it talks about the social inequalities in health, gender, caste and other fields. it is very good those you discovering for social inequalities.

1. RURAL CHALLENGES –SOCIAL INEQUALITY
PRESENTING BY,JIBIN ROJI

2. INTRODUCTION
For most of us who born and live in India, Social
Inequality and exclusion are facts of life. We see
beggars in the streets and on railway platforms.
We see young children labouring as domestic
workers, construction helpers, cleaners and
helpers in the streetside restaurant’s and
teashops. This everydayness of social inequality
and exclusion often make them appear
inevitable ,almost natural .This seminar briefly
discuss about social inequality faced by women,
wealth, caste and health

3. SOCIAL
INEQUALITY
In every society, some people have a greater share of valued
resources –money, property, education, health and power
than others. These social resources can be divided into three
forms of capital – economic capital in the form of material
assets and income; cultural capital such as educational
qualifications and status; and social capital in the form of
networks of contacts and social associations. Often, these
three forms of capital overlap and one can be converted into
the other. Patterns of unequal access to social resources are
commonly called social inequality. Some social inequality
reflects innate difference between individuals.
The United Nations describes inequality as “the state of
not being equal, especially status, rights and
opportunities.”

4. DIMENSIONS
OF
INEQUALITY
IN INDIA
• GENDER
• CASTE
• WEALTH
• HEALTH
• RELIGION
• ETHINICITY

5. GENDER INEQUALITY IN INDIA
Gender inequality in India is a significant social and cultural issue that has persisted for many years. It
manifests in various aspects of Indian society, including economic, political, social and cultural domains while
progress has been made in recent years to address these disparities, significant challenges still exist.
◼ The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 ranks India at 142 among 149 countries
◼ Four parameters for measuring gender inequality are economic participation and opportunity, health and
survival, educational attainment and political empowerment.
◼ Gender wage gap is highest in India according to the International Labour Organisation women are paid
34% less than men.
◼ Women comprise over 42% of the agricultural labour force in the country,yet they own less than 2% of its
farmland according to the Indian Humand Development Survey (IHDS)

6. SOME KEY
AREAS WHERE
GENDER
INEQUALITY IS
PREVALENT IN
INDIA
ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
EDUCATION
HEALTHCARE
POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
CHILD MARRIAGE
STEROTYPES AND CULTURAL
NORMS

7. Efforts to address gender inequality in India include legal reforms, women’s
empowerment programmes, awareness campaigns and initiatives to promote
female education and economic opportunities . Organisations both Governmental
and Non governmental are working to raise awareness about gender issues and
advocate for change.
Its important to note that India is a vast and diverse country, and gender inequality
may vary significantly between regions and communities. Progress is being made,
but there is still much work to be done to achieve true gender inequality in all
aspects of Indian society.

8. CASTE INEQUALITY
In rural India, one of the arresting features of the caste system is that different castes are
placed vertically one after the other following the “principle of graduation and
rank”(Ambedkar, 1987). This classification is found on the idea that “economic, educational,
and civic rights are assigned in an unequal manner across the castes.” Nearly all rights are
granted to the Brahmins at the top of the hierarchy, and as one descends into castes, known
as the untouchables, have no access to property, education or civic rights and are required
to perform necessary duties for the upper castes. Caste based inequality is significant
because it restricts access to economic and social rights by dividing those rights into
subgroups that are less entitled to them than others.

9. CONTEMPORARY CASTE INEQUALITY
In contemporary India, despite the legal abolition of caste-based
discrimination the caste systems legacy continues to persist in several
ways.
1. DISCRIMINATION AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
2. ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
3. RESERVATION SYSTEM
4. VIOLENCE AND ATROCITIES

10. EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CASTE INEQUALITY
1. CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS
2. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

11. WEALTH
INEQUALITY
Wealth inequality in India is a pressing and complex
issue that has been a longstanding concern. It refers
to the unequal distribution of wealth and assests
among the population where a small percentage of
individuals or households control a disproportionate
share of the country’s wealth, while the majority
struggles with limited access to economic resources.
Wealth inequality in India is a major problem. The
richest 1% of Indians own more than 40% of the
country’s wealth,while the bottom 50% own less than
3%. This inequality has been growing in recent
years,and it is now one of the highest in the world.
Factors contributing to wealth inequality in India
1. Country’s rapid economic growth
2. Country’s caste system

12. SOME SPECIFIC STEPS THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO ADDRESS
WEALTH INEQUALITY
INVEST IN
EDUCATION
AND
HEALTHCARE
1
CREATE
MORE JOBS
2
STRENGTHEN
SOCIAL
SAFETY NETS
3
REFORM THE
TAX SYSTEM
4
REDUCE
CORRUPTION
5

13. HEALTH INEQUALITY
◼Health inequalities in India are disparities in health and
access to healthcare that exist among different population
groups. These inequalities result from a complex interplay of
social, economic and environmental factors and have
significant implications for the well-being of individuals and
communities across the country.

14. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH INEQUALITY
1. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
◼ URBAN RURAL DIVIDE
◼ GEOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES
◼ INFORM HEALTHCARE
2. SOCIO ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
◼ INCOME AND HEALTH
◼ NUTRITION AND HOUSING
3. GENDER DISPARITIES
◼ MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
◼ REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
4. CASTE AND ETHINIC DISPARITIES
• DALIT AND INDIGENOUS
POPULATIONS
• STIGMATIZATION
5. EDUCATION AND HEALTH LITERACY
• LIMITED EDUCATION AND HEALTH
LITERACY

15. CAUSES OF
HEALTH
INEQUALITIES
Health inequalities in India are driven by
several underlying causes, including
poverty, inadequate healthcare
infrastructure, social determinants of health,
cultural factors, and policy shortcomings.
Income disparities, unequal access to
education, limited access to clean water
and sanitation, and unhealthy living
conditions all contribute to health disparities

16. ADDRESSING HEALTH INEQUALITIES
1. Govt initiatives
2. Universal health coverage
3. Social determinants of health
4. Community based interventions
Health inequalities in India represent a complex challenge that affects millions of people
across the country. To bridge the gap, it is imperative to adopt a multi-pronged approach
that addresses the social, economic and environmental determinants of health.

17. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, social inequality is a pervasive and deeply entrenched issue
that affects individuals and societies on multiple levels. It manifests in
various forms, including economic disparities, unequal access to education,
healthcare, and political representation, as well as discrimination based on
factors such as race, gender and caste.
While achieving complex equality may be a complex and ongoing
endeavour, the pursuit of a more equitable and just society is a fundamental
aspiration. By acknowledging the existence of social inequality, engaging in
meaningful dialogue, and taking concrete actions, individuals, communities,
and government can work together to create a fairer, more inclusive and
ultimately more prosperous future for all.

18. REFERENCES
Arora, Rashmi Umesh. 2012. “GENDER INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, and
GLOBALIZATION: A STATE LEVEL ANALYSIS of INDIA.” The Journal of Developing Areas 46 (1): 147–
64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23215428.
Sengupta, Susmita, and Sanat Kumar Guchhait. 2021. “Inequality in Contemporary India: Does Caste Still
Matter?” Journal of Developing Societies 37 (1): 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x21998387.
KUMAR, RAJNISH, SATENDRA KUMAR, and ARUP MITRA. 2009. “Social and Economic Inequalities:
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663890.
Subramanian, S.V., Leland K. Ackerson, Malavika A. Subramanyam, and Kavita Sivaramakrishnan. 2008.
“Health Inequalities in India: The Axes of Stratification.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 14 (2): 127–38.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590719.
ANAND, ISHAN, and ANJANA THAMPI. 2016. “Recent Trends in Wealth Inequality in India.” Economic
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Sharma K.L. 2019. Caste, Social Inequality and Mobility in Rural India. New Delhi; SAGE Publiications