The document is an English language dissertation that analyzes how four British newspaper articles use language to influence readers' understanding of law and terrorism related to the Abu Qatada case. The dissertation reviews relevant literature on critical discourse analysis and conceptual metaphors. It outlines the research questions of how the newspapers portray law and terrorism differently and why the portrayals differ. The methodology section describes analyzing the articles using schemas and attention to emotive language. The results section analyzes one article from The Daily Mirror that uses fear-inducing language and frames Qatada negatively to influence readers' conceptualization.
1. How do four different print newspaper articles use language to
influence the way that readers conceptualise the subject of law
and terrorism, particularly focusing on the Abu Qatada case?
Jessica Addison
English Language Dissertation
2013
2. 1
Declaration
I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own work in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for BA (Hons) Linguistics/English Language.
Signed Jessica Addison
Date 07/05/2013
4. 3
Abstract
The research within this dissertation focuses on the discourse used in four British newspaper
articles. The topic of each article is law and terrorism, particularly looking at the terrorist
known as Abu Qatada. My analysis particularly concentrates on what types of words were
used, and it goes on to show what kind of conceptualisations these words formed for the
reader. It was interesting to see how these particular conceptualisations differed between each
different newspaper.
5. 4
(1) Introduction
When readers pick up a broadsheet newspaper, as opposed to a tabloid newspaper, they are
subjected to a certain viewpoint, which is conveyed by the use of language within each of the
articles. This particular use of language influences the way that readers understand, view and
conceptualise the topics that are presented within the newspaper. In this dissertation, I have
concentrated on the type of language that is used within the media, by analysing and
comparing the language that is employed by four different print newspaper articles; these
were two broadsheet newspapers, The Guardian and The Times, and two tabloid newspapers,
The Sun and The Daily Mirror. I decided to research this topic in particular because I am very
interested in this area of study, and it relates to the type of writing career that I want to pursue
after I graduate from university.
I chose to focus my analysis on the topic of law and terrorism. Specifically, I have
concentrated on the contemporary subject of the terrorist Abu Qatada. The news coverage of
Abu Qatada has been huge, especially after his release from jail in November 2012. To give a
brief overview of the subject, Abu Qatada is a Muslim, originally from Jordan, who was
accused of plotting terrorist attacks. He currently resides in the United Kingdom. For seven
years, Abu Qatada has been fighting against being deported back to Jordan for a retrial, as he
cannot be tried within the UK. This is because evidence from phone-tapping and other
surveillance techniques is not permissible within the UK courts, and it is also believed that he
would not get fair trial in Jordon.
This subject is an extremely topical issue, and there are different opinions about whether Abu
Qatada should be allowed to stay in the UK or not. The general consensus is that Abu Qatada
should be deported back to Jordon, as he is a known terrorist and could potentially pose a
threat to our society. However, others, such as the Board of Human Rights, oppose this view
and believe that Abu Qatada should be allowed to stay in the UK. This is because he is
entitled to human rights and therefore he should be allowed a fair trial in Jordon. Henceforth,
the enduring argument is between the human rights of Abu Qatada, and the safety of the
people that are living in the United Kingdom.
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(2) Theoretical Background
Critical Discourse Analysis is a popular method of study among linguists, and there are many
academic articles, research papers and books that concentrate on this topic. In this section of
my dissertation, I am going to review some of the papers and books that I have read for my
own research and as preparation for my analysis.
The first article that I am going to review is by Christopher Hart. It is titled Event-Construal
in Press Reports of Violence in Political Protests: A Cognitive Approach to CDA (2012), and
it was published in the Journal of Language and Politics. The focus of the investigation is on
how two newspapers, The Guardian and The Telegraph, utilise discourse in their reports on
the violence of the G20 protests, which transpired in April 2009. Another aspect to note is
that The Guardian is a left wing newspaper, whereas The Telegraph is right wing.
Hart’s incorporation of Langacker’s model of Cognitive Grammar is a central part of his
analysis. This is because Cognitive Grammar proposes the conceptual significance of
grammatical structures, which is a principal part of critical discourse analysis (known by the
anagram ‘CDA’). Hart also incorporates the use of schemas, particularly focusing on the
action-chain schema during his analysis. This type of schema shows how energy is
transferred between two different parties in a particular event. In this case, the transfer of
energy is between the police and the protesters that took part in the riots. Hart goes on to
explain the contrast between an asymmetrical action chain and a reciprocal action chain,
stating that in an asymmetrical action chain there is just one flow of energy between the two
parties, and in a reciprocal action chain, the event is understood in terms of two flows of
energy between the parties, creating an equality between them. This is an important schema,
as it can greatly influence the way that both different parties are perceived, and therefore alter
the reader’s conceptualisation of the participants within the event.
In this part of the analysis, Hart concludes that, in general, The Guardian tends to portray the
police in a more negative light than the protestors, depicting them as the main cause of
trouble during the protests. In contrast to this, The Telegraph tends to portray the protestors
as the cause of the trouble. Hart establishes this conclusion by counting the amount of clauses
that refer to the actions between the protesters and the police, and then establishing how
many invoke an asymmetrical action schema. He then presents his findings in a table to show
the percentages.
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Hart goes on to look at how the reader further conceptualises the event, focusing on focal
adjustments. Focal adjustments can be described as how the reader views the article,
according to how they choose to observe it, where they view it from, what features they pay
the most attention to and so on. Hart points out that The Guardian and The Telegraph both
use reciprocal action chains, as well as asymmetrical action chains. However, in both of the
examples, The Guardian still construes the police as the more prominent party, despite the
reciprocal action chain. The Telegraph also does the same with the protestors. This type of
discourse is repeated throughout the articles, and therefore provides the reader with two very
different conceptualisations of the same event. (Hart, 2012)
The second important study that I will review is an article written by Andreas Musolff (2012)
titled, The study of metaphor as part of Critical Discourse Analysis. In this study, Musolff
discusses how the use of metaphor and figurative language adds to the subject of CDA.
In the introduction to his article, Musolff concentrates on ‘racist ideology in discourse’. He
introduces his first source, stating that the leader of the Swiss right-wing party used
metaphorical language to make an attack on ‘Miss Switzerland’, based solely on the colour of
her skin. Musolff went on to state that although the attacker was initially fined, the charges
were dropped several months later, as it was decided that the statement did not impose
racism. However, this view clearly exhibits a lack of understanding of metaphorical
expression in discourse.
Musolff goes on to explain how metaphors govern the way that we think and understand the
world around us. He states that they are crucial devices for creating ‘social realities’. To give
an example, Musolff takes sentences from the two newspapers The Independent and The
Daily Telegraph that each map the source domain of the human body onto the target domain
of the British Government. This gives rise to the conceptualisation that a nation state is a
human body. (Musolff, 2012)
Bednarek (2005) presents an article which focuses on conceptual metaphor and event-
construal in news stories. It is titled, Construing the world: conceptual metaphors and event
construal in news stories. In this article, Bednarek states that “tapping into conceptual
metaphors helps to establish event-construal in texts” and therefore, metaphors can be seen as
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crucial devices, as most of our thought is seen to be structured metaphorically. Another
important point that Bednarek raises is that dramatization and emotive language are both
important aspects to consider when analysing media language.
Bednarek’s analyse focuses on three news articles that have been taken from the newspaper
The Sun. The first article is titled “PM: I still have a lot to do.” Bednarek analyses how Tony
Blair is portrayed in the article, stating that his speech appears to be part of an argument,
which then invokes the conceptual metaphor “argument is a battle.” Certain words and
expressions that have been used within the article similarly invoke this metaphor. These
include words such as torpedo and crush.
The second article is titled “You are killing our firms”. Bednarek states that this article is
similar to the first article, as it similarly construes the “argument is battle” conceptual
metaphor, through the use of certain expressions (protest, threaten), captions, pictures and
quotes.
The third article is “My husband felt betrayed; he had a broken heart.” According to
Bednarek’s analysis, this article contrasts to the previous two articles, as it does not invoke
the battle metaphor. Instead, the expressions used within the text are neutral and do not evoke
any kind of threat. Bednarek states that emotive language is used, which is a common
characteristic of tabloid news articles. Again, this emotive language is evoked through the use
emotional expressions and descriptions, such as anguished, betrayed and belittled. (Bednarek,
2005)
Next I am going to review the books that focus on critical discourse analysis that I have read
in preparation for my dissertation.
In Approaches to Media Discourse, Bell discusses the discourse structure of news stories,
specifically focusing on analysing what the story actually says, and goes on to present a
beneficial guide on how to investigate and interpret the basic discourse structure of a news
story. The guide is divided into five subheadings; Who, Where, What, When, and Event and
Discourse Structure. (Bell, 1998) This relates to Fairclough’s Media Discourse. Fairclough
addresses how situations, events, relationships and people are represented in texts and goes
on to state that media texts do not simply ‘mirror realities’ as many people may assume.
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Instead, media texts tend to constitute reality, and these constitutions will depend on the
people who write and produce them. When analysing discourse, Fairclough states that as well
as analysing the information that is present in the text, it is also important to question what
information has been excluded. To give an example, Fairclough mentions the reports on the
air attacks on Iraq. Some of these reports mention the subject of civilian casualties, whereas
other reports do not. (Fairclough, 1995)
The book Projects in Linguistics, by Alison Wray, Kate Trott and Aileen Bloomer, includes a
useful section which relates to my dissertation. It concentrates on the subject of semantics,
under the heading ‘lexical choice’. This section addresses the question ‘why have these
particular words been chosen and not others, and what are the connotations of these chosen
words?’ in lexical analysis. The example given is the word ‘white’. This word can be used in
numerous ways; for instance, it can be used to simply describe an object that is white, or it
can be used to connote innocence and purity. This section of the book goes on to address the
viewpoint of the journalist in news reporting, and how this can identify the ‘ideological
standpoint’ of a news report. (Wray, Trott, Bloomer. 1998)
In Discourse, Cook focuses on a type of knowledge structure, which is known as schemata. A
person’s schemata are based on their own personal experience and knowledge of the world,
and it is an important aspect of discourse analysis. Cook goes on to present evidence for
schemata, stating that when people were asked to read and recall information about a
particular text, they would often give details that were not actually specified in the texts.
These details are added as a result of their own personal schema. (Cook, 2004)
Crystal’s Encyclopaedia of Language is useful for many reasons. Firstly, Crystal concentrates
on grammar, and explains how sentence structure changes the meaning that is conveyed. He
also covers syntax, which is the analysis of how words are arranged in a sentence. Semantics
are also an important focus of analysis, as Crystal states that ‘language can be manipulated in
order to mislead the public,’ and newspaper headlines can often be misinterpreted in
meaning. (Crystal, 1987)
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(3) Research questions
The main aim of my research was to answer the key question, “How do four alternate
newspaper articles use language to portray the topic of law and terrorism?” As I mentioned
previously, I have concentrated on the subject of Abu Qatada, which circled both of these
topics. Following on from this, I intended to find out how each of the four articles used
language in different ways to construe the subject of Abu Qatada, and therefore how each
article influenced the overall conceptualisation held by the reader. I also intended to find out
why this event-construal differed between each different newspaper.
The newspapers that I picked were intended to show a diverse range in the language and
writing style of contemporary newspapers. Therefore I picked two broadsheets, one of which
was right wing (The Times), the other of which was left wing (The Guardian), and two
tabloid newspapers, which were also right wing (The Sun) and left wing (The Daily Mirror).
This created a varied spread of data to analyse.
11. 10
(4) Methodology
The data that I used was collected from four different print newspaper articles, which were
published in The Guardian, The Times, The Sun and The Daily Mirror. These articles all
demonstrated how discourse can be used to create different conceptualisations of the same
subject. All of the articles were published on November 14th
2012, which immediately
followed Qatada’s release from jail.
The article that I used from The Guardian was titled ‘Home secretary faces long legal battle
over Abu Qatada ruling’. The article from The Times was ‘Abu Qatada case ‘could go on for
years’’. The article taken from The Sun was ‘Preacher of hate goes free: The Qat who got the
cream’. Lastly, The Daily Mirror was ‘Qatada spy: I’m living in fear’.
Similar to Hart’s article on the G20 protests (2012), and the research carried out by Cook
(2004), I incorporated the use of schemata into my analysis. Schemata are a crucial aspect of
critical discourse analysis, as they provide the basic mental structure that we all use to
understand and organise the way that we think and perceive the world around us. There is a
schema for almost everything in the world, and they affect the things that we notice, how we
act within situations and also how we interpret different things.
I particularly focused on the use of the ‘person schema’. This particular schema is important,
as it focuses on an individual person, which in this case was Abu Qatada. Another schema
that I incorporated into my analysis was the ‘role schema’. Again, this schema was
particularly important to my analysis, as it provides a set of preconceived expectations of
how an individual who is occupying a specific role is expected to behave. Lastly, the ‘event
schema’ was another important schema to consider and integrate into my analysis. This type
of schema refers to what happens during a certain situation.
As Bednarek states in the article Construing the world: conceptual metaphors and event
construal in news stories, the use of emotive language, dramatization and evaluation also
played a significant part in my analysis, as it played a critical role in the event-construal of an
article, and therefore the readers’ overall conceptualisation of the subject. My hypothesis, in
respect to this portion of my analysis, was that the tabloid newspapers would undoubtedly use
more emotive and dramatic language in their articles, whereas the broadsheet newspapers
would have used less of this type of language.
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(5) Results, including analysis
Text 1: ‘Qatada Spy: I’m living in fear’ and ‘Don’t leave the country’ (The Daily
Mirror 14.11.12)
First of all, I analysed the article from the tabloid newspaper The Daily Mirror, and there
were two sections within this article. The first section was titled, “Qatada spy: I’m living in
fear”. First of all, Abu Qatada was immediately presented to the reader as a ‘hate preacher’,
and also as ‘Osama bin Laden’s right hand man’. This tapped into the person schema, as the
reader would immediately form a strong, negative conceptualisation of Qatada as an
individual. The person schema also extended to Osama bin Laden, as the majority of readers
would have already built up a very strong negative view of him, as he has been in the press
previously.
These particular descriptions of Qatada also tapped into the role schema. However, the
phrase ‘hate preacher’ contradicted with our preconceived expectations of a preacher, who is
generally conceived as a religious person who preaches the gospel. Therefore our overall
conceptualisation would have been inverted.
The British Government were construed to the reader as determined, yet ultimately
powerless. This was another example of a schema that had been inverted, as the Government
are typically regarded as strong and powerful. The following quote connoted weakness;
‘The Government were warned they could be powerless to kick Qatada out of the
country.’ (The Daily Mirror, 14 November 2012, p.12)
Following on, Reda Hassaine (the Qatada spy) was also construed as powerless and fearful.
The following quotes implied this:
‘Qatada spy: I’m living in fear.’
‘Terrified Reda Hassain.’
‘He added: “I’m now so scared that the only thing left for me to do is to pack up my
bags and leave my home.”’ (The Daily Mirror, 14 November 2012, p.12)
The quotes above were also examples of emotive language; fear, terrified and scared were
words which each connoted emotional anguish. Therefore the reader would feel deep
empathy and compassion for Reda Hassaine, and therefore hate for Abu Qatada.
The second section of the article was titled, “Don’t leave the country”. The language used
within this section construed the battle conceptual metaphor; the phrases specified below
connoted this event-construal;
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“Qatada and his lawyers have spent the last seven years fighting attempts to extradite
him”
“He must surrender his passport” (The Daily Mirror, 14 November 2012, p.12)
This battle between Abu Qatada and Britain was schematized by an asymmetrical action-
chain. This means that there was a one-way flow of energy between the two participants
(Qatada and Britain). To explain this, take the sentence,
“Qatada and his lawyers have spent the last seven years fighting attempts to extradite
him from Britain.” (The Daily Mirror, 14 November 2012, p.12)
Therefore, the action-chain schema can be shown in the diagram below:
A: Abu Qatada and his lawyers
B: The British Government
Lastly, I focused on the use of adjectives within the article. Adjectives such as massive and
major both construed a feeling of intensity and power, which added to the sense of drama in
the article. Other adjectives, such as terrified, hate and terror, similarly connoted this feeling
of intensity, and also strong negativity.
Text 2: ‘Preacher of hate goes free: The Qat who got the cream’ (The Sun 14.11.2012)
The second newspaper article that I analysed was from The Sun. First of all, the title of the
article ‘Preacher of hate goes free’ immediately connoted an extremely negative construal of
Abu Qatada, and drew similarities with The Mirror’s description of Qatada as a hate
preacher. This title was an example of emotive language, as it was intended to cause worry to
the reader; this was because Abu Qatada is considered a dangerous individual, and he had
been freed in the UK.
The rest of the opening title read ‘The Qat who got the cream, smirks as he’s home’, which
was an example of wordplay. This particular title used colloquial language to infer that Abu
A B
14. 13
Qatada was conceited and smug about winning his appeal, which, again, may have caused an
emotional type of response from the reader and could therefore be classed as emotive
language.
Similar to the article in The Daily Mirror, there was a strong battle theme that ran throughout
the article, which depicted the UK’s fight against Abu Qatada. This construal of battle can be
highlighted in this sentence;
“A European legal expert warned that ministers face another lengthy court battle to
send him back to Jordon for trial.” (The Sun, 14 November 2012, p5)
This quote invoked a reciprocal action chain schema, as the term ‘battle’ implied that both
parties were fighting against each other. However, the focus of the quote was on the
Ministers, rather than on Qatada. The action chain schema can be represented in the diagram
below;
Dramatic language and dramatisation were present throughout the article; the British people
were portrayed to the reader as “fuming” and “frustrated”, which was intended to influence
the reader’s attitude towards Qatada, as they were included in this group. A quote from the
Prime Minister read;
Prime Minister David Cameron fumed, “I am completely fed up that this man is still at
large. He has no right to be in our country. We believe he is a threat. I share the British
people’s frustration.” (The Sun, 14 November 2012, p5)
Each of the other three articles that I analysed used the same quote from David Cameron;
however they used the word ‘said’ instead of ‘fumed’. ‘Fumed’ was a much stronger verb,
and had more negative connotations attached to it. It also tapped into the conceptual
metaphor of ‘anger as heat’. Therefore, the reader’s overall conceptualisation of David
Cameron would be that he was extremely angry about the situation.
A B
A: Ministers
B: Abu Qatada
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Text 3: ‘Home secretary faces long legal battle over Abu Qatada ruling’ (The Guardian,
14.11.12)
Thirdly, I analysed the article from The Guardian. The opening sentence stated;
“The home secretary, Theresa May, faces a lengthy legal battle to overturn this week’s
ruling by British judges that the radical Islamic Cleric Abu Qatada should not be sent
back to Jordon to face trial.” (The Guardian, 14 November 2012, p4)
This sentence not only construed the battle metaphor, but it also took a different stance on
each of the parties within the battle. Whereas The Daily Mirror and The Sun construed that
the ‘battle’ was between Abu Qatada and the United Kingdom, this sentence implied that the
battle was between Theresa May and both Abu Qatada and the British Judges. This can be
illustrated using the diagram below;
When compared to The Sun and The Daily Mirror, the references to Qatada within The
Guardian were significantly less negative, and the overall use of language was more neutral.
To give evidence for this, I counted the noun phrases in each newspaper article that were
used to refer to Qatada, and categorised them into neutral and negative. I did not find any
positive noun phrases, and I did not include occurrences when Qatada was referred to by his
own name.
I found that The Guardian had four instances of neutral noun phrases (Islamic Cleric, Radical
Islamic cleric, the preacher, this man), as opposed to two negative noun phrases (terror
suspect, international terror suspect).
In comparison to this, The Sun had two instances of neutral language to describe Qatada
(Father-of-five, this man) and three negative instances (Terror suspect, preacher of hate, hate
A B
A: Theresa May
B: Abu Qatada and the British
Judges
16. 15
preacher). The Daily Mirror had one neutral instance (this man) and two negative instances
(hate preacher, Osama Bin Laden’s right hand man).
Text 4: ‘Abu Qatada case ‘could go on for years’’ (The Times, 14.11.12)
Last of all, I analysed the article from The Times newspaper. As expected, The Times drew
similarities to The Guardian, in that the majority of the language used in the article was
neutral. To continue comparing the noun phrases, The Times had one neutral noun phrase (the
cleric) and one negative noun phrase (Osama bin Laden’s right hand man). Below is a table
to show the overall results;
Noun
phrases used
to describe
Abu Qatada
The Guardian The Daily
Mirror
The Sun The Times
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Neutral 5 71% 1 33% 2 40% 1 50%
Negative 2 29% 2 66% 3 60% 1 50%
The results of the table are as follows;
Neutral (Highest to lowest)
1. The Guardian: 71%
2. The Times: 50%
3. The Sun: 40%
4. The Daily Mirror: 33%
Negative (Highest to lowest)
1. The Daily Mirror: 66%
2. The Sun: 60%
3. The Times: 50%
4. The Guardian: 29%
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As the results showed, The Guardian and The Times had the highest number of neutral noun
phrases, whereas the The Daily Mirror and The Sun had the highest number of negative noun
phrases.
The Times was particularly interesting with regard to adjectives; this was because no
adjectives had been used within the text. This added to an overall more formal and direct
construal of the subject matter, which was something I expected from the broadsheet
newspapers.
The Times article was similar to each of the other three news articles, in that it referred to the
battle between Qatada and The Home Secretary, which can be illustrated in this quote;
“The home secretary faces a legal battle that could last years to deport Qatada”. (The
Times, 14 November 2012, p7)
This quote inferred an asymmetrical action chain schema, as the focus was on The Home
Secretary. This schema can be shown below;
A B
A: The Home Secretary
B: Abu Qatada
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(6) Discussion
There were several similarities between my research and the research of Christopher Hart and
Bednarek, who I have mentioned previously in the Theoretical Background and Methodology
of my dissertation.
I will start by discussing the similarities between my research and the research of Christopher
Hart, in his article; “Event-Construal in Press Reports of Violence in Political Protests: A
Cognitive Linguistic Approach to CDA”. The analysis itself was very similar to mine, as it
dealt with the discourse within newspaper articles.
Hart made use of schemata in his work, particularly focusing on the action-chain schema. He
used this schema to illustrate the flow of energy between two parties within a certain
situation. This schema was also relevant to my research, as it demonstrated the type of energy
movement between Abu Qatada and the UK. Other schemata that I took into consideration in
my analysis were both the ‘person schema’ and the ‘role schema’; however Hart did not
concentrate on these types of schemata.
Bednarek also analysed the language employed in newspaper articles. She discussed the
relevance of emotive and dramatic language, specifically in the tabloid newspaper, The Sun.
This tied in heavily with my study, as The Sun and The Daily Mirror both employed this
particular type of language, as I have highlighted in my analysis. Negative language is
another relevant topic that Bednarek looked into.
My hypothesis was that the tabloid newspapers would inevitably use more emotive, dramatic
and also negative language, when compared to the broadsheet newspapers, and according to
my analysis, this hypothesis was correct. This is because tabloids tend to use exaggeration
and shocking words to create more entertaining, interesting and dramatic articles, to excite
and shock their audience. However, this can often lead to the reader having a distorted or
biased conceptualisation of the subject, when compared to a person who has read a
broadsheet newspaper.
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(7) Conclusion
In conclusion to this dissertation, I have learned many things about the language employed by
newspaper articles when presenting the topic of law and terrorism, and I have confirmed my
hypothesis on the subject. The information that was presented within each of the articles was
similar; however there were subtle differences in the type of language that was used, and the
different schemata that this language construed. As I expected, there was a higher percentage
of negative language used within the two tabloid newspapers (The Daily Mirror and The
Sun). The amount of emotive and dramatic language was also higher within these two papers,
which, again, matched my original hypothesis.
Researching and writing this dissertation has made me realise how newspapers can
essentially condition their readers’ attitudes towards topics within the media, just by the
different type of language that they use. Readers should take time to consider what type of
newspaper they are reading (tabloid or broadsheet; right wing or left wing) and how it is
potentially affecting their own conceptualisation of the subject.
If I were to research further into this topic, I could theoretically analyse additional topics
within the news media, such as crime, young people or women and men, to see if these topics
are presented in different ways. I could also expand my research into different types of media
platforms; such as television or the internet, and compare how many readers also view these
types of media, and how that adds to their overall conceptualisation. Another topic of further
research would be the political viewpoints of the people that read each different newspaper.
20. 19
(8) Bibliography
1. Bednarek M. (2005). Constructing the World: Conceptual Metaphors and Event-
Construal in News Stories, Metaphorik.
2. Bell A. and Garrett P. eds. (1998). Approaches to Media Discourse. Blackwell
Publishers Ltd.
3. Cook G. (2004). Discourse. Oxford University Press.
4. Crystal D. (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University
Press.
5. Fairclough N. (1995). Media Discourse. Edward Arnold.
6. Ford, R. (2012). Abu Qatada case ‘could go on for years’. The Times. 14 Nov. p7b.
7. Hart, C. (2012). Event-Construal in Press Reports of Violence in Political Protests: A
Cognitive Linguistic Approach to CDA, Journal of Language and Politics.
8. Musolff, A. (2012). The study of metaphor as part of critical discourse analysis,
Critical Discourse Studies, 9:3, 301-310.
9. Parry, T. and McTague, T. (2012). Qatada spy: I’m living in fear. The Daily Mirror.
14 Nov. p12a.
10. Travis, A. (2012). Home secretary faces long legal battle over Abu Qatada ruling. The
Guardian. 14 Nov. p4a.
11. Wells, T. and Wilson, G. (2012). Preacher of hate goes free. The Qat who got the
cream. The Sun. 14 Nov. p5a.
12. Wray A., Trott K. and Bloomer A. (1998). Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide
to Researching Language. Arnold.
