Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is caused by weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter that allows stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus. Common symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and mouth odor. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, alcohol, pregnancy, and certain foods or drinks. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications like proton pump inhibitors or antacids, with surgery as another option. Complications can arise if left untreated and include damage to the esophagus or development of cancers.

1. GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Blessing O.J. (RN/MD3 Student)
Lilian I. (MD4 Student)
Mitchel N. (MD4 Student)
Quick Review

2. Introduction
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that affects the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES); the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach.
 In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens to allow food to pass
into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic stomach juices from flowing
back into the esophagus.
 Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately,
allowing the stomach's content to flow up into the esophagus.

3. CAUSES
 Hiatal hernia
 Obesity
 Pregnancy
 Low chloride diet
 Smoking

4. SYMPTOMS
 Regurgitation
 Heartburn
 Mouth odour
 Erosive esophagitis

5. Pathophysiology

6. RISK FACTORS
 Obesity
 Tobacco
 Alcohol
 Pregnancy
 Spicy foods
 Caffeine intake
 Decreased LES tone
 Zollinger-Ellison sydrome

7. DIAGNOSIS
 Symptoms analysis
 Endoscopy
 pH monitoring
 X-ray tests
 Esophageal manometry

8. TREATMENT
 Lifestyle changes
 Medications
I. Proton pump inhibitors
II. Antacids
 Surgery

9. COMPLICATIONS
 Barrets esophagus
 Esophageal malignancies
 Esophageal bleeding
 Esophageal ulcers
 Esophageal rupture

10. Thank You

11. Reference
 Healthline.com/health/gerd#symptoms
 En.Wikipedia.org/wiki/gastroensophageal_reflux_disease