5. Bleeding
a. In extremities - obvious, may have stopped at
the time of admission therefore a history of
bleeding is important,haematoma (especially
expanding)
b. In abdominal and thoracic arterial injury -
hypotension
6. In extremities P's
1. Pain
2. Pallor
3. Pulsenessness
4. Perishing cold
5. Paresthesia/anesthesia
6. Paresis/paralysis
In other areas signs and symptoms of relevant organ
ischaemia. e.g. cerebral, renal. Ect.
7. 1. Hard
A. Active bleeding
B. expanding haematoma
C. Distal ischemia ( P's)
D. Bruit, thrill
2. Soft
A. Haematoma
B. injury close to known neurovascular bundle
C. History of bleeding
8. 1.pain
could be due to injury itself, may not have pain due to associated
nerve injury
2.pallor
may be pale due to blood loss
3. Absent pulse
may be absent due to low blood pressure. Compare with othe limb.
4.paresthesia , paresis
may occur due to associated nerve, muscle injury or unresponsive
confused patient
9. limbs with paresthesia and paresis are in immediate
threat and should be explored and repaired at
theatre as soon as possible.
1.Doppler
Absent doppler signal indicates no flow, presence of doppler
signal indicate there is flow in the vessel examined.
Character of doppler may give a clue to the quality of flow
i.e. Triphasic however this willnot exclude an injury. Also
help to measure ABPI in both limbs for comparison
10. Duplex scan - difficult to perform in the setting of
trauma due to incorporative patient, presence of
wound and dressings and pain.
CT ANGIOGRAPHY - Helps to locate, to assess the
extent of injury, to identify associated injuries and to
plan the treatment.
On table angiography - in cases needing urgent
exploration and having multilevel injuries. i.e trap
gun injury
14. During ischaemia
Anaerobic metabolism – lactic acidosis
Reduced ATP – reduced activity of ion pump – accumulation of
intracellular Ca2+, Na+ and other ions, increased permeability
Ca2+ - activation of phospholipases and proteases
Activation of Xanthine oxidase
Increased membrane adhesiveness and Stasis leading to
prothrombotic effects
15. During reperfusion
Local
Influx of O2 and cells
resulting in production of oxygen radicals
Adhesion of cells leading to congestion and oedema
Systemic
Acidosis
Acute kidney injury
ARDS
Hyperkalemia
Hypotension
DIC
16. Revascularization as early as possible
Fasciotomy and excision of dead muscle
Heparinisation
Hydration
Oxygen
Mannitol, allopurinol
17. Reduced organ / tissue perfusion as a result of
increased intracompartmental pressure
Happen in tight compartments
Results in vicious cycle of ischemia and swelling
and eventual muscle death