PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 aqua 12.docx

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
(QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH)
JAVER T. DEGORIO
Subject Teacher
12

LET’S RECALL!
A. Write S on the blank if a quantitative approach is suitable for the given question and N if it is not.
_____ 1. Does the environmental literacy of an individual increase with age?
_____ 2. What are the challenges experienced by student-athletes?
_____ 3. Does exposure to CNN programs improve students’ speaking skills?
_____ 4. What are the factors that affect the decision-making of parents regarding the education of their
children?
_____ 5. How reliable are admission tests in predicting the future performance of students in school?
_____ 6. What are the features of narcissistic posts on Facebook?
_____ 7. Do online materials enhance the computer skills of students?
_____ 8. Is there a relationship between milk consumption and incidence of osteoporosis?
_____ 9. What are the study habits of public school students?
_____ 10. What are the experiences of police officers in arresting criminals?
B. Check ( ) the space provided before the number if the statement describes the characteristics
of a Quantitative Research.
_____1. Quantitative research can be based on replication (e.g., replicating a previously conducted
study with new populations).
_____ 2. In quantitative research, a sample needs to be large enough to adequately represent the
population.
_____ 3. Quantitative research includes interview data that may be described in a narrative that
points out themes and trends.
_____ 4. Quantitative research value the depth of meaning and people’s subjective experiences and
their meaning-making processes.
C. Encircle the number/s, which best described the importance of a quantitative research.
D. Write on the blank the kind of quantitative research (under column B) that is well suited to
the given title (under column A).

Column A Column B
________________ 1. Effects of Aspirin on Reducing the Correlational
Cholesterol Level of Obese People
________________ 2. Effects of Instagram on the Visual Descriptive
Literacy of Teenagers
________________ 3. Effects of Utilizing an Interdisciplinary Ex post facto
Curriculum on the Health Literacy of Four
Science Classes.
________________ 4. The Relationship between a Teacher’s Experimental
Personality and Performance Evaluation
_______________ 5. Technical Capability of Water Treatment Quasi-experimental
Device
A REVIEW ON KINDS OF VARIABLES AND THEIR USES:
--Variables based on purpose or role:
In an experimental research, the independent variable is the condition or treatment applied to the
experimental group that is under the control, direction or manipulation of the researcher, while the
dependent variable is the variable that changes because of another variable, it is the effect, response or the
outcome variable.
Listed below are additional examples for you to fully understand about these variables. Please observe how
these types of variables are determined:
--Variables based on their nature:
Based on this classification, the two general types of variables are the quantitative and qualitative
variables.

Quantitative variables can be measured numerically. They can be classified under two types: discrete and
continuous.
a. Discrete variables can be counted and can only be denoted by positive whole numbers and are
not describe in ranges. Some examples are frequency of behavior and group sizes.
b. Continuous variables quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale measurement.
Temperature is an example of a continuous variable. A special type of continuous variable is
the ratio variable which cannot have a negative value. When the value of a ratio variable is
zero, it means that there is none of that variable. Some examples are age, height, weight,
distance, and test scores.
Qualitative variables are also referred to as categorical variables. Despite lacking numerical value, these
variables can still be used in quantitative research. They involve assigning values to specific categories or
groups like blood type and color. Categorical variables are of two types: dichotomous and nominal.
a. Dichotomous variables are those that have only two distinct categories or values. An example is
the response to a “yes/no” question.
b. Nominal variables are those that have more than two categories or values. Some examples are hair
color, marital status, blood type, mode of transportation, source of income, and citizenship.
Other Types of Variables:
Extraneous variables are any variable not categorized as a dependent or independent variable in a study.
These are to be controlled by you as researcher or experimenter. This variable exists as “nuisance variables”
whose potency or influence needs to go down to prevent it from affecting the results negatively. Special
type of extraneous variable is the confounding variable which is a variable that a researcher fails to control
and threatens the validity of an experiment’s procedure.
Covariate variables included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and
dependent variables.
Ordinal variables are variables that exhibit the characteristics of both quantitative and qualitative types.
Attribute variables characteristics of people intelligence, creativity, anxiety and learning styles.
Latent variables cannot be directly observed like personality traits (Russell 2013 and Babbie 2013).
E. Identify the different variables in the following situations. In case one type of variable is not used,
write NA. Write your answers on the blank.
1. You are provided with the following contestants in painting competition. The contestants have
used different types of painting materials in their artwork, such as acrylic, oil, and watercolor.
Contestants Judge 1 Judge 2
1 (acrylic) 86 83
2 (acrylic) 80 82
3 (oil) 76 80
4 (oil) 90 86

5 (watercolor) 87 89
6 (watercolor) 87 91
Quantitative variable(s) : _____________________________________________
Qualitative variable(s) : _________________________________________________
Ordinal variable : _________________________________________________
Dependent variable : _________________________________________________
Independent variable : _________________________________________________
Extraneous variable : _________________________________________________
2. You are given the following data regarding the effects of a public relations campaign on the
satisfaction rating of top government officials of country XYZ.
Net Satisfaction Rating
Before After
President +46% +62%
Vice president +32% +41%
Senate president -12% -2%
Supreme Court Justice +24% +34%
Quantitative variable(s) : _____________________________________________
Qualitative variable(s) : _____________________________________________________
Ordinal variable : _____________________________________________________
Dependent variable : _____________________________________________________
Independent variable : _____________________________________________________
Extraneous variable : _____________________________________________________
A REVIEW ON THE IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT
FIELDS:
a. Social Inquiry: to better understand the behavior and social interactions among individuals.
b. Arts: to investigate methods or approaches that enhance one’s creativity.
c. Information and Communications Technology: to examine the trends and tendencies in the use
of information technology.

d. Science: to determine the effectiveness of a newly developed medicine, treatment, or approach in
addressing health problems.
e. Agriculture and Fisheries: to examine how agriculture in a particular community is influenced by
global trends.
f. Sports: to understand the relationship between one’s health and athletic performance.
g. Business: to assess approaches that will help companies in their decision-making practices.
LESSON 2: IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM
By the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
 design a research useful in daily life;
write a research title;
 describe the background of research;
 state the research questions;
 indicate the scope and delimitation of research;
 cite the benefits and beneficiaries of research; and
 present a written statement of the problem.
Let’s Warm Up!
A. Classify the given items by putting them under the appropriate columns. Exclude item which you
think do not logically belong to any of the categories.
 Allied health courses create multiple stressors.
 Anxiety affects the performance of students during major exams.
 To determine whether the test-taking anxiety of graduating students from the treatments
group is lower compared to that of members of the control group.
 Health professionals.
 Senators
 To find out if the test-taking anxiety of graduating students significantly decreases after
drinking chamomile tea regularly.
 Study habits of graduating students.
 Teachers
 Limited to a six-month experiment
 Students from allied health courses in low-performing universities.
 To determine the effects of chamomile tea on the blood pressure of students during tests.
 Chamomile has been found to have anti-bacterial and anti-spasm properties.
 Students posted low scores in professional board exams.
 Students
Background of the Study Research Objectives Scope and Delimitations Primary Beneficiaries of
the Study









B. Come up with an appropriate research title for a study incorporating the details you have
arranged in the table.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S ASSESS OUR SKILLS!
Tick the column that best describes how you understand the process of writing the introductory parts of a
quantitative study. Answer this question as honestly as possible. You can also use your performance in
Let’s Warm Up as one of the bases in completing this task.
Usually
(3)
Sometimes
(2)
Seldom
(1)
Never
(0)
I choose a research topic that is both interesting and relevant to today’s
issues and needs of society.
I consider my resources when choosing a research topic.
I conduct preliminary research when writing the introduction of my
research paper.
I provide justification for conducting the study.
I state the research gap and explain how my study fills that gap.
I explain the scope and delimitation of my study.
I specify the significance of my study in the introduction of my
research paper.
I make sure that my research questions are aligned with the kind of
quantitative research I plan to conduct.
I formulate a thesis statement based on my research questions.
I know the conventions to be observed when writing a title for a
quantitative study.
TOTAL
Score Level of proficiency
28-30 Advanced
25-27 Proficient
23-24 Approaching proficiency
21-22 Developing
20 and below Beginning

LET’S LEARN!
A research topic is a general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research.
Before you select a research topic, consider the following factors:
1. Relevance. A research topic should relates to the needs of your study’s target audience or
considered to be important in people’s daily lives.
2. Interest. A research topic should appeal to the readers of your study and encourage you to continue
pursuing it. Thus, it is important to find out your specific are of interest (e.g. arts, sciences, politics,
business, and environment.
3. Manageability. A research topic that can be studied within your abilities, and can be doable within a
specific time limit.
4. Availability of resources. There must be a sufficient number of references about the topic which
you can consult throughout the course of the study and enough financial resources to enable you to
undertake the research.
5. As much as possible, avoid very recent or highly technical topics. There may be limited number
of references needed to understand the subject matter.
6. As much as possible, refrain from pursuing sensitive and controversial topics that may offend
certain groups of people.
WRITING RESEARCH TITLES
The titles summarizes the main idea of the whole paper and is the most notable part of the research paper.
Guidelines in Writing Research Titles
1. Avoid an overly general such as “Exercise and Weight”.
2. Refrain from using abbreviations unless they are commonly known.
3. Avoid using phrases such as “A Study of…” and “An investigation of..” as they show wordiness.
An example of this is “A Study on the Effects of Violent Video Programs on the Students’ Academic
Performance”.
4. Indicate the subject and scope of the study by specifying your dependent and independent variables.
5. As much as possible, refrain from indicating the year the study has been conducted. An example of
this is “Examining the Study Habits of High School Students at DJEMFCST during School Year
2015-2016”. However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as in a historical study. In this kind of
research, the year covered by the study may be included in the title.
6. Employ either the declarative or question form in formulating your title, but take note that the
question form is used less frequently in research.
7. Use the current acceptable terminology in your field of study when writing your research title.
8. Condenses the paper’s content in a few words
• Research title is typically around 10 to 12 words long.
• Lengthy research title may seem unfocused and take the readers’ attention away from an
important point.
9. Captures the readers’ attention
a. Simple, brief and attractive title will capture reader’s attention.
10. Should contain key words used in the manuscript and define the nature of the study.
Features of Research Titles
 Lists key variables, scientific/technical style, 12 words maximum (concise: omit
unnecessary words like ‘the’), non-repetitive words
 Reflects social science, humanities, art, sciences in Grade 12 context
Let’s Try THIS ACTIVITY!
A. Among the listed titles, choose those that are appropriate for quantitative research by
putting a check mark on the line before the number. If you think the title is inappropriately
written, revise it to make it acceptable. Write your revision below the title.
____ 1. Anxiety level of teenagers
_________________________________________________________________

____ 2. Relationship between exposure to sunlight and hemoglobin count
______________________________________________________________
____ 3. The power of physical activity
______________________________________________________________
____ 4. Stress levels among working professionals
______________________________________________________________
____ 5. Effects of online communication on the writing skills of Filipino students
______________________________________________________________
LET’S LEARN!
A research topic is a general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research.
Before you select a research topic, consider the following factors:
1. Relevance. A research topic should relates to the needs of your study’s target audience or
considered to be important in people’s daily lives.
2. Interest. A research topic should appeal to the readers of your study and encourage you to
continue pursuing it. Thus, it is important to find out your specific are of interest (e.g. arts,
sciences, politics, business, and environment.
3. Manageability. A research topic that can be studied within your abilities, and can be doable
within a specific time limit.
4. Availability of resources. There must be a sufficient number of references about the topic
which you can consult throughout the course of the study and enough financial resources to
enable you to undertake the research.
5. As much as possible, avoid very recent or highly technical topics. There may be limited
number of references needed to understand the subject matter.
6. As much as possible, refrain from pursuing sensitive and controversial topics that may
offend certain groups of people.
LET’S LEARN!
Describing the Background of Research
The background of the study introduces important facets that establish the general context where the
study revolves. It is part of a research provided in the introduction section of the paper. In writing, a
good background of the study might determine your research questions or topics in a problem, and
the method being used to solve the issue or problem.
Guidelines in Writing Introduction of the Study
1. Introduce your topic
2. Create some context and background
3. Plan to carry out your research
4. State your rationale
5. Explain why your research is important
6. State your hypothesis (optional)
Stating Research Questions
Generally speaking, a research problem is a situation that needs a solution. Statement of the
problem describes an issue currently existing which needs to be addressed. It also provides the context for
the research study. It generates the questions which the research study aims to answer. Statement of a
problem is a clear description of the issue(s). It includes the objectives, an issue statement, and a method
to be used in solving the problem. Nevertheless objectivity can be incorporated by answering questions
such as:
Is the problem of current interest?
Is the problem likely to continue in the future?
How large is the population being affected by the problem?
How popular, important or influential is the population?
Will the gathered information about the problem have practical applications?

Will the gathered information about the problem have theoretical applications?
Would this study create or improve an instrument?
Would this research findings lead to some useful change towards best practices?
Common Sources of Research Problem / Statement of the Problem
• A reproduction of a previous related studies
• Personal experiences and interests of the researchers
• Related Literature from one’s own area of interestD
• Various theories in the discipline
Here are some steps that you can follow in identifying your research problem:
Guidelines in Writing Statement of the Problem
1. Put the problem in the context
(What do we already know?)
2. Describe the precise issue that the research will address
(What do we need to know?)
3. Show the relevance of the problem
(Why do we need to know it?)
4. Set the objectives of the research
(What will you do to find out?)
The statement of the problem could end with questions. Typically, the questions could contain two
variables, measurable relationship and some indications of the population. The purpose of the literature
review that follows thereafter is to answer the research questions. If the literature cannot answer the
questions, the research needs to do so through conducting the research.
Example:
What is the relationship between the farm productivity and farmer use of fertilizer?
The information needed are:
(1) farm productivity level (2) measure of fertilizer use
A. Choose one and encircle general topic from the given list related to your strand.
Peace and Order Energy Foreign Affairs Public Infrastructure
Agriculture Environment and
Natural Resources
Health Labor and Employment
Education Finance Law and Justice Science and
Technology
Tourism Business and Economy Transportation and
Communication
Politics and
Governance
B. Conduct preliminary research on the topic that you have chosen. Identify six (6) references
or resources related to your chosen topic. You may look for print and online resources. Use
the following tables as your guide.
Item No. Title Author(s) Date of Publication
1
2
3
4
5
6
C. Using your preliminary and background knowledge as bases, prepare a concept map about
the topic that interests you. Use a separate sheet for your output.

D. Once completed, encircle the specific topic that you think can be pursued as a research topic.
Be sure that your chosen topic is quantitative in nature and passes the criteria of acceptability
(e.g. relevance, interest, manageability and so on). Note that this topic will be the final topic
for your own research. Write your chosen topic below.
Chosen research topic: __________________________________________________________
Research Title
LET’S LEARN!
Writing the Scope and Delimitation
The scope of the study basically means all those things that will be covered in the research project. The
components of the scope and delimitation include (but are not limited to) the following items:
 Topic of the study
 Objectives of the study and the issues it will address
 Time frame in which the study will be conducted
 The local or area where the study will be conducted
 Characteristics of the participants in the study (age, sex, education, economic status, civil status
and other traits)
 Response formats used in the study (if applicable)
The scope and delimitation of the study must not be set merely for the sake of writing them. You must make
sure that there are reasons for the inclusion and exclusion of some variables depending on the nature of the
study. For example, you may choose to delimit the participants to a particular city/community due to a large
population or you choose to limit the objectives of your study due to time constraints.
You may use the following phrases when writing this section:
 This study covers….
 This study focuses on…
 The coverage of this study…
 This study is limited to…
 This study does not cover...
Features in Formulating Scope and Limitations of the Study
1. State categorically the periods covered by the study
2. List specific aspects of the data, such asDR:
• Personal information
• sample size
• geographic location
• variables
3. List the academic theories applied to the data so the reader knows the lens of analysis you are
using.
Example/s:
If you are writing this topic entitled: “The Role of Mass Media in Educational Development of Don Jose
Ecleo Memorial Foundation College of Science and Technology from 2010-2020”, the scope of the study
is going to include its several roles within the time frame stated. It should also state Mass Media types used
in the analysis of the study including locations and sample size used.
Here is an example of the scope of the study of the given title.
The scope of the study is limited to the role of Mass Media in educational development of Don Jose Ecleo
Memorial Foundation College of Science and Technology from 2010 to 2020. The scope of mass media
equipment that is being used are the television, radio and other electronic sets which are meant to give
out information objectively through their effective usage to educate the poor masses. There are 300
questionnaires to be adequately filled and returned by the target audience to ascertain some variables.

Writing the Significance of the Study
Significance of the study provides details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as
what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes the explanation of the
importance as well as its potential benefits towards the specific beneficiaries of the study.
Guidelines in Writing the Significance of the Study
1. Refer to the statement of the problem. In writing the significance of the study, always
refer to the statement of the problem.
2. Write it from general to particular.
Determine the specific contribution of your study to society as well as to the individual.
A. Obtain a sample of the Scope and Delimitation section from two actual research works. Make
use of those resources you used from the previous activities in this module. Make an outline
for each of these samples by analyzing how they are structured and organized. Focus your
analysis on the content and linking of ideas. Write your output on a separate sheet of paper.
Below is your guide in making your outline.
I. Topic of the study
____________________________________________________________
II. Objectives of the study and the issues it will address
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
III. Time frame in which the study will be conducted
________________________________________________________
IV. The local or area where the study will be conducted
________________________________________________________
V. Characteristics of the participants in the study (age, sex, education, economic status, civil status
and other traits)
_________________________________________________________
VI. Response formats used in the study (if applicable)
_________________________________________________________
B. Do It Your Own
Directions: Fill in the spaces below and apply the following guidelines in
making your Chapter I. As much as possible, choose research topics within your field. Your
research output will be critiqued with the used of the rubrics below.
Research Title: ______________________________________________________
Introduction of the Study:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Statement of the Problem:
___________________________________________________________________
Scope and Limitation of the Study:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Significance of the Study:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Research Paper Grading Rubric
Components Outstanding Good Average Below Average
Title 2 points Gives a general
description of
question and
work performed
Missing one of the
following:
dependent variable,
independent
variable and organism
studied
Missing two of the
following:
dependent variable,
independent
variable and organism
studied
Not present
Introduction
12 points
Provides the
reader with the
necessary
information to
understand the
present study
•Does not shows the
interest of the reader
•Gives too much
information--more
like a summary
• Missing one or
two components of
a good
introduction
•
• Missing the most
needed
information to
understand the study
• Contains no
information about
the study
Statement of the
Problem
5 points
• States clearly
problems
questions being
asked
• Gives hypothesis
being tested
Missing one component
of a good statement of
the problem
Missing two
components of a good
statement of the
problem
Missing three or more
components of a good
statement of the
problem
Scope and
Limitation of
the Study 6
points
Describes how the
experiment
was performed
with sufficient
details and its
scope and
limitation
Most steps are
understandable but
some lack details
are confusingDRAFT
Minimal details in the
parameter of the
study is lacking
Majority of the details
in parameter of the
study is lacking
Significance of the
Study 8 points
Highlights most
important
beneficiaries and
benefits of the study
Highlights two
important
beneficiaries and
Highlights one
important
beneficiaries and
Highlights none of the
important
beneficiaries and
benefits of the
study
References
5 points
Cites sources ten
sources
Cites five sources only Cites sources two –
three sources
No sources cited
Grammar and
mechanics
4 points
• Paragraphs well
organized
• Sections with
logical
organization of
paragraphs
(especially
introduction,
results and
conclusions)
Several grammatical
errors, typos, and
misspelling may be
present
Most grammatical
errors, typos, and
misspelling may be
present
• Paper lacks well
organized
paragraphs
• Sections do not
contain
information
presented in a
logical order
Overall
Evaluation
35-40 points 34-30 points 29-25 points 0-24 points

C. Examine Your Thoughts
Directions: Write Y if you think the statement describes the proper guidelines in making the parts
of Chapter I and N if not. Then explain briefly why you think so.
Scenario Yes No Explanations
1. It should have non-repetitive words.
2. Write it from particular to general.
3. Introduce your topic.
4. Captures reader’s attention.
5. Create some non-context and background.
6. List the non-specific aspects of the data DRAFT
7. State categorically the periods covered by the study
8. Set the objectives of the study
9. Determine the specific contribution of the study to
society.
10. Describe the precise issue that the research will
address
Less on
3
Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literatures
In this lesson, you are going to inquire information from other sources that might give you an
idea or guide you to find answers on your problems or queries. The review of relevant literature is a major
part of research activity.
The main reason why you need to review literature is for you to establish knowledge or idea
about your research topic. This activity is not only searching references such as books or journals from
the library or internet but also searching references that will enrich your knowledge and will guide you
in solving problems. The purpose of this lesson is for you to review information related to your research
topic.
Activity 1.3.1. Tell Me
Explain the term the way you understood them in relation to research.
1. Related Literature
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Review of Related Literature
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Primary sources
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Secondary sources
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. General reference
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
LET’S LEARN!
Selecting Relevant Literature
One of the skills you need to develop in order to become a successful researcher is the ability to
review and report relevant literature. A literature review is a survey of everything that has been done
about a particular topic, theory, or research question. It may provide the background for larger work, or
it may stand on its own. DRAFT
What is Literature Review? Literature review or review of related literature is a synthesis of
different published articles relevant to the researcher’s main topic which requires proper citation as credits
to the source of ideas that they contain. If one fails to cite sources, the paper losses its credibility.
A. Purposes of Review of Related Literature
1. To improve your knowledge and understanding of your topic
2. To determine what each source contributes to the topic
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in a particular topic
4. To understand the relationship between various contributions, identify and resolve
contradictions, and determine gaps or unanswered questions
B. How to Evaluate Literature
1. Examine the title. The title should indicate the nature of research without describing the results.
An example of a good title is “Parental Involvement in Schooling and Reduced Discipline
Problems among Junior High School Students in NCR”.
2. Read the abstract. A good abstract provides you the purpose of the study, the methods used and
its major findings.
3. Read the literature. Start by scanning the whole material and read the conclusion. This will give
a picture of what the literature is all about.
In writing a good literature review, you must be selective that you only include the most relevant
literatures, and be comprehensive that you include studies that are highly relevant and not to omit
important ones.
C. Sources of Literatures
1. General references- sources that are first accessed by researchers to give them information about
other sources. Examples: books, monographs, conference proceedings.
2. Primary sources- sources that provides first-hand information about experts’ and other
researchers’ publication. Examples: interviews, observations

3. Secondary sources- sources that are written by authors to describe another researcher’s works.
Examples: textbooks, academic and research journals
4. Tertiary sources- books and articles based on secondary sources.
Citing Related Literature Using Standard Styles
All the relevant literatures that you DRAFT have reviewed offer you concepts and ideas belonging to
other people. To give respect to the owners of those varied forms of knowledge, you must
acknowledge them through proper citation. Proper citation and referencing standards is a
requirement for all written research projects.
A. Purposes of Citation
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field
2. To give the authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims, conclusions, and
arguments
3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
6. To save yourself from plagiarism
B. Citation Styles
In this section, we will discuss the three common citation styles used in academic research: (1)
American Psychological Association (APA), (2) Modern Language Association (MLA), and (3)
Chicago Manual of Style.
1. APA Style Guide- this citation style is commonly used in Business, Education, Psychology, and other
fields under Social Sciences
In-text citation in APA style
Chapter or Article in Edited
Book
(Matthews, 1999)
Article in Encyclopaedia (Smith, 2017)
Book: Including Page Numbers
(Deep, 2009, pp.130-131)
Book: Single Author (Marvin, 2015)
Book: Ttwo authors Research is ……….. (Robinson & Levin, 1997)
Robinson and Levin (1997) discussed……
Book: 3 to 20 authors Learning is …… (Kim et al., 2013)
In the subsequent citations, only use the first author’s surname
followed by the words “et al.” which means ‘and others’ in the
parentheses.
Kim et al. (2013) stated…
Book: No Author ( The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology,
1991)
Book: Editor (Snyder, 1999)
Paper Presentation from the
Internet
(Arceo, 2006)

Associations, corporations,
government agencies etc. as an
author.
If the name of an association is the source, it should be cited as follows:
DRAFT
According to Department of Education (2013)…..
However, if the association has a well-known abbreviation, the
abbreviation in brackets should be included the first time it appears
and then only the abbreviation in later citations.
First citation: Commission on Higher Education [CHED] (2012)….
Second citation: CHED (2012)……
Electronic sources This is cited the same way as any other document by using the
author-date style.
Source: https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA/all
2. MLA style guide- this citation style is commonly used in Liberal arts and humanities. This style
uses parenthetical citation in citing works of others in the text.
It follows the author-page method of in-text citation.
In-text citation in MLA style
Author’s surname may
appear in the sentence or in
the parentheses.
Gale stated that the term “abnormal” is misused in a judgmental
manner when people are uncomfortable about something (41).
Page number should
always appear in the
parentheses.
Frequently, the word “abnormal” is misused in a judgmental manner
when people are uncomfortable about something (Gale 41).
Author is unknown (“Title with unknown author” 7)
Three authors List down all the surnames
(Orleans, Nueva, Espana 66)
Four or more authors (Sta. Romana et al. 66)
Source: Clemente, Julaton and Orleans, 2016
3. Chicago Manual of Style- This citation style follows the author-date format similar to APA style.
In a parenthetical citation, author’s name, date of publication, and page number is put at end of the
sentence. It is popularly used in history and music.
In-text citation in Chicago Manual of Style
One author (Teehankee 2011, 115)
Two or more authors (McBurney and White 2004, 52)
Four or more authors (Norman et al. 1998, 60)
Source: Clemente, Julaton and Orleans, 2016
Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature
Writing the review of related literature does not only end to selecting relevant literature and
proper citation, but also requires you to combine or synthesize important ideas and findings from the
reviewed literature to provide your reader a better understanding about your topic. To synthesis is to make
conclusions about your findings in related literature reviewed so that you will know how your references
helped you address your research questions. This section discusses the types and techniques in writing a
synthesis.

What is a synthesis?
Synthesis is the combining of literatures from different sources to create a structured review of
related literature. All the ideas gathered will be presented, organized and summarized in the
syntheses. When synthesizing, your ability to infer relationships like comparing characteristics of
one object to another will be helpful.
A. Type of Syntheses
1. Explanatory synthesis. Using this type of synthesis will only require you to present facts in an
objective manner. Presenting descriptions and sequence of events will help in your explanation.
In the explanatory synthesis, you explain the similarities and differences between two texts that
cover the same topic. You must write this essay objectively; you cannot show favoritism toward
one text over the other, nor can you express your own opinions or judgments. You must remain
neutral (walton.uark.edu).
Example:
1. Combine your paraphrase of the source texts’ theses with the names of the articles
and their authors.
Mary Bates argues against censorship in “Banning Censorship,” while Michael Thorpe
counters that censorship is an important resource in “Censorship: A Necessary Evil.”
2. Present your essay map, which identifies the similarities and differences between
the two texts and the order in which you will discuss them.
Bates and Thorpe agree that a world without censorship would be ideal, but they disagree on
two fronts: first, whether it is ethical, and second, whether it is practical.
2. Argument synthesis. This type of synthesis is used when you want to present your point of view.
This can be supported by presenting facts in a logical manner.
B. Categories of Sources
Fraenkel (2015) as cited by Prieto et al. (2017), enumerated the categories of sources from where
you culled data and information in the literature review:
1. Documents. These references maybe published or unpublished references, original works
or copies and other written or printed materials such as books, reports, etc.
2. Numerical Records. These
include test scores, census reports, school budget and attendance figures.
3. Oral Statements. These include stories, myths, legends, chants, songs, etc. These materials
leave a record for future generations.
4. Relics. These are formal types of historical sources such as furniture artwork,
clothing, building, and equipment.
How to write a synthesis?
The following are ways to write a synthesis (Prieto et al. 2017)
1. Consider your purpose in writing
2. Select and read carefully your sources according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis.
4. Decide how you will use source
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis
6. Write the first draft of synthesis
7. Revise your synthesis

C. Techniques for writing a synthesis
1. Summary- Write all the relevant information and sources.
2. Example or illustration- Include examples and illustration in your synthesis. It will help you in
your explanation.
3. Two (or more) reasons- Simply state your thesis, and give reasons why it is true.
4. Comparison and contrast- It is effective method when you want to highlight the similarities and
differences.
Activity 1. A Source or Not a Source
This is a test of your knowledge and understanding about possible sources of information for your
review of related literature. Please check all words in the list below which you think can be a possible
source of literature review.
Activity 2. Try Me
After learning how to review the literature relevant to your research topic, please answer the
following questions using the references you are using as your guide.
1. Is the problem important or worth researching? Yes or No and Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
2. Have others researched your research topic before?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
4. What impact in the community might this research have?
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
5. Did you find the references very helpful in your research? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.
Let’s LEARN! Writing Coherent Review of Literature
Mona was sad one early morning upon hearing the request of her grandmother which was not the
same with what she told her an hour ago. She got confused which one is to be followed. As obedient as
she was to her grandmother, she told herself that she must follow all the requests considering that her
grandmother is now suffering Alzheimer. She said that if only her grandmother is not that old, she would
be giving her command as direct and consistent as before.
DRAFT
____ Books ____ Songs ____ Buildings
____ Dreams ____ Journals ____ Communities
____ Thoughts ____ Mental pictures ____ Circulars
____ Newspaper ____ Ghost ____ Diaries
____ Dreams ____ Guardian angel ____ Intelligence
____ Census reports ____ Artworks ____ Textbooks

Basically, that is what you need to do in writing coherent review of literature. You must observe
consistency in your presentation. Read the statement that follows to give you an idea of how you will
write your Review of literature coherently.
Let us first look at this; coherence directs to a well- organized and unified piece of writing. It
also holds how the manuscript is put together in a uniform manner where thoughts are connected
consistently.
Coherent review includes the following:
1. Review APA Guidelines/Chicago Guidelines
2. Decide on a topic
3. Identify the literature that you will review
4. Analyse the literature
5. Summarize the literature in table or concept map format
6. Synthesize the literature prior to writing the review
7. Writing the review (Galvan, 2006, 81 – 90)
What are research ethics? According to Clemente et al. (2016), ethics can be defined as the
process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking. This lesson focuses on the review
of related literature following the ethical standards in writing and your research as a whole. It includes
honesty and other ethical principles in research.
Plagiarism refers to act of using ideas and information created by other people, but without
attribution to them (Barrot, 2017). It is the most common form of scientific misconduct that can
damage one’s credibility if one fails to cite a source.
A. Various Forms of Plagiarism
There are many forms of plagiarism, which may vary in different institutions. The following are
the most common types of plagiarism recognized by Torneo and Torneo (2017):
DRAFT
Cut and Paste
It is the most common form of plagiarism that involves copying the text wordper-word without
recognizing the source.
Mosaic Plagiarism
Involves in copying text from another source and changing several words, while maintaining the
original structure of the sentence.
Misattribution Plagiarism
It is another form of plagiarism that involves attributing an excerpt, quote or an idea to the wrong
author, or the incorrect source – or worse, a nonexistent source.
Self-Plagiarism
It is another way of scientific dishonesty that is committed in two instances, duplication and
replication. Duplication is done when the researcher copied the contents of his/her own work from
the previous research without proper attribution. Replication on the other hand is another serious
act for which the researcher submits ones work multiple times.
Fabrication
It is another area of scientific dishonesty that involves in “making up data” and claiming this as fact.
Falsification
A scientific dishonesty committed when the researcher produce and manipulates the data of other
researchers.

Having laid down all types of plagiarism, you as a researcher is expected to follow the rules and proper
usage and citation of sources. Any deviation from the protocols or failure to follow rules may result to
scientific dishonesty. However, all this scientific dishonesty can be avoided if you will paraphrase and
summarize the sources carefully and acknowledge them in your paper.
Let’s TRY THIS ACTIVITY!
A. Give at least five (5) examples of plagiarism and provide an example in each of the form.
Write your answer on the boxes provided.
1. How can you avoid plagiarism in writing a scientific paper?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. Here’s Your Order
Encircle the words which relate to the ethical standards in writing review of related literature. The
words can be read horizontally and vertically.
Forms of Plagiarism Example
copying the text word -per -word
without recognizing the source
Plagiarism
Cut and Paste
1.
2.
4.
3.

Let’s LEARN!
Formulating a Conceptual Framework
What is a conceptual framework? Why do we need such concepts in research? How to prepare one? This
lesson explains the meaning of a conceptual framework. A simplified example is added to support the
reader’s understanding.
Several theories and concepts that may support your study may encounter as you look for a
related literature for your topic. This conceptual framework will serve as a “backbone” that will direct
you to the whole research activity.
What is a conceptual framework? Conceptual framework as defined by Barrot (2017) it refers to a system
of ideas, beliefs, assumptions and theories that inform, supports and cater specifically to your study. It
guides the planning, development, and implementation of the research study that you choose.
Different ways of presenting conceptual framework
There are different ways of presenting a conceptual framework as organized by Torneo and
Torneo (2017). One can decide to do the following:
1. Diagram
This visual diagram will show the interconnections and relationships among the variables and the
different elements of your study. Accordingly, it’s the most preferred way by the researchers since
it is easier for the readers to visualize the ideas that they are discussing in their research.
There are many designs used in formulating a conceptual framework, but most of the researchers
have their own design and utilized in their study. Here are some examples of the simple conceptual
framework.
An Example of a Conceptual Framework
Figure 2. An Example of Conceptual Framework (Work-up and Diagram)
(Source: Prieto et al., 2017)
DRAFT
Demographic
Profile
Age
Civil Status
Educational
Attainment
Order in the
Family
Economic
Status
Self-Esteem
High
Moderate
Low
Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Democratic
Permissive
Framework
Adolescent Reproductive Health Welfare Program

The example of conceptual framework presents a series of concepts and ideas and direct outlook
of a design research project.
2. Narrative Discussion
Another way of presenting a conceptual framework is a narrative discussion in which, you reiterate
the general assumption of your study, grounded from a theory – then proceed to discussing the
specific relationships assumed to be observed in the study.
Example:
Assumptions of social capital, primarily based on the interpretations of Putnam (1994; 2001) and
Fukuyama (2011) and theories of participatory development, stresses the role of civil society
participation to improve development outcomes. This study, examining countries from the
Southeast Asia, hypothesizes that CSO consultation and CSO repression impacts income and
education inequality. CSO consultation is expected to be negatively correlated to both income
and education inequality, while CSO repression is seen as a contributing factor to the persistence
and increase in income and education inequality.
3. Sets of Propositions
This conceptual framework involves a series of hypotheses that makes use of various
measurements and assumes varying directions of the relationship among variables.
Example:
Hypothesis: Increases in government investments in education and health will:
1. Positively and significantly affect average family income.
2. Positively and significantly affect productivity.
3. Negatively and significantly affect poverty incidence.
4. Negatively and significantly affect unemployment rate.
5. Mathematical Equation or Model
This form of the conceptual framework is common to the researches that require computations or
are highly mathematical in nature.
Example:
Equation 1. Basic Gravity Model of Migration based on
Ravenstein’s (1895, 1898) Laws of Migration
The equation sees migration as a function of population and distance and some constant K. Mij is
the number of migrants moving from place i, Pj is the population of place j, and Dij is the distance
between place i and j (Torneo, 2014).

Let’s TRY THIS ACTIVITY!
A. Conceptualize
Create a conceptual framework using the variables below and write the appropriate words in the
boxes below.
Age Work Family Relationship
Place of Residence Teacher Factor Peer Pressure
Family Income
School Age
Grandparent presence Province
LET’S LEARN!
Defining Terms Used in Study
In previous lesson, you have learned the meaning of a conceptual framework. It illustrated how to
simplify and frame a concept to support the reader’s understanding. In connection to the new lesson, you
will be able to learn the proper way of defining appropriate terms needed in the research paper.
Warm up Activity. Look into my Words
Directions: List and write in the column provided the words needed to be defined in each research title.
RESEARCH TITLES LIST OF TERMS
Effects of Traffic Towards the
Academic Performance of Students
DRAFT
Social Media Marketing Techniques for Local
Grocery Store Owners
School Canteen Quality and Student
Satisfaction
DRAFT
Background
Variable
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Academic
Variable
_____________
School Drop -Out
Environmental
Variable
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________

Definition of terms in research usually served as an annex to a work (book, research paper,
and etc.) This is an important part of a research paper or any report in which the key or important
terms in the study are clearly defined. In modern usage, a definition is something, typically
expressed in words that are attached to a meaning of a word or group of words.
Guidelines in Listing Definition of Terms
1. Keep the definition brief and basic.
2. Avoid using passive phrases when defining your term.
3. Do not repeat part of the defined term in your definition.
Let’s Try THIS!
Activity 1. Redefine
4. You may now go back to your activity in “What’s New” and revise your answers in
accordance with the guidelines.
RESEARCH TITLES LIST OF TERMS DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Academic Performance of
Students
Social Media Marketing
Techniques for Local Grocery
Store Owners
Satisfaction
Lesson 3.7 Listing Research Hypotheses
In previous lesson, you have learned to list key terms appropriate to the study and to clearly define the
terms. In connection to the new lesson, you will be able to learn listing research hypotheses that might be
useful to your study.
Warm-up Activity. Assume and Predict
Directions: List and write in the column provided the possible assumption or prediction of the
relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
RESEARCH TITLES LIST OF HYPOTHESES
Students
DRAFT
Store Owners
Satisfaction
In our science class, we are taught that hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less
than a well-established theory. It is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more

variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expected to happen in a study. Below are
the guidelines in listing hypotheses if you are doing a scientific research.
Guidelines in Listing Hypotheses (only applicable in scientific research)
1. Let the question comes first.
2. Write your hypothesis in a statement form, not a question.
3. Make it clear.
4. Keep the variables in mind.
5. Make sure your hypothesis is "testable."
Activity 1. Predict Me for Real
You may now may go back to your activity in “Warm-up” and revise their answers in accordance with
the guidelines.
RESEARCH TITLES LIST OF HYPOTHESES REVISED LIST OF
HYPOTHESES
Students
DRAFT
Store Owners
Satisfaction
BIG TIME ACTIVITY!
Do It Your Own continues…..
Directions: Fill in the spaces below with some additional parts of Chapter I and apply the guidelines
you learned in the previous lessons in making it. This will wrap-up the Chapter 1 of your research.
You will find below the rubrics for grading as your guide for presentation.
RESEARCH TITLE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
DRAFT
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

HYPOTHESIS:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
DRAFT
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
REFERENCES:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
SUMMATIVE TEST.
Directions. Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the letter corresponding the best answer on your answer
sheet. 2 points each.
1. The following are important tasks in research EXCEPT?
a. The systematic study of problems or phenomena, using the scientific process of assessing,
planning, implementing and evaluating life.
b. The initiation and assessment of technology application.
c. Appropriateness of Technology use.
d. Identifying interventions that can help individuals respond to change.
2. It is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.
a. Listening
b. Watching
c. Research
d. Inquiry
RESEARCH RUBRICS
Components Outstanding Good Average Below
Average
Review of
Related
Literature
20 points
Provides the reader
with the necessary
information to
understand the
present study
• Does not shows
the interest of the
reader
• Gives too much
information-more
like a summary
Missing one
or two
components
of a good
introduction
• Missing the most
needed
information to
understand the
study
• Contains no
information
about the study
Conceptual
Framework
10 points
Highlights most
important
beneficiaries and
benefits of the
study
Highlights two
important
beneficiaries and
benefits of the
study
Highlights one
important
beneficiaries
and benefits
of the study
Highlights none
of the important
beneficiaries and
benefits of the
study
10 points
Cites sources ten
sources
Cites five sources
only
DRAFT
Cites sources
two – three
sources
No sources cited
5 points • Paragraphs well
organized
• Sections with
logical
organization of
paragraphs
(especially
introduction,
results and
conclusions)
Several
grammatical
errors, typos, and
misspelling may
be
present
Most
grammatical
al errors,
typos, and
misspelling
may be
present
• Paper lacks
well organized
paragraphs
• Sections do not
contain
information
presented in
a logical order
Overall
Evaluation
45-40 points 39-35 points 34-30 points 0-29 points

3. What is the research applicable for business?
a. Action research
b. Action Plan
c. Feasibility Study
d. Thesis Dissertation in Nutrition
4. This term is synonymous with the word “investigation”, is the answer to this question?
a. Listening
b. Watching
c. Research
d. Inquiry
5. Which of the following best describes control variables?
a. They provide the researcher with control over the independent variable.
b. They are kept the same over multiple trials.
c. They increase the variability of the experiment.
d. They increase the participants' control over the experiment.
6. The following are examples of quantitative variables EXCEPT?
a. Marital Status
b. Age
c. Height
d. Family Income
7. Selecting relevant literature in a study shows the following, EXCEPT ONE:
a. Compilation of research abstract
b. Methods and materials illustrated
c. Review survey of past related studies
d. Written related studies of the topic
8. What is the general format when citing in-text in APA style?
a. Author’s Last Name and Page
Number
b. Author and year
c. Author’s Last Name Only
d. Year and Page Number
9. Which is not part of the guidelines in writing research title?
a.Captures the readers’ attention
b.Condenses the paper’s content in a few words
c.It consist of 20 words
d.Research paper title should contain key words
10. How to write an effective research title?
a. It builds confidence to the reader
b. It captures reader’s attention
c. It contributes the economy of the country
d. It summarizes the facts

11. Which is part of the guidelines in listing definition of terms?
a. Keep on repeating the parts of the defined term
b. Keep the definition brief and basic
c. Keep the definition in complex manner
d. Keep using passive phrases
12. What is the most common features in listing definition of terms?
a. Defined clearly
b. It attached history of the words
c. It listed complex definition
d. It should expressed in paragraph
13. Coherence simply means:
a. It presents results
b. It shows variables
c. It shows how manuscript holds together as a unified document
d. It writes the outcomes
14. The following are the main components of literature review, EXCEPT ONE:
a. Body
b. Conclusion
c. Introduction
d. Results
15. Conceptual framework means:
a. It is the backbone of the study
b. It plans the study in details
c. It plans the study in details
d. It develops success of the sampling

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