A_Study_on_the_Efficiency_of_Using_Solar.pdf

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A Study on the Efficiency of Using Solar Powered Street Lights in
Intramuros, Manila
A Research by
CLARIDAD, PETER
DUERME , JUSTINE
EDURIA , JAMIMAH
FERNANDO , ELLINE
RAMOS , RAVEN
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
RES100-4/B5
Methods of Research
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
March 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To our ever supportive and fun professor Engr. Carreon. Many Thanks!
To our classmates who accommodates our question on as to how the paper must be
formatted and passed, may the great 3 (or higher ) be with you.
To the Mapua Library sites that gave our group all the reference we needed in order to
finish this research paper, we surely owe you big time and never shall we underestimate on
as to how Mapua is spending the library fee that is included in our tuition fees.
To our parents, who supported us in the late and sleepless nights we have gone through in
order to industriously finish this research paper. Thank you and we hope that we will make
you proud in finishing this research.
Last but definitely not the least, most sincere thanks and glory shall be given to God. Psalm
16:2 I said to the LORD, "You are my Master! Every good thing I have comes from You."
Surely this research is good, thus it is with the help of the Lord that our group was able to
accomplish such humongous task.
May God bless us all! CLARIDAD, PETER
DUERME , JUSTINE
EDURIA , JAMIMAH
FERNANDO , ELLINE
RAMOS , RAVEN

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Table of Contents
List of Figures 4
List of Tables 5
Chapter I: Introduction 6
Chapter II: Review of the Related Literature 14
Chapter III: Methodology 27
Chapter IV: Results and Discussion 30
Chapter V: Conclusion, Recommendation 36
Appendices 40

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Theoretical Framework Flowchart 8
2 Cost Comparison 22
3 An Example of a Solar-powered Streetlight 24
4 Structure of a Solar-powered Streetlight 25

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LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Conceptual Framework 9
2 Economic Evaluation 23
3 Data and Analysis from the Interview of Ramilito Tibayan 31

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Title: A Study on the Efficiency of Using Solar Powered Street Lights in
Intramuros, Manila
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Electricity made a great impact in our world since it was discovered. Electricity can
come from many sources such as thermal energy, kinetic energy, solar energy and more by
energy conversion. Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to
another form of energy. The main source of electricity as of now is the coal, a non-
renewable energy. Solar energy, which is the primary source of renewable energy in the
earth, is considered a better choice as a source of electricity because as stated, it is
renewable. Nowadays, solar energy is being utilized for street lights but most street lights
still run on electric energy.
Intramuros, the oldest district and a historical walled city within the city of Manila,
is one of the places that is considered as tourists’ spots in the Philippines and Manila
because of its Spanish colonial style. Intramuros is one of the city that contains a lot of
street lights and still uses the conventional one. For this, the researchers decided to conduct
a study about the efficiency of using solar street lights instead of ordinary street lights.

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Background of the Study
With increasing problems regarding the use of the conventional streetlights,
possible alternatives have been provided to solve the issue. Solar-powered streetlights as a
replacement for the conventional one would be a better option, given the benefits that the
solar-powered streetlights give. The source of this energy called solar energy is non-
polluting, low maintenance and renewable source, unlike the traditional sources of energy
like coal and oil.
Intramuros, a popular tourist spot for being a historical place, is a district of Manila
which still uses the conventional streetlights and spends a lot for the power used and the
maintenance of it. And so, possible changing of these conventional streetlights to the solar-
powered one could be a better choice for the management. But still, changing the
conventional one to the solar-powered streetlights would surely be a great risk. From the
investment to the replacement and maintenance, as well as the overall benefits, a big
innovation like this would not be that easy.
This research provides the findings of a study through interviews with the
knowledgeable persons regarding the topic. And so, it will determine which of the two
sources of power for streetlights in Intramuros would be better – the conventional one or
the solar-powered one.

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Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework Flowchart
Decide if LED street lighting makes sense for your community
Define the scope of the project
Determine the funding source
Complete the financial analysis
Determine if street lights are going to be purchased by the city direct
or through the installing contractor
Develop a simple, preliminary specification to help narrow down the
fixture selection
Invite manufacturers to present their products for testing and
preliminary evaluation
Test the preferred luminaires in a residential street application
Issue and award bid
Implement project
Develop long term maintenance program

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A Step-by-step Approach to Improving Outdoor Lighting, Saving Energy and
Reducing Maintenance Costs. (LEOTEK, Lite-On Group)
The framework entitled “A Municipal Guide for Converting to LED Street
Lighting” from the LOTEK, Lite-On Group, as stated above, has similarity to the research
that we are conducting. Both researches are about converting the conventional street light
into another form. This framework is also applicable in converting the conventional street
lights into solar street lights, which is our research.
Table 1. Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Interview Interpret the answers that
will be gathered from the
interview.
Some of the research
questions might be
answered. It can help us in
formulating the conclusion
and recommendation part.
2. Gather information
about the street
lights and the
estimated cost in
Intramuros on its
management or the
city hall itself.
Analyze the data that will
be gathered, make a
comparison between the
conventional and the solar
street lights as well as the
time needed to implement
the project on all of the
street lights in Intramuros.
This can help the researches
to have some evaluation on
the difference of the two
street lights.

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about the cost of the
possible materials to
use in the internet or
an existing research
with almost the same
concept.
Compute for the possible
investment needed in
fulfilling the replacement
of the conventional street
lights into solar ones.
This can help to answer one
of the research problems, as
well as formulate some
possible recommendations
when it comes to cost and
investment.
about the effects of
the solar street lights
in the environment.
Interpret the data gathered. This can help to answer
another research problem or
question and can help the
researchers to formulate
conclusion as well as
recommendation.
Statement of the Problem
This research aims to assess the efficiency of using solar street lights instead of
regular street lights in Intramuros. This will be further assessed by answering the following
specific objectives:
1. How will the benefits from the technology compensate the amount of investment?
2. What will be the benefits in using solar street lights instead of regular street lights
in terms of natural environment?
3. How long would it take to replace and install the proposed solar street lights in
Intramuros?

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Hypothesis
As far as price is concerned, traditional street lights are a lot cheaper than their solar
counterparts. However solar street lights turn out to be a better investment at a cheaper cost
if the total money shelled out is considered—from money spent on installation and
maintenance to the lamp or light replacements etc.
Solar-driven street lights have no pernicious impacts whatsoever on the
environment. The use of solar energy to drive street lights is extremely innocuous and, in
fact, far better than the use of traditional street lights driven by electricity which is
generated from non-replenishable sources.
Significance of the Study
This study, by showing the current trends in solar street lighting, may be able to
show the possible limitations and areas for further improvement of solar street lighting,
and the utilization of solar energy in general.
This study can also be used as a reference and provide future scholars more
information and knowledge about the study of alternative energy sources, specifically solar
energy.
Furthermore, this study may be able to show that there is a cheaper and more efficient way
of providing light for the people residing within Intramuros. This can also help the
administration of the Intramuros and other places to acknowledge the use of solar-powered
street lights as a replacement to the traditional one for the universal benefits that they can
get. In addition, the solar street lights ensure that light will be provided at night, increasing
the feeling of safety for individuals residing and passing thru the said area.

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Scopes and Limitations
This study is focused on the efficiency of solar street lights compared to regular
street lights in Intramuros and if the amount of investment will compensate its benefits.
Also, it focuses on the installment and its benefits to natural environment. The primary data
gathering methods used were surveys and interview with the Electrical Engineer and a
Manager of Intramuros. The gathered data were analyzed using Frequency Distribution
Table.
The data used on the research were based on the interview and survey conducted
with the respondents. It focused on their different opinions about the proposed solar street
lights in Intramuros and how everyone could benefit from it including the natural
environment.
The study is delimited to the information gathered from the respondents stated
above.
Definition of Terms
• Solar energy - is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range
of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
• Electricity - is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow
of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as
lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current.

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• Renewable energy - is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally
replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power,
hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation.
• Non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) - a resource that does not
renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful
human time-frames.
• Electric energy - is the energy created by electrons moving through an electrical
conductor. The world is made of matter. All matter contains atoms that contain
electrons that are always moving. When electrons are forced down a conductive
path, such as a wire, the movement produces electricity, or electric energy.
• Photovoltaics - are best known as a method for generating electric power by using
solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic
effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy,
allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current.

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CHAPTER II
Intramuros
Intramuros is the oldest district in Manila. Its Latin translation is literally “within
the walls”; it was the original Manila during the Spanish Regime. The “Walled City”, as it
is otherwise known, covers a 0.67 sq. km. area. It consists of five barangays, Barangay 654
– Barang 658. In the 1980s, under the direction of former Philippine First Lady Imelda
Marcos, the Intramuros Administration renovates the city and at present the walled city is
the only district of Manila where old Spanish-era influences were retained. (“Junior
Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities”, 2000) Much of the development of present-
day Manila occurred outside the gates of Intramuros, leaving the old walls, streets and
churches of Intramuros minimally touched by modernization, although outlets of Jollibee,
McDonald's and Starbucks now sit alongside distinguished educational institutions within
its walls. The old moats that surrounded Intramuros have been filled up and transformed
into a golf course where locals and foreign nationals play the sport. The garrison that was
Fort Santiago is now a tourist spot where visitors can enjoy the nostalgic romance of a
bygone Spanish era within its gardens. In 2003, during Visit Philippines Year, tourism
secretary Richard J. Gordon cleaned up Intramuros with the help of student and civilian
volunteers as well as raised funds to light up the place and build a lights and sound museum.
The researchers observed that several of the streetlights within Intramuros are not
working anymore.

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Walls, gates and fortifications
• Fort Santiago
• Baluartillo de San Jose and Reducto de San Pedro
• Baluarte de San Andres
• Baluarte de San Grabriel
• Postigo del Palacio
• Baluarte de San Diego
• Baluarte de San Francisco de Dilao
• Puerta de Santa Lucia
• Puerta Real and Revellin de Real del Bagumbayan
• Puerta del Parian and Revellin del Parian
• Puerta de Isabel II
Plazas, monuments, and public buildings
• Plaza de Roma
• Ayuntamiento
• Plaza Mexico
• Plazuela de Sta. Isabel
• Palacio del Gobernador
• Plaza Sto. Tomas
Churches
• Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Manila Cathedral)
• San Agustin Church
Museums
• Bahay Tsinoy
• Rizal Shrine
• Casa Manila
• Light and Sound Museum
• San Agustin Museum
Ruins
• Intendencia(Aduana)
• San Ignacio Church

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Solar Energy
Solar energy i.e. energy from the sun provide consistent and steady source of solar
power throughout the year. As our non-renewable resources are set to decline in the years
to come, it is important for us to move towards renewable sources of energy like wind,
hydropower, biomass and tidal. The main benefit of solar energy is that it can be easily
deployed by both home and business users as it does not require any huge set up like in
case of wind or geothermal power. Solar energy not only benefits individual owners, but
also benefit environment as well. Solar energy is one of the most widely used renewable
energy source. (Henson, 2008)
There are many advantages that solar energy has to offer over traditional sources
of energy like coal and oil. Not only it is completely renewable but is also protects the
environment. Here are some of the advantages of solar energy:
1. Non-polluting: Solar energy is an alternative for fossil fuels as it is non-
polluting, clean, reliable and renewable source of energy. It does not pollute the
air by releasing harmful gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide or sulphur
oxide. So, the risk of damage to the environment is reduced. Solar energy also
does not require any fuel to produce electricity and thus avoids the problem of
transportation of fuel or storage of radioactive waste.
2. Renewable Source: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy as it can be
used to produce electricity as long as the sun exists. Sunlight is available
everywhere on the Earth. This energy can be harnessed by installing solar

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panels that can reduce our dependence on other countries for consistent supply
of coal to produce electricity. Although solar energy cannot be produced during
night and cloudy days but it can be used again and again during day time. Solar
energy from sun is consistent and constant power source and can be used to
harness power even in remote locations.
3. Low maintenance: Solar cells generally doesn’t require much maintenance and
run for a long time. More solar panels can be added from time to time when
needed. Although, initial cost of solar panels is steep but there are practically
zero recurring costs. Initial cost that is incurred once can be recovered in the
long run that range from 10 years – 15 years. Apart from this, solar panels do
not create any noise or release any toxic substances.
4. Easy Installation: Solar panels are easy to install and does not require any wires,
cords or power sources. Unlike wind and geothermal power stations which
require them to be tied with drilling machines, solar panels do not require them
and can be installed on the rooftops which means no new space is needed and
each home or business user can generate their own electricity. Moreover, they
can be installed in distributed fashion which means no large scale installations
are needed.
With the advancement in the technology and increase in the production, the cost
of solar panels has come down slightly. Areas where cost of electricity is high,
payback times can be even lower.
5. Can Be Used in Remote Locations: Solar energy can be of great boon in areas
which have no access to power cables. It works great in remote locations where

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running power lines would be difficult or costly. Solar panels can set up to
produce solar energy there as long as it receives the sunlight.
6. Long Lasting Solar Cells: Solar cells make no noise at all and there are no
moving parts in solar cells which makes them long lasting and require very little
maintenance. Solar energy provides cost effective solutions to energy problems
where there is no electricity at all.
According to the International Energy Agency (2002), solar energy does not
produce air or water pollution or greenhouse gases. However, using solar energy may have
some indirect negative impacts on the environment. For example, some toxic materials and
chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight into electricity.
Some solar thermal systems use potentially hazardous fluids to transfer heat. U.S.
environmental laws regulate the use and disposal of these types of materials.
As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the
environment near their locations. Clearing land for construction and the placement of the
power plant may have long-term effects on habitat areas for native plants and animals.
Some solar power plants may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators
or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in
some arid locations may affect the ecosystems that depend on these water resources. In
addition, the beam of sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly
into the beam.
While there are no global warming emissions associated with generating electricity
from solar energy, there are emissions associated with other stages of the solar life-cycle,

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including manufacturing, materials transportation, installation, maintenance, and
decommissioning and dismantlement. Most estimates of life-cycle emissions for
photovoltaic systems are between 0.07 and 0.18 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per
kilowatt-hour.
Solar Panel
Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline
silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load
carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also
be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but
semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. These early solar modules were
first used in space in 1958. (Dhere, 2002)
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or
in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current
off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition
metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system.
Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass
diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to
maximize the output of module sections still illuminated. Some recent solar module designs
include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller

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cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide)
in a cost-effective way.
In 2010, 15.9 GW of solar PV system installations were completed, with solar PV
pricing survey and market research company PV insights reporting growth of 117.8% in
solar PV installation on a year-on-year basis. With over 100% year-on-year growth in PV
system installation, PV module makers dramatically increased their shipments of solar
modules in 2010. They actively expanded their capacity and turned themselves into
gigawatt GW players. Essays, UK. (November 2013)
Solar Street Lights
A totally independent street light system comprising: an upright pole adapted to be
mounted on a supporting surface; a dry storage battery; a plurality of solar panels coupled
to said battery, each of said panels having a plurality of solar cells connected in series for
providing a predetermined voltage to said battery, each of said panels connected in parallel
to provide a predetermined amperage to said battery, all of said panels being mounted in a
single unitary assembly on said pole;a street light mounted on said pole electrically coupled
to said battery and actuated by said battery, a light actuated photocell coupled to said light
for selectively lighting said light dependent upon light conditions at said pole (Stackpole,
1983).
A solar street light is a street light which derives its power from photovoltaic panels.
The solar panels have detectors that can automatically detect sunlight, thus it doesn’t need
to be manually operated. It collects power during the day and when it detects that there is
no more sunlight, it lights up.

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Solar street lights have five components, namely: the solar panel, lighting fixture,
rechargeable battery, controller, and the pole. The solar panel is the one responsible for
converting the solar energy into electricity. The lighting fixture is the source of the light
(e.g. lightbulb). Nowadays, LED (light-emitting diode) lamps are used for street lights
because although it provides high Lumens (the unit used to measure the amount of visible
light), it has low-energy consumption. The controller is the part that determines the
switching on/off of the light. Lastly, the pole is where the lamp and the solar panel will be
put.
Solar-powered street lights are usually placed in areas for street lighting, jogging
and bike paths, entrances, parking lots, perimeter security, parks, campuses, and sidewalks
to name a few. It has numerous benefits such as having no line voltage, trenching and
metering, since it produces its own power. Being solar powered, they are not affected by
brown-outs or power outages, ensuring that light will be provided in the area. They also
possess long-life PV modules with more than 25 years of power generation capacity,
meaning that even though solar powered-lamps have a higher initial cost, it would pay for
itself in the long run since it has almost no maintenance cost, and it wouldn’t have electric
bills unlike normal street lights. Table 2.0 shows the projected cost comparison in a span
of 5 years:

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Figure 2. Cost Comparison
It would also reduce the electric bills of the government. The City of Manila
currently has more than P600 million worth of electricity debts (Manila Bulletin, 2014). In
fact, Manila officials recently approved and started a project worth P2.2 billion to light up
the streets of Manila with 10,000 solar-powered lamps. According to an article written by
Sauler (2014), last January 19, 10 units of solar street lights were erected on Rajah
Sulayman Park across Malate Church. Next, 50 units will be placed along Espana
Boulevard, then 20 units on Blumentritt, then another 10 units on P. Sanchez. Aside from
being powered up by solar energy, the street lamps also have CCTV cameras in order to
increase security and vigilance in the streets of Manila.
For better comparison of solar powered street lights and conventional street lights, an
economic evaluation is stated below:

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Table 2. Economic Evaluation
Solar Lamp (LED)Street Lamp (LED)
Excavation line No
✓
Wire No
✓
Conduit No
✓
Concrete foundation
✓ ✓
Excavation for foundation
✓ ✓
Recovery escavation
✓ ✓
Electricity bill No
✓
Maintenance electric line No
✓
Maintenance street lamp
✓ ✓
It is clear from this brief study that Solar powered streetlights are more favorable
compared to the conventional street lights. Retrieved from
http://www.econtek.it/Comparison%20of%20solar%20LED%20street%20lights%20vs%
20conventional.pdf

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Figure 3. An Example of a Solar-powered Streetlight

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Figure 4. Structure of a Solar-powered Streetlight

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Solar Street Lamps Installed in Manila
Manila’s 10,000 solar lamps’ project is a P2.2-Billion project to illuminate the City
of Manila with 10,000 solar-powered street lamps. The lighting installations are also
equipped with security cameras and electronic signboards, and are expected to significally
reduce power consumption for the local government. The project will help save electricity
and will make compliant with the renewable energy program of the Government (Estrada,
2014)
The LED lamps, cameras and signboards were supplied by Global Goldgoal Inc., a
multinational company engaged in renewable energy projects, under a public-private
partnership with the city government. The first 10 units of solar-powered street lamps is
first installed in Rajah Sulaiman Park in Manila. The 50 lamps are installed in Espana
Boulevard, 20 lamps in Blumentritt and 10 on P.Sanchez. The rest of the units will be set
up in other areas of Manila)

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CHAPTER III
Method of Research or Research Design
This study on the Efficiency of Using Solar Street Lights Instead of Regular Street
Lights in Intramuros used both quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to
arrive at concrete findings as dictated by the research problems and objectives.
The researchers chose a quantitative approach to be able to achieve statistically
reliable results. Its primary focus is to achieve objectivity. On the other hand, the qualitative
method would help gain further insight and depth to the findings of this study. By being
subjective, the research would be richer. The two methods will help the researchers
understand the efficiency of solar powered street lights in Intramuros.
Selection and description of the respondents
The researchers conducted their interview at Palacio Del Gobernador, Intramuros,
Manila, since it’s where they get their data that they are going to need. The researchers
used both convenience and purposive sampling methods in gathering the respondents. The
researchers used convenience sampling in order to maximize the time allotted to finish the
research. The purposive sampling was for choosing who to interview for the individual
interviews.

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Description of the Instruments Used
The researchers used interview questions in order to find out whether or not the
idea of using solar street lights in Intramuros would prove beneficial and is a good
investment. Open ended questions are added in the interview in order to collect data that is
more in-depth and comprehensive. For those who were interviewed individually, were
asked questions that specifically target their field.
Interview Questions
The questions were prepared methodically after rigorous study of related literature
and studies about the advantages of using Solar-powered Streetlights in Intramuros.
The questions that are formulated by the researchers for the interview are as
follows:
1. Have you been able to sustain the maintenance of the conventional street
lights in Intramuros?
2. Will there be enough budget to implement the project of changing the
conventional street lights to solar street lights? Why?
3. Does the administration have plans in implementing this kind of project in the
near future?
4. If ever implemented, will there be enough funds to sustain the maintenance of
the solar street lights?
5. Which is more recommended to use? The conventional-powered street lights
or the solar-powered one?
6. Which is more economical between the two?

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Gathering of Data
An analysis was done in order to find out the specific variables and measures which
allowed the researchers understand the functions and efficiency of the normal street lights
with solar powered street lights.

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CHAPTER IV
This research aims to assess the efficiency of using solar street lights instead of
regular street lights in Intramuros. This will be further assessed by answering the following
research questions:
1. How will the benefits from the technology compensate the amount of
investment?
2. What will be the benefits in using solar street lights instead of regular street
lights in terms of natural environment?
3. How long would it take to replace and install the proposed solar street lights in
Intramuros?
In order for the researchers to answer the objectives stated, they conducted an
interview to the persons that are knowledgeable about solar powered streetlights and are
familiar to Intramuros. We, the researchers, interviewed two persons namely, Ramilito
Tibayan, an Officer-in-Charge at Cultural Properties Conservation Division at Intramuros
Administration and Jermano Bolo, a BSEE graduate of Far Eastern University and one of
the electrical engineers of the Manila City Hall.

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Interview with Jermano Bolo:
Table 3. Data and Analysis from the Interview of Jermano Bolo
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
1. Installation of solar street lights
may take from minimum of two to
maximum of three months
considering other factors like
weather, budget and workers to
fully replace every conventional
streetlight in Intramuros.
Installation may take a while but is
bearable since the streetlight will not be
replaced at the same time
1. “When it comes to being
economical, I can’t actually say
that the solar power would be
better than the conventional one.
Installing and maintaining solar-
powered street lights wouldn’t be
that easy, especially that this
innovation is new to us. But then,
in the long run, if the installation
and maintenance would be
sustained, I can guarantee that the
Having a solar street lights wouldn’t be
that effective if the management of these
would not be properly taken care of. But
then, if this project will be successfully
done and maintained, it would definitely
compensate the amount of investment.

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solar street lights would be more
economical.”
2. “It (solar-powered streetlights) will
not just lessen the budget but it will
also help our environment.
Actually, solar power reduces the
carbon dioxide and methane
emissions from fossil fuels which
our traditional energy emits. Those
harmful chemical compound are
the leading contributors to global
warming and decreased air quality.
But, generating electricity with
solar panels produces no
greenhouse gasses and such.”
Solar-powered street lights would
definitely be more efficient when it comes
to the environmental means compared to
that of the conventional street lights.
3. “Of course, we all know that the
solar street light is more
recommended when it comes to
overall impact. In fact, the overall
amount of money that would be
needed for the installation,
maintenance and everything of the
solar-powered street lights might
Solar-powered street lights would not just
compensate the investment but would be
definitely cost lesser than that of the
conventional street lights after 4-6 years.

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already be lesser and cheaper than
that of the traditional after 4-6
years. But still, like what I said, this
still depends upon how the
management will the project
itself.”
Interview with Ramilito Tibayan:
Table 4. Data and Analysis from the Interview of Ramilito Tibayan
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
1. "The conventional street lights in
Intramuros are being checked
every month. We have some
personnel who are assigned in the
maintenance of the roads and street
lights for the security of the people,
the preservation of the beauty of
Intramuros as a tourist spot and of
course, for the Intramuros itself."
The conventional street lights at
Intramuros are properly being maintained
and have enough funds for its
maintenance.
2. "As of now, there are no budgets
allotted for such project like that.
This one would definitely be a big
Based from what Sir Ramilito said, there
are still no plans in implementing this
project since there are still no budgets for

34 | P a g e
project and I think to demand
budget from those who have power
wouldn't be that easy. But then,
once they see the benefits of having
this solar-powered street lights,
then a budget wouldn’t be a
problem at all."
it. But proposing this project might
change their mind.
3. “As of now, there are no plans on
implementing this project since
there are a lot of things to consider
for this will be a big change. But
then, if ever a project like this
would be really implemented, I
think the administration would be
supportive depending upon the
benefits that everyone will get.”
Implementing this project would be
difficult since changing of the
conventional streetlight to a solar
powered streetlight is a necessity, but
once it is considered more economical, in
the long-run, implementation of the said
project might be approved.
4. "If this project will be
implemented, the funds in
sustaining the maintenance
wouldn't surely be a problem. The
Intramuros Administration can
provide the needs of the walled city
not just by the help of the country's
Maintaining the street light will not be a
problem in the long run, since some funds
that was allotted for the electricity bill of
the convenient streetlights can go to the
the maintenance of the solar powered
streetlights.

35 | P a g e
budget allotted for a certain area
but also by the help of the National
Historical Commission of the
Philippines or the NHCP.”

36 | P a g e
CHAPTER V
Summary
Solar street lights are raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels
generally mounted on the lighting structure. The photovoltaic panels charge a rechargeable
battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night. Each street lights have
photovoltaic panels mounted on the structure and is independent of the other lamps.
Most solar panels turn on and off automatically by sensing outdoor light using a
light source. Solar streetlights are designed to work throughout the night. Many can stay
lit for more than one night if the sun is not available for a couple of days.
Solar energy is vital to support life on earth; it can be used to generate solar
electricity. Solar electricity relies upon man-made devices such as solar panels or solar
cells in order to provide a source of clean, and low cost renewable energy.
Summary of Findings
Nowadays, solar energy has very significant in the fulfillment of power because of
heavy need and lower production. It is the easiest way to produce power. The problem
regarding solar system is unawareness of this method and heavy cost.
Solar street lights are independent of the utility grid. The initial investment of using
a solar street light is higher compared to conventional street lights. Hence, the operation
costs are minimized. It requires much less maintenance compared to conventional street
lights. Since external wires are eliminated, risks of accidents are minimized. This is a non-
polluting source of electricity. Separate parts of solar system can be easily carried to certain

37 | P a g e
areas, they are easily installed and maintained, and provide a cheaper alternative to wired
lights.
Conclusions
Solar street lights are raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels
generally mounted on the lighting structure. The photovoltaic panels charge a rechargeable
battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night. Each street lights have
photovoltaic panels mounted on the structure and is independent of the other lamps.
Most solar panels turn on and off automatically by sensing outdoor light using a light
source. Solar streetlights are designed to work throughout the night. Many can stay lit for
more than one night if the sun is not available for a couple of days.
Solar energy is vital to support life on earth; it can be used to generate solar electricity.
Solar electricity relies upon man-made devices such as solar panels or solar cells in order
to provide a source of clean, and low cost renewable energy.
Nowadays, solar energy has very significant in the fulfillment of power because of
heavy need and lower production. It is the easiest way to produce power. The problem
regarding solar system is unawareness of this method and heavy cost.
Solar street lights are independent of the utility grid. The initial investment of using
a solar street light is higher compared to conventional street lights. Hence, the operation
costs are minimized. It requires much less maintenance compared to conventional street
lights. Since external wires are eliminated, risks of accidents are minimized. This is a non-
polluting source of electricity. Separate parts of solar system can be easily carried to certain
areas, they are easily installed and maintained, and provide a cheaper alternative to wired
lights.

38 | P a g e
Recommendations
The idea of solar street light had already been considered by the government . In
year 2014 , the local government partnered with a private company Global Goldgoal Inc.,
to accomplish a project that mandates for 10,000 solar street lights for Manila area (Sauler
, 2014) . The local government unit saw the need for solar street light upon learning from
their records that the unpaid electricity bill of Manila city had sumed up to 600 million
pesos (Sauler , 2014).
From the studies conducted by the Manila City Hall , though the 10,000 street lights cost
2.2 billion pesos , this sum money will be no match when compared to the money that
would be saved throughout the years of using solar street light . The said solar street light
has a useful life of 15-20 years (Sepco ,2016) , and is said to lessen electricty consumption
by maximum of 85 % (C40 , 2011).
Another good thing about using solar lights instead of normal lights , is that you could
choose amongst the many types and designs you desire . Since Intramuros is very much
sensitive on the details and designs it incorporates for the purpose of maintaining the Old
Spanish aura or theme of the walled city , then design surely will not be an issue .
The first type of solar street light is the off- grid . The majority of solar street light projects
come about because the area that needs to be lit does not have access to transmission lines.
New infrastructure is expensive to put in especially if it is a location that needs to have
buried lines. In this case it is simple enough. Each pole has a self-contained unit that
consists of the power source (the solar panel), a battery, an LED controller, and an LED
light. You can put this unit anywhere with an obvious exception in an area that doesn't have
any sunlight (Brown ,2014 ).
Next type , we have the grid-tie single inverter. A single inverter system is one where a
solar array is set up in a central location to provide power to a set of LED street lights that
are powered by transmission lines. This is a nice option if you want to have a solar array

39 | P a g e
on display for the public or if you want your solar powered street lights to match the
aesthetics of the rest of your street light system (Brown ,2014 ).
Last type , we have the grid –tie micro inverter .Having individual inverters on each pole
allows for LED solar street lights to be grid-tied without having to take up the space that a
larger solar array would require (Brown ,2014).
The use of solar street light is indeed a wise decision , from electricity consumption upto
design and need incorporation .

40 | P a g e
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Roskell, J.S. and Clark, L. and Rawcliffe, C. (editors) BARTON, Henry (d.1435),
of London. - History of Parliament Online, The History of Parliament: the House of
Commons 1386-1421. ISBN 9780862999438. 1993.
Janet Thomson; The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story Of William Murdoch
Inventor Of Gas Lighting; 2003; ISBN 0-9530013-2-6
William H. Workman, The City That Grew (1929) Mirror-Press, Los Angeles, p.
"Sir Joseph Wilson Swan". home.frognet.net. Retrieved 16 October 2010. "Electric
lighting". ncl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
Bullough, John; MS Rea & Y. Akashi (2009). "Several views of metal halide and
high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications". Lighting Research and
Technology. p. 31: 297–320.
Comparison between Solar LED Street Lights and Conventional Road Lighting
SystemsSystem Analysis (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Fotios S, Cheal C. Using obstacle detection to identify appropriate illuminances for
lighting in residential roads. Lighting Research & Technology, 2013; 45(3); 362-376
Rea, M. S.; J. D. Bullough & Y. Akashi (2009). "Several views of metal halide and
high pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications". Lighting Research and
Technology. p. 41(4): 297–320.
Fotios SA & Cheal C, Predicting Lamp Spectrum Effects At Mesopic Levels. Part
1: Spatial Brightness, Lighting Research & Technology, 2011; 43(2); 143-157
Fotios SA & Cheal C, Lighting for subsidiary streets: investigation of lamps of
different SPD. Part 2 – Brightness, Lighting Research & Technology, 2007; 39(3); 233-
252

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Fotios S and Goodman T. Proposed UK Guidance for Lighting in Residential
Roads. Lighting Research & Technology, 2012; 44(1); 69-83
Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP). Professional Lighting Guide
PLG03:2012. Lighting for Subsidiary Roads: Using white light sources to balance energy
efficiency and visual amenity. Rugby; ILP
Rea M, Bullough J, Freyssinier-Nova J, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of
photometry. Lighting Research & Technology 2004; 36(2):85.
Goodman T, Forbes A, Walkey H, Eloholma M, Halonen L, Alferdinck J, Freiding
A, Bodrogi P, Varady G, Szalmas A. Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance
to nighttime driving and other applications. Lighting Research & Technology 2007;
39(4):365.
Peter Morante (January 31, 2008). "Mesopic street lighting demonstration and
evaluation final report" (PDF). lrc.rpi.edu. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Renewable Energy at Mining Sites.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2012. Renewable Electricity
Futures Study. Hand, M.M.; Baldwin, S.; DeMeo, E.; Reilly, J.M.; Mai, T.; Arent, D.;
Porro, G.; Meshek, M.; Sandor, D. eds. 4 vols. NREL/TP-6A20-52409. Golden, CO:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Best Research-Cell Efficiencies.
IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate
Change Mitigation. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss,
S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)].

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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075
pp. (Chapter 7 & 9).
"SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEMS from Solartech." Blog
post. SolarTECH Enterprise. N.p., 2009. Web.

43 | P a g e
Peter Joshua C. Claridad
Civil Engineer
503 Gen Lacuna Bangkal Makati City
09479378018
pjcclaridad@mymail.mapua.edu.ph
OBJECTIVE
To obtain a position to use my many years of experience to carry out my tasks with
efficiency, professionalism and cost effectiveness.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: January 5, 1997
Place of Birth: Mandaluyong City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Age: 20
Parents: Alex Claridad
Lyn Claridad
Language: English and Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ERSONAL INFORMATION
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2014 – Feb 2019
Mapua Institute of Technology – Intramuros
Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila
Secondary Education 2010-2014
Colegio San Agustin Makati
Palm Avenue cor. Carissa Street, Dasmariñas Village Makati City
Elementary Education 2003-2010
Colegio San Agustin Makati
Palm Avenue cor. Carissa Street, Dasmariñas Village Makati City

44 | P a g e
AFFILIATIONS
Organization Position
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies -
Transportation Society of the Philippines
Member (2015-2018)
Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering Thinkers Member (2015-2018)
SEMINARS ATTENDED:
Transportation Summit
March 2017
Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros Manila

45 | P a g e
Engr. Jamimah S. Eduria
Civil Engineer
14-e Avida Tower 1 Felix Huertas St., Sta.Cruz, Manila,
Philippines
0927-153-1221
jseduria@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
• To find a stable job that would give sufficient income for my family
Date of Birth: September 23, 1998
Place of Birth: Manila City
Age: 19
Parents: Rolando D. Eduria
Josephine S. Eduria
ERSONAL INFORMATION
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2014 – 2018
Ramon Magsaysay High School
Espana , Manila
Padre Mariano Gomez Elementary School
Sampaloc , Manila
AFFILIATIONS
Center For Student Advising Peer Adviser (2014-present)
Secretary (2016-present)

46 | P a g e
Achievers In Mission Secretary (2015-2016)
SEMINARS ATTENDED:
March 2017
ACHIEVMENTS
Academic Scholar SY 2014-2015 2nd
Quarter
Academic Scholar SY 2016-2017 3rd
Quarter
Top Peer Adviser ( Center for Student Advising )
Best Secretary – Research Work : “Phoneblok”
Best Oral Presentation – Research Work : “Phoneblok”

47 | P a g e
Engr. Elline Joy U. Fernando
Civil Engineer
15 Strawberry St., Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
09177759966
ellinefernando@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE
To be able to apply for a Civil Engineering position that will enable the use of
exceptional interpersonal, communication, computer, and technical skills.
Date of Birth: March 19, 1998
Place of Birth: Tabuk City, Kalinga
Age: 20
Parents: Joel F. Fernando
Brendalyn U. Fernando
Weight: 105 lbs
Height: 5’ 2”
ERSONAL INFORMATION
St. Paul University Philippines
Mabini St. Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
St. Paul University Philippines
Mabini St. Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

48 | P a g e
AFFILIATIONS
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers-
Mapua Institute of Technology Student
Chapter
Executive Vice President for External
Affairs (2017-2018)
C.O.O Representative (2016-2017)
Member (2015-2018)
American Concrete Institute - Philipppines Member (2015-2018)
ACHIEVEMENTS
• Licensure Examination for Civil Engineers (May 2019)
Passer, Rate : 86.55
• Academic Scholarship (Half) – Mapua (Term 3, AY 2016-2017)
• Academic Scholarship (Full) – Mapua (Term 2, AY 2017-2018)

49 | P a g e
Engr. Raven Mykha C. Ramos
Civil Engineer
745 Masagana Homes, Tabang, Guiguinto, Bulacan
09179324032
ravenramos_30@yahoo.com.ph
OBJECTIVE
To be able to apply for a Civil Engineering position that will enable the use of
exceptional interpersonal, communication, computer, and technical skills.
Date of Birth: November 30, 1997
Place of Birth: Malolos, Bulacan
Age: 20
Parents: Ricardo R. Ramos
Maricar C. Ramos
Weight: 100 lbs
Height: 5’
ERSONAL INFORMATION
Holy Spirit Academy of Malolos
Sta. Isabel, Malolos, Bulacan
Holy Infant School
Sta. Isabel, Malolos, Bulacan

50 | P a g e
AFFILIATIONS
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers-
Mapua Institute of Technology Student
Chapter
C.O.O Representative (2016-2017)
Member (2015-2018)
American Concrete Institute - Philipppines Member (2015-2018)
ACHIEVEMENTS
• Academic Scholarship (Half) – Mapua (Term 3, AY 2016-2017)

51 | P a g e
Engr. Justine A. Duerme
Civil Engineer
79 Ilang-Ilang St., San Pedro 9 Subd. Bagbag, Novaliches,
Quezon City
0926-761-1093
justine_duerme@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE
To be a part of this growing company which will strengthen and develop my talent and
professional skills
Date of Birth: August 07, 1998
Place of Birth: Quezon City
Age: 20
Parents: Bebiano C. Duerme
Edna A. Duerme
ERSONAL INFORMATION
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2014 – 2019
Olive Grove School
Bagbag, Novaliches, Quezon City
Olive Grove School
Bagbag, Novaliches, Quezon City

52 | P a g e
AFFILIATIONS
Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering Thinkers P.R.O (2016-2017)
Member (2016-2018)
Youth for Christ Member (2014- Present)
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies -
Transportation Society of the Philippines
Member (2015-2018)
SEMINARS ATTENDED:
March 2017
ACHIEVMENTS

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