A presentation regarding international political relations as part of the presenter's requirement for his Master of Arts Degree in Education Major in Social Studies.

1. INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL
RELATIONS
BY: JOHN EMMANUEL R. BATACAN

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
(AS AN ACADEMIC COURSE)
International relations is an academic discipline
that focuses on the study of the interaction of
the actors in international politics, including
states and non-state actors, such as the United
Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), the World Bank, and
Amnesty International.
(study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-
international-relations.html)

3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
(AS A POLITICAL AFFAIR)
Is a field of political science that studies
relationships among countries, the roles of
sovereign states, inter-governmental
organizations (IGOs), international non-
governmental organizations (INs), non-
governmental organizations (NGOs),
and multinational corporations (MNCs), and the
wider world-systems produced by this
interaction.

4. INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
In International Politics, one examines how
states and non-state actors cooperate and
compete on political issues. In the contemporary
geopolitics, there is no longer the stable
hierarchy of issues that dominated policy
makers' and scholars' attention during the Cold
War period of 1945 through the late 1980s.
(https://bsfs.georgetown.edu/academics/majors
/ipol)

5. INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL
ECONOMY
(IPE) is the rapidly developing social science field
of study which attempts to
understand international
and global problems using an eclectic
interdisciplinary array of analytical tools and
theoretical perspectives.
(www2.ups.edu/ipe/whatis.pdf)

6. THEREFORE…
INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RELATIONS
- is an interplay of the study of the relationship
of different states, as well as an interaction of
different international institutions (public or
private) and how they connect with each other
on a politico economic level.

7. THE STATE IN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

8. THE STATE IN INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
•The state is central to the study of
international relations and will remain so
into the foreseeable future.
•International relations as a discipline is
chiefly concerned with what states do on
the world stage and, in turn, how their
actions affect other states.

9. STATE POLICY
•It is the most common object of analysis.
•States decide to go to war.
•They erect trade barriers.
•They choose whether and at what level to
establish environmental standards.
•States enter international agreements, or not,
and choose whether to abide by their
provisions, or not.

10. THE STATE CENTRIC THEORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
•Realism
•Neo-Realism
•Liberalism
•Neo-Liberalism
•Complex Interdependence
•Post-Liberalism
•Constructivism

11. THE STATE CENTRIC THEORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
•Marxism and Neo-Marxism
•English Schools
•Feminism

12. REALISM
•It assumes that nation-states are unitary,
geographically based actors in
an anarchic international system with no
authority above capable of regulating
interactions between states as no true
authoritative world government exists.

13. REALISM
•Secondly, it assumes that sovereign states,
rather than intergovernmental
organizations, non-governmental
organizations, or multinational corporations,
are the primary actors in international affairs.
•Thus, states, as the highest order, are in
competition with one another.

14. NEO-REALISM
•Structure is defined twofold as:
a) the ordering principle of the international
system which is anarchy, and
* Anarchy – a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the
absence of governmental authority
b) the distribution of capabilities across
units.

15. LIBERALISM
•Liberalism holds that state preferences, rather
than state capabilities, are the primary
determinant of state behavior.
•Unlike realism, where the state is seen as a
unitary actor, liberalism allows for plurality in
state actions.

16. NEO-LIBERALISM
•It is an advancement of liberal thinking.
•It argues that international institutions can
allow nations to successfully cooperate in the
international system.

17. COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
•First, states are coherent units and are the
dominant actors in international relations
•Second, force is a usable and effective
instrument of policy
•Finally, the assumption that there is a hierarchy
in international politics.

18. POST-LIBERALISM
•It is a theory that argues that within the
modern, globalized world, states in fact are
driven to cooperate in order to ensure security
and sovereign interests.
•The departure from classical liberal theory is
most notably felt in the re-interpretation of the
concepts of sovereignty and autonomy.

19. CONSTRUCTIVISM
•The key element of constructivism is the belief
that "International politics is shaped by
persuasive ideas, collective values, culture, and
social identities.“
•Constructivism argues that international reality
is socially constructed by cognitive structures
which give meaning to the material world.

20. MARXISM AND NEO-MARXISM
•International relations theories are structuralist
paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view
of state conflict or cooperation; instead
focusing on the economic and material aspects.
•Marxist approaches argue the position
of historical materialism and make the
assumption that the economic concerns
transcend others; allowing for the elevation

21. MARXISM AND NEO-MARXISM
•Marxists view the international system as an
integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital
accumulation.
•Internationalism is also one of the thrust of this
ideology.

22. FEMINISM
•Feminist approaches to international relations
became popular in the early 1990s. Such
approaches emphasize that women's
experiences continue to be excluded from the
study of international relations. International
Relations Feminists who argue that gender
relations are integral to international relations
focus on the role of diplomatic wives and
marital relationship that facilitate sex

23. THE ENGLISH SCHOOLS
•Also known as International Society, Liberal
Realism, Rationalism or the British
institutionalists, maintains that there is a
'society of states' at the international level,
despite the condition of "anarchy", i.e., the lack
of a ruler or world state. Despite being called
the English School many of the academics from
this school were neither English nor from the
United Kingdom.

24. THE ENGLISH SCHOOLS
•A great deal of the work of the English School
concerns the examination of traditions of past
international theory, casting it, as Martin
Wight did in his 1950s-era lectures at
the London School of Economics, into three
divisions:
• Realist or Hobbesian (after Thomas Hobbes)
• Rationalist (or Grotian, after Hugo Grotius)
• Revolutionist (or Kantian, after Immanuel Kant)

25. THE ENGLISH SCHOOLS
•In broad terms, the English School itself has
supported the rationalist or Grotian tradition,
seeking a middle way (or via media) between
the power politics of realism and the
"utopianism" of revolutionism.
•The English School
reject behavioralist approaches to international
relations theory. The international relations

26. POWER IN THE WORLD
ECONOMY

27. WHAT’S WHAT?
•The United States is named the most powerful
country and India has the most up and coming
economy. Germany is the best country for
entrepreneurship, while Luxembourg is the
most business friendly. Italy is the country with
the richest tradition and Brazil is the No1
nation to visit.
(https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/t
he-world-s-best-country-clue-it-s-not-a-

28. FOREIGN POLICIES

29. FOREIGN POLICIES
•It is a set of political goals that seeks to outline
how a particular country will interact with the
other countries of the world. It is generally
designed to help protect a country's national
interests, national security, ideological goals,
and economic prosperity.
(en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Relations/
The_Making_of_Foreign_Policy)

30. PHILIPPINE FOREIGN POLICIES
•The most important provisions of the 1987
Philippine Constitution which pertain to the
framing of Philippine foreign policy are as
follows:
• Article II, Section 2: "The Philippines renounces war
as an instrument of national policy, adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law as
part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy
of peace, equality, justice."

31. PHILIPPINE FOREIGN POLICIES
• Article II, Section 7: "The State shall pursue an
independent foreign policy. In its relations with
other states the paramount consideration shall be
national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
interest, and the right to self-determination."

32. PHILIPPINE FOREIGN POLICIES
• Republic Act No. 7157, otherwise known as
"Philippine Foreign Service Act of 1991", gives
mandate to the Department of Foreign Affairs to
implement the three (3) pillars of the Philippine
Foreign Policy, as follows:
• 1. Preservation and enhancement of national security
• 2. Promotion and attainment of economic security
• 3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the
welfare and interest of Filipinos overseas.

33. USA FOREIGN POLICIES
•Preserving the national security of the United
States.
•Promoting world peace and a secure global
environment.
•Maintaining a balance of power among nations.
•Working with allies to solve international
problems.
•Promoting democratic values and human rights.

34. DIPLOMACY

35. DIPLOMACY
•(from the Greek δίπλωμα, "official document
conferring a privilege") is the art and practice of
conducting negotiations between
representatives of states.

36. DIPLOMACY
•It usually refers to international diplomacy, the
conduct of international relations through the
intercession of professional diplomats with
regard to issues of peace-making,
trade, war, economics, culture, environment,
and human rights. International treaties are
usually negotiated by diplomats prior to
endorsement by national politicians.

37. DIPLOMACY
•In an informal or social sense, diplomacy is the
employment of tact to gain strategic
advantage or to find mutually acceptable
solutions to a common challenge, one set of
tools being the phrasing of statements in a
non-confrontational, or polite manner.

38. THE UNITED STATES
IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

39. THE UNITED STATES
IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
• The United States has integrated dramatically
into the world economy over the past half
century. The share of international transactions
in their national economy has more than
tripled. It now exceeds 30 percent of total
output.

40. THE UNITED STATES
IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
•They are more dependent on external economic
developments than the European Union as a
group or Japan, the other large high-income
parts of the world, which have traditionally
been regarded as much more engaged in global
competition than the United States.

41. THE UNITED STATES
IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
•Over half of their oil, the world’s most
important single product, is imported.
•Almost half the revenues of the top 500
companies based in the United States derive
from their international operations. About half
of publicly held US government debt is owned
by foreign investors. Foreign capital finances
much of the domestic investment required to

42. THE UNITED STATES
IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
•The United States has thus joined the world, in
two critical senses. They are highly dependent
on global developments for their own
prosperity and stability. And they are now much
more like other countries, for virtually all of
whom such international engagement has been
a given throughout their histories.

43. WHAT DOES THIS IMPLY?

44. CURRENT IMPLICATIONS
•Philippines is currently experiencing a Neo-
Liberal Policy with countries it has debt like USA
and Japan
•Other countries, especially the First World
Countries are the ones who are really capable
of imposing their international political agenda
•Philippine Foreign Policies will remain a lip
service, unless the country impose its political

45. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!
MAY GOD BLESS US ALL AND THIS COUNTRY OF OURS!
#PEACETALKSITULOY #CONTINUEPEACETALKS