.500000 30774.931688 88573.500000 237406.55 597871.13 27.0
28.0 2.985411 28.000000 167.225778 784.000000 3120.721561 10976.000000 34952.401958 102442.666667 279619.14 717098.67 28.0
29.0 3.038254 29.000000 176.252811 841.000000 3406.878601 12194.500000 39519.990516 117880.166667 327451.32 854631.21 29.0
30.0 3.090194 30.000000 185.392682 900.000000 3708.231152 13500.000000 44498.790528 135000.000000 381418.2 1012500.00 30.0
θ/r 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 rθ
BUGGY ALGORITHMS…
...buggy algorithms produce buggy
results...
...finding an elusive bug in a stack of
code is like finding
a jewel in a dumpster...
The density functions reported by the
algorithm were in error by
a factor of two... The antiderivatives
reported however, were accurate.
Therefore, I shall prepare a report
containing the flawed algorithm,
as well as the erroneous data generated by
the algorithm in question,
with an analysis of the results, as well
as a solution. The discovery of
this flaw shall lead to the preparation of
a more robust and reliable
solution.
The following algorithm was defined in “CALC2001.cpp” and tabulated the density functions erroneously by a
factor of two…
xold=xmin; gdpold=BoundaryValue; ndpold=BoundaryValue;
while(xold<xmax) {
pointcount++;
/* UPDATE THE IDNEPENDENT VARIABLE. */
xnew=xold+refinement;
/* DEFINE THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS. */
gdf=exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta)))+
exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xnew)-xnew*exp(-log(beta)));
ndf=exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xold-mu)*(xold-mu)))+
exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xnew-mu)*(xnew-
mu)));
/* PERFORM QUADRATURE USING THE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. */
gdpnew=gdpold+0.5*refinement*(exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta)))+
exp(-log(362880)-
10*log(beta)+9*log(xnew)-xnew*exp(-log(beta))));
ndpnew=ndpold+0.5*refinement*(exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xold-
mu)*(xold-mu)))+
exp(-
0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xnew-mu)*(xnew-mu))));
/* UPDATE THE VARIABLES. */
ndpold=ndpnew;
gdpold=gdpnew;
xold=xnew;
The following erroneous results were produced by the previous algorithm… and
can be verified…
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
{ beta,mu,sigma } = { 3.333000,33.333000,10.538000 }
GDF
NDF
ERROR
-0.002
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
{ beta,mu,sigma } = { 33.333000,333.333008,105.390999 }
GDF
NDF
ERROR
-0.0002
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
{ beta,mu,sigma } = { 333.333008,3333.333008,1053.973022 }
GDF
NDF
ERROR
-0.001
-0.0005
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
N(X;μ=770.00,σ=237.00)Г(X;α=10.00,β=77.00)
error
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
( )325.6,00.20; == σµXN
( )
( )00.20;
00.2,00.10;
=
==Γ
ν
βα
XCHS
X
ERROR
Let us show that the expression
fold = exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta)))
is indeed equal to
( )αβα
βα
Γ
−
−
x
ex 1
where α = 10.0 , and xold = x.
solution:
From the original expression,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
.10
362880
1
11
1
910
ln9ln10362880ln
ln9ln10362880ln
ln
ln
=
Γ
=
Γ
=












=
=
=
−
−
−
−−




−
−
−−−
−+−−
−
−
α
αβα
β
β
α
βαβαα
β
β
β
β
β
where
exex
ex
eeee
efold
xx
x
xex
xex
Thus, we have established the implication.
That is;
( )βα ,0.10; ==Γ= xoldXfold .
Similarly, we can show
( )βα ,0.10; ==Γ= xnewXfnew .
Hence,
foldfnewfold 2≈+
since xnew=xold+refinement. Therefore, the error is established.
The buggy algorithm
was corrected by
redefining the
variables using the
updated library file
“density.kws”…
/* WRITE THE OUTPUT TABLE BASED ON THE MENU CHOICES. */
xold=xmin; gdpold=BoundaryValue; ndpold=BoundaryValue;
edpold=BoundaryValue; tdpold=BoundaryValue;fdpold=BoundaryValue;
while(xold<xmax) {
pointcount++;
/* UPDATE THE IDNEPENDENT VARIABLE. */
xnew=xold+refinement;
/* DEFINE THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS. */
gdist=gdf(xold,alpha,beta);
ndist=ndf(xold,mu,sigma);
edf=theta*exp(-(xold*theta));
tdf=tdist(xold,v);
fdf=fdist(xold,v1,v2);
/* PERFORM QUADRATURE USING THE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. */
gdpnew=gdpold+0.5*refinement*(gdf(xold,alpha,beta)+gdf(xnew,alpha,beta));
ndpnew=ndpold+0.5*refinement*(ndf(xold,mu,sigma)+ndf(xnew,mu,sigma));
edpnew=edpold+0.5*refinement*(theta*exp(-(theta*xold))+theta*exp(-(theta*xnew)));
tdpnew=tdpold+0.5*refinement*(tdist(xold,v)+tdist(xnew,v));
fdpnew=fdpold+0.5*refinement*(fdist(xold,v1,v2)+fdist(xnew,v1,v2));
/* UPDATE THE VARIABLES. */
ndpold=ndpnew;
gdpold=gdpnew;
edpold=edpnew;
tdpold=tdpnew;
fdpold=fdpnew;
xold=xnew;
/* ENTER THE DATA INTO THE REPORT TABLE. */
ALGORITHM LIBRARY
From the formulas published in Schaum’s Outline:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
.0;0;0
:
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ln
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lnlnln2lnln5.0
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2
ln2ln5.0
2121
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ln2
>>>∀
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f
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+











Γ





Γ





 +
Γ
=
>>>∀
+






Γ





Γ





 +
Γ
=
∞∞−∈∀





+






Γ





 +
Γ
=
>>∀=
≥∀=
≥∀






Γ
=
≥∀
Γ
=Γ
∞∞−∈∀=
+−
−
+−−





+−
−
−
−−
−−
−
−
νν
νν
νν
νν
π
ν
ααα
λ
λ
ν
χ
αβ
βα
πσ
σµ
α
λ
ν
ν
ν
α
βα
σ
µ
DEFINITIONS (converted).
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
.0;0;0
,;
.0;,
;
.0
.0),;(
.,),;(
21
2
ln
2
ln
2
lnlnln2lnln5.0
21
2
1
ln1ln1
2
ln2ln5.0
2
ln1
2
2ln
22
ln2
)ln()1()ln())(ln(
)(
)2ln(
2
1
2121
122112211
ln2
2
2
2
>>>∀
=
>∞∞−∈∀
=
≥∀=
≥∀=Γ
∞∞−∈∀=











 +
Γ+











Γ−











Γ−++−−++











 +
Γ+





+++











Γ+−
−−+−Γ−
−−+−Γ−







 −
+−
−
vvu
eUfdist
vt
eTtdist
xeX
xeX
xeXN
vvvv
uvvvvuvvvvv
v
etv
v
v
xx
xx
x
v
νν
ν
χ
βα
σµ
π
ννν
ν
βαβαα
σ
µ
πσ
The following algorithms are defined in “density.kws”…
#define pi 3.1415926535897932384626433832795
double gdf(float x, float y, float z) {
return pow(z,-y)*pow(gamma(y),-1.0)*pow(x,y-1)*exp(-pow(z,-1.0)*x);
}
double ndf(float x, float y, float z) {
return pow(sqrt(2*pi*z*z),-1.0)*exp(-(x-y)*(x-y)*pow(2*z*z,-1.0));
}
double poisson(float x, float l) {
return pow(l,x)*exp(-l)*pow(gamma(x+1.00),-1.00);
}
double tdist(float x, float y) {
return gamma(0.5*(y+1))*pow(sqrt(y*pi),-1.0)*pow(gamma(0.5*y),-1.0)*pow(1+x*x*pow(y,-1.0),(-
0.5*(y+1)));
}
double fdist(float x, float y, float z) {
return gamma(0.5*(y+z))*pow(gamma(0.5*y),-1.0)*pow(gamma(0.5*z),-
1.0)*pow(y,0.5*y)*pow(z,0.5*z)*pow(x,((0.5*y)-1))*pow((z+y*x),(-0.5*(z+y)));
}
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.02
ln1
2
2ln
22
ln2
≥∀=
−−+−Γ−
xeX
xxννν
νχ
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) .0;,
;
2
1
ln1ln1
2
ln2ln5.0 ln2
>∞∞−∈∀
=













 +
Γ+








+++













Γ+− −
vt
eTtdist
v
etv
v
v v
π
ν
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
.0;0;0
,;
21
2
ln
2
ln
2
lnlnln2lnln5.0
21
2121
122112211
>>>∀
=















 +
Γ+
















Γ−
















Γ−++−−++
vvu
eUfdist
vvvv
uvvvvuvvvvv
νν
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C:SMITTYWORKBOOK
CALC2011 MENU2011 GENERATES STATISTICAL TABLES C:SMITTYWORKBOOK
CALC2012 MENU2012 TABULATES LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS C:SMITTYWORKBOOK
*The statistical formulae used in these algorithms comes from “Schaum’s Outline of Probability and Statistics”.
NOTES FROM DAVID JEREMIAH, AND OTHERS FROM AFA/AFN
(SPRING 2010)
Rev. Ch. 3-4
Rapture occurs between Ch. 3 & Ch. 4 (Lycena)(Not a place, but an age…)
-Spirit of GOD has been transferred…
Ezekiel 10(14-17)…….[ Four Living Creatures]
Ezekiel 1()…………….””
(Angelic Protection)
(Execute Judgment)
(Lead Worship)
1 COR 15:
1 THESS 4: RAPTURE??
REV 4:
REV 21:21
1 COR 15:3-8 “THE CREED”
REV 4:6-8 (FOUR LIVING CREATURES)
EX 24:10 (SEA OF GLASS)
REV 21:21 (TRANSPARENT GLASS)
REV 4:5 (SEA OF GLASS)
ISRAEL = GOD PREVAILS/RULES
IS 11:…
“WHERE THE SPIRIT OFTHE LORD IS, THERE IS OUR LIBERTY…”
(THUNDERING, & LIGHTNING, & VOICES) (16:18)
Mom, thanks for pressing me to
settle for nothing less than the
best…
Dad, let’s go have some coffee…
Sandy,
I believe in us, darling…
No one loves you the
way I do…
The Lord’s Prayer:
Matthew 6:9-14
Luke 11:2-4
Our Father, which art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom
come. Thy will be done in earth as it is
in heaven. Give us this day our daily
bread. And forgive us our debts, as we
forgive our debtors. And lead us not
into temptation, but deliver us from
evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the
power, and the glory, for ever.
Amen.
The Priestly Blessing:
Numbers 6:24-26
The LORD bless thee, and
keep thee:
The LORD make his face
shine upon thee, and be gracious
unto thee:
The LORD lift up his
countenance upon thee, and
give thee peace.
PSALMS 118:24
This is the day which the
LORD hath made; we will rejoice
and be glad in it.
I Am
Revelation 1:8
“I am the Alpha and Omega,
the beginning and the ending,
saith the Lord, which is, and
which was, and which is to
come, the Almighty.”
I Am
Revelation 1:8
“I am the Alpha and Omega,
the beginning and the ending,
saith the Lord, which is, and
which was, and which is to
come, the Almighty.”
PREPARED AND
EDITED
BY
KEITH SMITH
2012

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recipes

  • 1. SMITTY’S COLLECTION OF NUMERICAL RECIPES A collection of algorithms prepared by Keith Smith.
  • 2. Many of the statistical equations used in these algorithms are from “Schaum’s Outline of Probability and Statistics”…
  • 4. The following algorithm which generates the gamma function is defined in “gamma.kws”… double gamma(float n){ /* Local Variables */ double zold=0.000001,znew,Aold=0.00,Anew; /* Make calculations using the given specifications and report the results. */ /* We use the Trapezoidal Rule.*/ while(zold<=30) { znew=zold+0.0010; Anew=Aold+0.00050*(exp((n-1)*log(zold)-zold)+exp((n-1)*log(znew)-znew)); Aold=Anew; zold=znew; } return Aold; }
  • 5. This algorithm was used in a program called “BVN.cpp”... Index=Refinement+25; Pold=0.0; /* Initialize the probability . */ for (RowCount=-Index;RowCount<=Index;RowCount++) { Aold=0.0; /* Reset the marginal accumulation . */ for (ColumnCount=-Index;ColumnCount<=Index;ColumnCount++) { /* Independent variables. */ x = 5*ColumnCount*pow(Index,-1.0); y = 5*RowCount*pow(Index,-1.0); dx=5*pow(Index,-1.0); dy=5*pow(Index,-1.0); /* Depenedent variable: BVN((m1,m2),(s1,s2;r)) . */ BVN = exp(-((x-m1)*(x-m1)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s1,-1.0)- 2*rho*(x-m1)*(y-m2)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0)+ (y-m2)*(y-m2)*pow(s2,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0))* pow(2*(1-rho*rho),-1.0))* pow(2*3.14159265*s1*s2*sqrt(1-rho*rho),-1.0); /* Record BVN in the matrix. */ fprintf(Destination1,"%0.6f ",BVN); /* Integrate out x . */ Anew=Aold+BVN*dx; Aold=Anew; } /* Go to the next value of x. */ Pnew=Pold+Aold*dy; /* Accumulate the probability . */ fprintf(Destination1,"n"); /* Continue to the next row of BVN . */ /* Record the Marginal distribution and the probability . */ fprintf(Destination2,"%0.6f%12.6f%12.6fn",y,Aold,Pold); Pold=Pnew; /* Update the probability . */ } /* Go to the next value of y and resume computing the marginal */ /* distribution . */ } /* WriteData */
  • 6. The following algorithm, which generates solutions to ordinary differential equations, is defined in “BSSLCALC.cpp” and “CALC2010.cpp”… /* RK4 */ f1 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*zold-c*xold-d); g1 = zold; f2 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+0.5*refinement*f1)-c*(xold+0.5*refinement*g1)-d); g2 = zold + 0.5*refinement*f1; f3 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+0.5*refinement*f2)-c*(xold+0.5*refinement*g2)-d); g3 = zold + 0.5*refinement*f2; f4 = pow(a,-1.0)*(e-b*(zold+refinement*f1)-c*(xold+refinement*g1)-d); g4 = zold + refinement*f3; znew = zold + refinement*pow(6.00,-1.00)*(f1 + 2*f2 + 2*f3 + f4); xnew = xold + refinement*pow(6.00,-1.00)*(g1 + 2*g2 + 2*g3 + g4); tnew = told+refinement;
  • 7. This algorithm is used in “WAVECALC.cpp”… xold=xLower; while (xold<xUpper) { /* next row */ xnew=xold+RefineMent; yold=yLower; Aold=0.00 /* compute the next point of the marginal distribution */; while (yold<yUpper) { /* nex column */ ynew=yold+RefineMent; RR=xold*xold+yold*yold; R=exp(0.5*log(RR)); if (menuchoice=='A') z=exp(-attenuation*exp(viscosity*log(R)))*cos(frequency*exp(viscosity*log(R))); if (menuchoice=='B') z=cos(xold)*cos(yold); if (menuchoice=='C') z=cos(xold)*sin(yold); if (menuchoice=='D') z=cos(xold)+sin(yold); if (menuchoice=='E') z=cos(xold)+cos(yold); if (menuchoice=='F') /* Depenedent variable: BVN((m1,m2),(s1,s2;r)) . */ z=exp(-((xold-m1)*(xold-m1)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s1,-1.0)- 2*rho*(xold-m1)*(yold-m2)*pow(s1,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0)+ (yold-m2)*(yold-m2)*pow(s2,-1.0)*pow(s2,-1.0))* pow(2*(1-rho*rho),-1.0))* pow(2*3.14159265*s1*s2*sqrt(1-rho*rho),-1.0); fprintf(Destination1," %0.6f",z); pointcount++; yold=ynew; /* integrate out y if BVN is the choice */ if (menuchoice=='F') { Anew=Aold+z*RefineMent; Aold=Anew; } } /* next column */ fprintf(Destination1,"n"); xold=xnew; /* compute the aggregate probability if BVN is the choice */ if (menuchoice=='F') { Pnew=Pold+Aold*RefineMent /* compute the next point of the cumulative distro */; Pold=Pnew; fprintf(Destination2,"%0.6f %0.6f %0.6fn",xold,Aold,Pold);} } /* next row */
  • 8. The following algorithm, which generates sets of probability distributions along with their respective expected values is defined in “CALC2011.cpp”… /* Update the independent variable. */ xnew=xold+RefineMent; Pnew1=Pold1+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew1+pold1); Pnew2=Pold2+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew2+pold2); Pnew3=Pold3+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew3+pold3); Pnew4=Pold4+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew4+pold4); Pnew5=Pold5+0.5*RefineMent*(pnew5+pold5); EX1new1=EX1old1+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold1+xnew*pnew1); EX1new2=EX1old2+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold2+xnew*pnew2); EX1new3=EX1old3+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold3+xnew*pnew3); EX1new4=EX1old4+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold4+xnew*pnew4); EX1new5=EX1old5+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*pold5+xnew*pnew5); EX2new1=EX2old1+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold1+xnew*xnew*pnew1); EX2new2=EX2old2+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold2+xnew*xnew*pnew2); EX2new3=EX2old3+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold3+xnew*xnew*pnew3); EX2new4=EX2old4+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold4+xnew*xnew*pnew4); EX2new5=EX2old5+0.5*RefineMent*(xold*xold*pold5+xnew*xnew*pnew5); /* complete the feedback loop */ xold=xnew; Pold1=Pnew1; Pold2=Pnew2; Pold3=Pnew3; Pold4=Pnew4; Pold5=Pnew5; EX1old1=EX1new1; EX1old2=EX1new2; EX1old3=EX1new3; EX1old4=EX1new4; EX1old5=EX1new5; EX2old1=EX2new1; EX2old2=EX2new2; EX2old3=EX2new3; EX2old4=EX2new4; EX2old5=EX2new5;
  • 9. θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ 0.1 0.178412 0.100000 0.035683 0.010000 0.002379 0.000500 0.000095 0.000017 0.000003 0.0000004 0.1 0.2 0.252313 0.200000 0.100926 0.040000 0.013457 0.004000 0.001077 0.000267 0.000062 0.000013 0.2 0.3 0.309020 0.300000 0.185412 0.090000 0.037082 0.013500 0.004450 0.001350 0.000381 0.000101 0.3 0.4 0.356825 0.400000 0.285460 0.160000 0.076123 0.032000 0.012180 0.004267 0.001392 0.000427 0.4 0.5 0.398942 0.500000 0.398942 0.250000 0.132981 0.062500 0.026596 0.010417 0.003799 0.001302 0.5 0.6 0.437020 0.600000 0.524423 0.360000 0.209770 0.108000 0.050345 0.021600 0.008631 0.003240 0.6 0.7 0.472035 0.700000 0.660849 0.490000 0.308396 0.171500 0.086351 0.040017 0.017270 0.007003 0.7 0.8 0.472035 0.800000 0.807403 0.640000 0.430614 0.256000 0.137797 0.068267 0.031496 0.013653 0.8 0.9 0.535237 0.900000 0.963427 0.810000 0.578056 0.364500 0.208100 0.109350 0.053511 0.024604 0.9 θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ 1.0 0.564190 1.000000 1.128379 1.000000 0.752253 0.500000 0.300901 0.166667 0.085972 0.041667 1.0 2.0 0.797885 2.000000 3.191538 4.000000 4.255385 4.000000 3.404307 2.666667 1.945319 1.333333 2.0 3.0 0.977205 3.000000 5.863229 9.000000 11.726464 13.500000 14.071752 13.500000 12.061502 10.125000 3.0 4.0 1.128379 4.000000 9.027033 16.000000 24.072096 32.000000 38.515342 42.666667 44.017535 42.666667 4.0 5.0 1.261566 5.000000 12.615617 25.000000 42.052221 62.500000 84.104869 104.166667 120.148958 130.208333 5.0 6.0 1.381977 6.000000 16.583717 36.000000 66.333669 108.000000 159.203768 216.000000 272.920756 324.000000 6.0 7.0 1.492705 7.000000 20.897873 49.000000 97.522079 171.500000 273.064747 400.166667 546.131237 700.291667 7.0 8.0 1.595769 8.000000 25.532304 64.000000 136.157793 256.000000 435.764985 682.666667 995.999906 1365.333333 8.0 9.0 1.692569 9.000000 30.466235 81.000000 182.797478 364.500000 658.070724 1093.500000 1692.181935 2460.375000 9.0 10.0 1.784124 10.000000 35.682480 100.000000 237.862398 500.000000 951.539576 1666.666667 2718.667424 4166.666667 10.0 θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ 11.0 1.871205 11.000000 41.166510 121.000000 301.879128 665.500000 1328.297854 2440.166667 4174.676368 6710.458333 11.0 12.0 1.954410 12.000000 46.905837 144.000000 375.223795 864.000000 1801.194036 3456.000000 6175.488285 10368.000000 12.0 13.0 2.034214 13.000000 52.889572 169.000000 458.347752 1098.500000 2383.558041 4760.166667 8853.207365 15470.541667 13.0 14.0 2.111004 14.000000 59.108110 196.000000 551.702349 1372.000000 3089.381772 6402.666667 12357.536215 22409.333333 14.0 15.0 2.185096 15.000000 65.552900 225.000000 655.513262 1687.500000 3933.168660 8437.500000 16856.463631 31640.625000 15.0 16.0 2.256758 16.000000 72.216261 256.000000 770.307070 2048.000000 4929.963762 10922.666667 22536.978169 43690.666667 16.0 17.0 2.326213 17.000000 79.091244 289.000000 896.384672 2456.500000 6095.293576 13920.166667 29605.738717 59160.708333 17.0 18.0 2.393654 18.000000 86.171525 324.000000 1033.640754 2916.000000 7445.226219 17496.000000 38289.702098 78732.000000 18.0 19.0 2.459245 19.000000 93.451317 361.000000 1183.745317 3429.500000 8996.251073 21720.166667 48836.776445 103170.791667 19.0 20.0 2.523132 20.000000 100.925292 400.000000 1345.705388 4000.000000 10765.369051 26666.666667 61516.380025 133333.333333 20.0 θr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 r/θ 21.0 2.585441 21.000000 108.588533 441.000000 1520.228083 4630.500000 12770.002326 32413.500000 76620.077430 170170.875000 21.0 22.0 2.646284 22.000000 116.436474 484.000000 1707.764755 5324.000000 15028.054515 39042.666667 94462.146983 214734.666667 22.0 23.0 2.705758 23.000000 124.460212 529.000000 1908.465855 6083.500000 17557.850495 46640.166667 115380.130966 268180.958333 23.0 24.0 2.763953 24.000000 132.697379 576.000000 2122.707509 6912.000000 20378.076225 55296.000000 139735.369 331776.000 24.0 25.0 2.820948 25.000000 141.047384 625.000000 2350.790618 7812.500000 23507.899105 65104.166667 167913.572 406901.042 25.0 26.0 2.876814 26.000000 149.623065 676.000000 2592.940858 8788.000000 26966.877709 76162.666667 200325.309 495057.333 26.0 27.0 2.931615 27.000000 158.311584 729.000000 2849.534355 9841.500000 30774.931688 88573.500000 237406.55 597871.13 27.0 28.0 2.985411 28.000000 167.225778 784.000000 3120.721561 10976.000000 34952.401958 102442.666667 279619.14 717098.67 28.0 29.0 3.038254 29.000000 176.252811 841.000000 3406.878601 12194.500000 39519.990516 117880.166667 327451.32 854631.21 29.0 30.0 3.090194 30.000000 185.392682 900.000000 3708.231152 13500.000000 44498.790528 135000.000000 381418.2 1012500.00 30.0 θ/r 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 rθ
  • 11. ...buggy algorithms produce buggy results... ...finding an elusive bug in a stack of code is like finding a jewel in a dumpster... The density functions reported by the algorithm were in error by a factor of two... The antiderivatives reported however, were accurate. Therefore, I shall prepare a report containing the flawed algorithm, as well as the erroneous data generated by the algorithm in question, with an analysis of the results, as well as a solution. The discovery of this flaw shall lead to the preparation of a more robust and reliable solution.
  • 12. The following algorithm was defined in “CALC2001.cpp” and tabulated the density functions erroneously by a factor of two… xold=xmin; gdpold=BoundaryValue; ndpold=BoundaryValue; while(xold<xmax) { pointcount++; /* UPDATE THE IDNEPENDENT VARIABLE. */ xnew=xold+refinement; /* DEFINE THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS. */ gdf=exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta)))+ exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xnew)-xnew*exp(-log(beta))); ndf=exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xold-mu)*(xold-mu)))+ exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xnew-mu)*(xnew- mu))); /* PERFORM QUADRATURE USING THE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. */ gdpnew=gdpold+0.5*refinement*(exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta)))+ exp(-log(362880)- 10*log(beta)+9*log(xnew)-xnew*exp(-log(beta)))); ndpnew=ndpold+0.5*refinement*(exp(-0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xold- mu)*(xold-mu)))+ exp(- 0.5*(log(2*3.14159265*sigma*sigma)+exp(-log(sigma*sigma))*(xnew-mu)*(xnew-mu)))); /* UPDATE THE VARIABLES. */ ndpold=ndpnew; gdpold=gdpnew; xold=xnew; The following erroneous results were produced by the previous algorithm… and can be verified…
  • 13. -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 { beta,mu,sigma } = { 3.333000,33.333000,10.538000 } GDF NDF ERROR
  • 14. -0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 { beta,mu,sigma } = { 33.333000,333.333008,105.390999 } GDF NDF ERROR
  • 15. -0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 { beta,mu,sigma } = { 333.333008,3333.333008,1053.973022 } GDF NDF ERROR
  • 16. -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 N(X;μ=770.00,σ=237.00)Г(X;α=10.00,β=77.00) error
  • 17. -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ( )325.6,00.20; == σµXN ( ) ( )00.20; 00.2,00.10; = ==Γ ν βα XCHS X ERROR
  • 18. Let us show that the expression fold = exp(-log(362880)-10*log(beta)+9*log(xold)-xold*exp(-log(beta))) is indeed equal to ( )αβα βα Γ − − x ex 1 where α = 10.0 , and xold = x. solution: From the original expression,
  • 19. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) .10 362880 1 11 1 910 ln9ln10362880ln ln9ln10362880ln ln ln = Γ = Γ =             = = = − − − −−     − − −−− −+−− − − α αβα β β α βαβαα β β β β β where exex ex eeee efold xx x xex xex Thus, we have established the implication.
  • 20. That is; ( )βα ,0.10; ==Γ= xoldXfold . Similarly, we can show ( )βα ,0.10; ==Γ= xnewXfnew . Hence, foldfnewfold 2≈+ since xnew=xold+refinement. Therefore, the error is established.
  • 21. The buggy algorithm was corrected by redefining the variables using the updated library file “density.kws”…
  • 22. /* WRITE THE OUTPUT TABLE BASED ON THE MENU CHOICES. */ xold=xmin; gdpold=BoundaryValue; ndpold=BoundaryValue; edpold=BoundaryValue; tdpold=BoundaryValue;fdpold=BoundaryValue; while(xold<xmax) { pointcount++; /* UPDATE THE IDNEPENDENT VARIABLE. */ xnew=xold+refinement; /* DEFINE THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS. */ gdist=gdf(xold,alpha,beta); ndist=ndf(xold,mu,sigma); edf=theta*exp(-(xold*theta)); tdf=tdist(xold,v); fdf=fdist(xold,v1,v2); /* PERFORM QUADRATURE USING THE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. */ gdpnew=gdpold+0.5*refinement*(gdf(xold,alpha,beta)+gdf(xnew,alpha,beta)); ndpnew=ndpold+0.5*refinement*(ndf(xold,mu,sigma)+ndf(xnew,mu,sigma)); edpnew=edpold+0.5*refinement*(theta*exp(-(theta*xold))+theta*exp(-(theta*xnew))); tdpnew=tdpold+0.5*refinement*(tdist(xold,v)+tdist(xnew,v)); fdpnew=fdpold+0.5*refinement*(fdist(xold,v1,v2)+fdist(xnew,v1,v2)); /* UPDATE THE VARIABLES. */ ndpold=ndpnew; gdpold=gdpnew; edpold=edpnew; tdpold=tdpnew; fdpold=fdpnew; xold=xnew; /* ENTER THE DATA INTO THE REPORT TABLE. */
  • 24. From the formulas published in Schaum’s Outline: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) .0;0;0 : .0;, :' 21 2 ln 2 ln 2 lnlnln2lnln5.0 2 1 ln1ln1 2 ln2ln5.0 2121 122112211 ln2 >>>∀ = >∞∞−∈∀ =             + Γ+            Γ−            Γ−++−−++             + Γ+      +++            Γ+− − vvu euf bygivenisondistributiFThe vt etf bygivenisondistributitsStudentThe vvvv uvvvvuvvvvv v etv v v v π
  • 25. DEFINITIONS (primary). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Freundu f v v f v v vv vv Fg sSchaumu uvvuvv vv vv Uf t v t v v v Ttdist andxeXedist x x e Xpoisson x ex X x ex X xeXN vvv v vvvvv v x x x x x .0;0;0 1 22 2 ,; '.0;0;0 22 2 ,; ,1 2 2 1 ; .00; .0 ! );( .0 2 2 .0),;( ., 2 1 ),;( 21 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 21 21 21 21 2 12 1 22 2 2 1 21 21 21 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 21 1 1 21 121 2 2 >>>∀       +            Γ      Γ       + Γ = >>>∀ +       Γ      Γ       + Γ = ∞∞−∈∀      +       Γ       + Γ = >>∀= ≥∀= ≥∀       Γ = ≥∀ Γ =Γ ∞∞−∈∀= +− − +−−      +− − − −− −− − − νν νν νν νν π ν ααα λ λ ν χ αβ βα πσ σµ α λ ν ν ν α βα σ µ
  • 26. DEFINITIONS (converted). ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) .0;0;0 ,; .0;, ; .0 .0),;( .,),;( 21 2 ln 2 ln 2 lnlnln2lnln5.0 21 2 1 ln1ln1 2 ln2ln5.0 2 ln1 2 2ln 22 ln2 )ln()1()ln())(ln( )( )2ln( 2 1 2121 122112211 ln2 2 2 2 >>>∀ = >∞∞−∈∀ = ≥∀= ≥∀=Γ ∞∞−∈∀=             + Γ+            Γ−            Γ−++−−++             + Γ+      +++            Γ+− −−+−Γ− −−+−Γ−         − +− − vvu eUfdist vt eTtdist xeX xeX xeXN vvvv uvvvvuvvvvv v etv v v xx xx x v νν ν χ βα σµ π ννν ν βαβαα σ µ πσ
  • 27. The following algorithms are defined in “density.kws”… #define pi 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 double gdf(float x, float y, float z) { return pow(z,-y)*pow(gamma(y),-1.0)*pow(x,y-1)*exp(-pow(z,-1.0)*x); } double ndf(float x, float y, float z) { return pow(sqrt(2*pi*z*z),-1.0)*exp(-(x-y)*(x-y)*pow(2*z*z,-1.0)); } double poisson(float x, float l) { return pow(l,x)*exp(-l)*pow(gamma(x+1.00),-1.00); } double tdist(float x, float y) { return gamma(0.5*(y+1))*pow(sqrt(y*pi),-1.0)*pow(gamma(0.5*y),-1.0)*pow(1+x*x*pow(y,-1.0),(- 0.5*(y+1))); } double fdist(float x, float y, float z) { return gamma(0.5*(y+z))*pow(gamma(0.5*y),-1.0)*pow(gamma(0.5*z),- 1.0)*pow(y,0.5*y)*pow(z,0.5*z)*pow(x,((0.5*y)-1))*pow((z+y*x),(-0.5*(z+y))); }
  • 28. ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .02 ln1 2 2ln 22 ln2 ≥∀= −−+−Γ− xeX xxννν νχ
  • 29. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) .0;, ; 2 1 ln1ln1 2 ln2ln5.0 ln2 >∞∞−∈∀ =               + Γ+         +++              Γ+− − vt eTtdist v etv v v v π ν
  • 30. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) .0;0;0 ,; 21 2 ln 2 ln 2 lnlnln2lnln5.0 21 2121 122112211 >>>∀ =                 + Γ+                 Γ−                 Γ−++−−++ vvu eUfdist vvvv uvvvvuvvvvv νν
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  • 41. Petruzzellis, Thomas 22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2007 9780071489294 0-07-148929-0 Petruzzellis, Thomas Electronics Sensors for the Evil Genius McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2006 9780071470360 0-07-147036-0 Piersol, Allan G. Paez, Thomas L. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook McGraw Hill Companies 2009 9780071508193 0-07-150819-8 Pitts, Donald Sissom, Leighton Schaum’s Outline of Heat Transfer McGraw-Hill Companies 1998 9780070502079 0-07-050207-2 Platt, Charles MAKE: Electronics: Learning by Discovery O’Reilly Media, Incorporated 2010 9780596153748 0-59-615374-0 Polka, David Motors and Drives Isa 2002 9781556178009 1-55-617800-X Polyanin, Andrei D. Polianin, A.D. Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists Taylor & Francis, Inc. 2001 9781584882992 1-58-488299-9 Popular Mechanics Day, David Popular Mechanics Home Electrical Wiring Hearst Books 2006 9781615579006 1-61-557900-1 Press, S. James Applied Multivariate Analysis: Using Bayesian and Frequentist Methods of Inference Dover Publications 2005 9780486442365 0-48-644236-5 Press, William H. NUMERICAL RECIPES (third edition) Cambridge University Press 2007 9780521880688 0-52-188068-8 Press, William H. Vetterling, William T. Flannery, Brian P. Numerical Recipes in Pascal: The Art of Scientific Computing Cambridge University Press 1989 9780521375160 0-52-137516-9 Press, William H. Teukolsky, Saul A. Vetterling, William T. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing Cambridge University Press 2007 9780521880688 0-52-188068-8 Prestly, Donald R. Plumbing Do-It-Yourself for Dummies John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 9780470173442 0-47-017344-0 Price, Fred W. Moon Observer’s Handbook Cambridge University Press 2009 9780521113151 0-52-111315-6 Price, Fred W. The planet observer’s handbook Cambridge University Press 1994 9780521627085 0-52-162708-7 Price, Fred William Westfall, John E. The Planet Observer’s Handbook (second edition) Cambridge University Press 2000 9780521789813 0-52-178981-8 Proakis, John G. Salehi, Masoud Bauch, Gerhard Contemporary Communications System Using MATLAB CL Engineering 2003 9780534406172 0-53-440617-3 Puente, Carlos E. Treasures Inside the Bell: Hidden Order in Chance World Scientific Publishing Company, Inc. 2003 9789812381415 9-81-238141-4 Razavi, Behzad Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits The McGraw-Hill Companies 2000 9780072380323 0-07-238032-2 Rhee, Hyun-Ku Aris, Rutherford Amundson, Neal Russell First-Order Partial Differential Equations, Volume 1: Theory and Application of Single Equations Dover Publications 2001 9780486419930 0-48-641993-2 Richter, H.P. Schwan, W.C. Wiring Simplified: Based on the 2008 National Electrical Code (42nd edition) Independent Publishers Group 2008 9780971977938 0-97-197793-3
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  • 43. Serway, Raymond A. Student Solutions Manual, Volume 1 for Serway/Jewett’s Physics for Scientists and Engineer’s (8th edition) Cengage Learning 2009 9781439048542 1-43-904854-1 Serway, Raymond A. Jewett, John W. Student Solutions Manual/Study Guide for Serway/Jewett’s Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 1 (7th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495113317 0-49-511331-X Sewell, Granville The Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2005 9780471735809 0-47-173580-9 Shapiro, Howard N. Moran, Michael J. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Appendices (6th edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 9780471787303 0-47-178730-2 Shen, Samuel S. Shen, S.S. A Course On Nonlinear Waves Springer-Verlag New York, LLC 1993 9780792322924 0-79-232292-4 Shina, Sammy G. Six Sigma for Electronics Design and Manufacturing McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2002 9780071395113 0-07-139511-3 Shoemaker, Thomas M. Mack, James Lineman and Cablemans Field Manual, Second Edition McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2009 9780071621212 0-07-162121-0 Shoemaker, Thomas M. Mack, James E. Lineman’s and Cableman’s Handbook (11th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2006 9780071467896 0-07-146789-0 Silver, Ward Wilson, Mark The ARRL Extra Class License Manual: For Ham Radio (9th edition) American Radio Relay League, Incorporated 2008 9780872591356 0-87-259135-2 Singer, Bertrard Schultz, Mitchel E, Forster, Harry Basic Mathematics for Electricity and Electronics (8th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies, The 1999 9780028050225 0-02-805022-3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Annals Of The Astrophysical Observatory Of The Smithsonian Institution, Volume 1 Nabu Press 2010 9781142665937 1-14-266593-3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory STAR ATLAS MIT Press 1969 9780262190619 0-26-219061-3 Solomon, Mikhlin G. (translated by Reinhard Lehmann) Error Analysis in Numerical Processes John Wiley & Sons 1991 9780471921332 0-47-192133-5 Spanier, Jerome Oldham, Keith B. An Atlas of Functions Taylor & Francis, Inc. 1987 9780891165736 0-89-116573-8 SparkNotes Editors Math Basics (SparkCharts) Spark Publishing 2002 9781586636180 1-58-663618-9 Spector, Phil Data Manipulation With R Springer-Verlag New York, LLC 2008 9780387747309 0-38-774730-3 Spiegel, Murray R. Schaum’s Outline of Fourier Analysis McGraw-Hill Companies 1974 9780070602199 0-07-060219-0 Spiegel, Murray R., Ph.D. Schaum’s Outline of Probability & Statistics (2nd edition) McGraw – Hill 2000 9780071350044 0-07-135004-7 Spitzer, Lyman S. Jr. Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters Princeton University Press 1988 9780691084602 0-69-108460-2 Stanley Stanley, Books Stanley, Margaret Ed. Complete Plumbing (1st edition) Meredith Books 2003 9780696217296 0-69-621729-5 Stein, Elias M. Shakarchi, Rami Fourier Analysis: An Introduction Princeton University Press 2003 9780691113845 0-69-111384-X Steinicke, Wolfgang Galaxies and How to Observe Them Springer-Verlag New York, LLC 2006 9781852337520
  • 44. Jakiel, Richard 1-85-233752-4 Stewart Student Solutions Manual for Stewart’s Multivariable Calculus (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495012283 0-49-501228-9 Stewart, James Calculus (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495011606 0-49-501160-6 Stewart, James Multivariable Calculus (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495011637 0-49-501163-0 Stewart, James Single Variable Calculus, Volume 1 (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495384175 0-49-538417-8 Stewart, James St. Andre, Richard Study Guide for Stewart’s Multivariable Calculus, (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495012276 0-49-501227-0 Stewart, James St. Andre, Richard Study Guide for Stewart’s Single Variable Calculus, (6th edition) Cengage Learning 2007 9780495012337 0-49-501233-5 Stoyan, Ronald Binnewies, Stefan Friedrich, Susanne Schroeder, Klaus-Peter Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky Cambridge University Press 2008 9780521895545 0-52-189554-5 Straw, Dean R. Cebik, L.B. Halliday, Dave The ARRL Antenna Book with CD (21st edition) American Radio Relay League, Incorporated 2007 9780872599871 0-87-259987-6 Strong, Robert A. Sinnott, Roger W. Sky Atlas 2000.0 Companion, 2nd Edition: Descriptions and Data for all 2,700 Star Clusters, Nebulae, and Galaxies Shown in Sky Atlas 2000.0, 2nd Edition Sky Publishing 2009 9780933346956 0-93-334695-6 Summers, Wilford I. Croft, Terrell Hartwell, Frederic American Electricians’ Handbook (15th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies, The 2008 9780071494625 0-07-149462-6 Swenson Getting Started w/Ti-89 Graphing Calculator (2nd edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 9780471742067 0-47-174206-6 Swenson, Carl Hughes-Hallett, Deborah Gleason, Andrew M. McCallum, William G. Calculus Single and Multivariable: Graphing Calculator Guide for the TI-89 (2nd edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 9780471732501 0-47-173250-8 Takeyh, Ray Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs Oxford University Press, USA 2009 9780195327847 0-19-532784-5 Taylor, Edwin F. Exploring Black Holes: Introduction to General Relativity Benjamin Cummings 2000 9780201384239 0-20-138423-X Thompson, A.J. Logarithmetica Britannica 2 volume set: Logarithms to 20 Decimal Places 10,000-100,000 Cambridge University Press 2008 9780521740340 0-52-174034-7 Thompson, William J. Atlas for Computing Mathematical Functions: An Illustrated Guide for Practitioners with Programs in Fortran 90 and Mathematica John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1997 9780471181712 0-47-118171-4 Tirion, Wil Cambridge Star Atlas Cambridge University Press 2001 9780521800846 0-52-180084-6 Tirion, Wil Sinnott, Roger W. Sky Atlas 2000.0: Twenty-Six Star Charts, Covering Both Hemispheres, and Seven Detailed Charts of Selected Regions (2nd edition) Sky Publishing Corporation 1998 9780933346871 0-93-334687-5
  • 45. Triola, Mario F. Elementary Statistics / Edition 11 Addison Wesley 2008 9780321500243 0-32-150024-5 Tyn Myint-U Debnath, Lokenath Linear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers Springer-Verlag, New York 2008 9780817643935 0-81-764393-1 Van Soelen, Wayne The Guidebook for Linemen and Cablemen Cengage Learning 2005 9781401899189 1-40-189918-8 Verzani, John Using R for Introductory Statistics Taylor & Francis, Inc. 2004 9781584884507 1-58-488450-9 Walpole, Ronald E. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists Prentice Hall 2006 9780131877115 0-13-187711-9 Warner, Seth Modern Algebra Dover Publications 1990 9780486663418 0-48-666341-8 Wheeler, Donald J. Understanding Variation, Second Edition: The Key to Managing Chaos SPC Press, Inc. 2000 9780945320531 0-94-532053-1 Widder, David V. Advanced Calculus Dover Publications 1989 9780486661032 0-48-666103-2 Wilson, Mark J. Ford, Steven R. The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications [With CDROM] (86th edition) American Radio Relay League, Incorporated 2008 9780872591394 0-87-259139-5 Woods, Randall B. LBJ: Architect of American Ambition Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group 2006 9780674026995 0-67-402699-3 Wrede, Robert C. Spiegel, Murray R. Schaum’s Outline of Advanced Calculus, Second Edition McGraw-Hill Companies 2002 9780071375672 0-07-137567-8 Zeidler, Eberhard Oxford Users’ Guide to Mathematics Oxford University Press, USA 2004 9780198507635 0-19-850763-1 Zill, Dennis Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems Cengage Learning 2008 9780495108368 0-49-510836-7 Zill, Dennis G. A First Course in Differential Equations Cengage Learning 2008 9780495108245 0-49-510824-3 Zuur, Alain F. Ieno, Elena N. Meesters, Erik A Beginner’s Guide To R Springer Verlag GmbH 2009 9780387938363 0-38-793836-2
  • 46.
  • 48. APPLICATION INPUT SPECIFICATIONS DESCRIPTION WORKING DIRECTORY BSSLCALC BSSLMENU GENERATES SOLUTIONS TO BESSEL EQUATIONS C:SMITTYWORKBOOK CALC2000 MENU2000 GENERATES STATISTICAL TABLES AND DIFFERENCE TABLES C:SMITTYWORKBOOK CALC2010 MENU2010 GENERATES SOLTUIONS TO ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS C:SMITTYWORKBOOK CALC2011 MENU2011 GENERATES STATISTICAL TABLES C:SMITTYWORKBOOK CALC2012 MENU2012 TABULATES LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS C:SMITTYWORKBOOK *The statistical formulae used in these algorithms comes from “Schaum’s Outline of Probability and Statistics”.
  • 49. NOTES FROM DAVID JEREMIAH, AND OTHERS FROM AFA/AFN (SPRING 2010) Rev. Ch. 3-4 Rapture occurs between Ch. 3 & Ch. 4 (Lycena)(Not a place, but an age…) -Spirit of GOD has been transferred… Ezekiel 10(14-17)…….[ Four Living Creatures] Ezekiel 1()…………….”” (Angelic Protection) (Execute Judgment) (Lead Worship) 1 COR 15: 1 THESS 4: RAPTURE?? REV 4: REV 21:21 1 COR 15:3-8 “THE CREED” REV 4:6-8 (FOUR LIVING CREATURES) EX 24:10 (SEA OF GLASS) REV 21:21 (TRANSPARENT GLASS) REV 4:5 (SEA OF GLASS) ISRAEL = GOD PREVAILS/RULES IS 11:… “WHERE THE SPIRIT OFTHE LORD IS, THERE IS OUR LIBERTY…” (THUNDERING, & LIGHTNING, & VOICES) (16:18)
  • 50. Mom, thanks for pressing me to settle for nothing less than the best… Dad, let’s go have some coffee…
  • 51. Sandy, I believe in us, darling… No one loves you the way I do…
  • 52.
  • 53. The Lord’s Prayer: Matthew 6:9-14 Luke 11:2-4 Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.
  • 54. The Priestly Blessing: Numbers 6:24-26 The LORD bless thee, and keep thee: The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.
  • 55. PSALMS 118:24 This is the day which the LORD hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.
  • 56. I Am Revelation 1:8 “I am the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.”
  • 57. I Am Revelation 1:8 “I am the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.”
  • 58.