It's about speech and language pathology.

2. Introduction of Speech
Rabia Ashiq
Demonstrator (kmu)

3. Physiology
• Is the study of functions of the anatomical
organs.
• It is important to understand the function of an
organ to have better concept of the working of
an organ and to appreciate its logics as well as
its malfunctions (Pathology)

4. speech-language pathologists
• Speech and Language Pathology
is the study of human
communication disorders.
• The Speech Language Pathologist (SLP)
assess, diagnose and treat a wide range of
communication disorders and swallowing
difficulties, SLP’s work with full range of
human communication disorders across the
lifespan (infants to elderly)

5. SLPs competencies
1. Articulation
2. Fluency
3. Voice and resonance
4. Language
5. Hearing
6. Swallowing
7. Cognitive aspects of
communication
8. Social aspects of
communication
9. Alternate communication
modalities

6. Where do SLP’s work?
• Government set up
• Private Clinical Practice
• Public and private schools
• Hospitals
• Rehabilitation centers
• Colleges and universities
• State and federal government agencies
• Home health agencies
• Research
• Schools for Special Children

7. Slide 7
Speech &
Hearing
cycle
Think

8. Physiology of Speech System
• Respiratory: (lungs & breathing system)
• Power supply Respiratory passageway, lungs, trachea,
etc.
• Phonatory: (larynx & vocal cords)
• Voicing source-vibration of vocal folds Utilizes
respiratory components and laryngeal structures
• Articulators: (oral cavity)
• Alters the characteristics of speech sounds Tongue, lips,
teeth, hard and soft palate, jaw, glottis

9. • Resonators: (nasal Cavity)
• Influences voice quality and shapes sounds Nasal
cavity, soft palate, and portions of the Pharynx and
respiratory system.
• Neuro Anatomy: (Study of nerve cells and higher
brain functions)
• Provide motor function & regulation of speech

10. Slide 10
Sagittal Section
of head, neck
and chest

11. Slide 11
The lungs are basically a pair of balloon-
like sacs that inflate or deflate by the action
of the diaphragm.
• When the diaphragm is lowered, the lungs
inflate, and when the diaphragm is raised,
air is pressed out of the lungs, allowing
them to deflate.
• When this air is pressed out of the lungs,
air travels up the trachea, or windpipe, to
the larynx, the next major segment of the
speech system.
Sound Production

12. Slide 12
Diaphragm - Dome shaped muscle
which is innervated by two
phrenic nerves (spinal).
When the diaphragm contracts
during normal breathing its dome
descends l-2 cm and as much
as l0 cm during deep inspiration.
Respiratory Muscles

13. Slide 13

14. Slide 14
Life vs. Speech Breathing
 Life
 Nose
 Inhale 40% of time
 Exhale 60% of time
 10 % of vital
capacity
 Muscles of thorax
and diaphragm
 Speech
 Mouth
 Inhale 10% of time
 Exhale 90% of time
 20-25 % of vital
capacity
 Thoracic and
abdominal muscles
Amount of Time Amount of Time
exhale inhale exhale in

15. Slide 15
 Biological function of the vocal folds. Closing the
airway for airway protection during swallow (Vocal
folds come together (adduct)
 Larynx rises
 Epiglottis comes down to cover airway
 If matter does make it to the vocal folds, a cough
reflex will be triggered to expel the matter
Role of Larynx and Vocal cords - Swallowing

16. Role of Larynx and Vocal cords
• The larynx has been called the voice box - but it
is more like a jug!
• If fill a jug with water and blow on the opening you
get a sound.
• If you fill the jug with more water, (decreasing the
space in the jug) you will get a higher sound.
• Likewise, if you pour water out of the jug (increasing
the space in the jug) and blow on the opening you will
get a lower sound.

17. • You could also change the pitch of the sound
by changing the size of the opening of the jug.
When the opening of the jug is smaller, the
sound is higher. When the opening of the jug
is larger, the sound is lower.

18. • The opening of the larynx is called the glottis. The
glottis consists of two vocal cords.
• The muscles that control how large this opening is
are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
• The muscles that control how large the space is
after the opening are the extrinsic muscles of the
larynx.

19. • Tongue: The tongue is perhaps the most important articulator in speech
production
• Lips: Play important role in the production of bilabial sounds together with the
mandible.
• Soft Plate: Plays role in the
nasal sounds
• Hard Palate: Plays role in palatal
sound & helps in preventing slip
of tongue.
• Mandible: Lower jaw plays
role in vowel sounds
Slide 19
Role of Articulators – Oral Cavity Structures

20. • Articulation problems may result from physical
handicaps, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate. or
hearing loss, or may be related to other problems
in the mouth, such as dental problems. However,
most articulation problems occur in the absence
of any obvious physical disability. The cause of
these so-called functional articulation problems
may be faulty learning of speech sounds.

21. Slide 22
Topic: Introduction of Speech