Educational standards can vary from one region or country to another, but they are generally designed to reflect the evolving needs of society and the skills and knowledge students require to succeed in the modern world. They are periodically revised and updated to stay current with changes in technology, culture, and educational research.

1. Educational Standards
Standards & Variations
Prepared by: Jasper F. Pabroa

2. Constitutional
Basis and
Department
Policy

3. Constitutional Basis and Department
Policy
Tenuto (2020) provides that constitutional basis for education varies by country, as education is typically
the responsibility of the national government or the individual states or provinces within a country.
However, in general, there are some common principles that are often enshrined in national
constitutions or other legal documents that govern education.
Constitution outlines the responsibilities of parents, communities, and other stakeholders in the
education system, recognizing that education is a shared responsibility that involves not just the
state but also families, educators, and civil society organizations.

4. Constitutional Basis and Department
Policy
Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section 1 – “The State shall protect and promote the right of all
citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.”
• Republic Act 9155 or the “Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001”
• Republic Act 7722 or the “Higher Education Act of 1994"
• Republic Act 10931 or the “Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”
• Republic Act 8545 or the “GASTPE Act”
• Republic Act 7836 or the “Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994”
• Presidential Decree No. 223 “PRC law”

5. Educationa
l Standards

6. Management of Scarce Resources
Educational standards are typically a set of guidelines or benchmarks that define what
students should know and be able to do at various stages of their education. These standards
are typically established by education authorities or professional organizations and are used
to guide curriculum development, teaching, and assessment.
• K-12 Curriculum, Outcomes Based Education
• DepEd Order no. 42, s 2017 “PPST”
• Republic Act No. 10912 “CPD Law”
Educational Standards
Standards may also address other important aspects of education, such as social and emotional
development, cultural competence, and digital literacy. The ultimate goal of educational
standards is to ensure that all students receive a high-quality education that prepares them for
success in career, and life.

7. Management of Scarce Resources
There are several issues in the institution of educational standards that can impact students, teachers,
and educational institutions. Some of the most common issues include:
• Infrastructure- The lack of school infrastructure and resources to support the ideal teaching process
is the most pressing issue pounding the Philippine basic education. Out of 327,851 school buildings
in the country, only 104,536 are in good condition. There are 100,072 school buildings that need
minor repairs, 89,252 that require major repairs, and 21,727 that are set for condemnation.
• Inequality- Inequalities in access to education can occur based on factors such as socio-economic
status, race, ethnicity, gender, and geography. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have
fewer resources available to them and may face additional challenges in accessing and succeeding in
education.
Issues on Educational Standards

8. Management of Scarce Resources
Standardized testing- The emphasis on standardized testing in education has been controversial, with
some arguing that it places too much emphasis on testing and not enough on other important aspects of
education, such as creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
Teacher shortages- Many schools struggle with teacher shortages, particularly in areas such as science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This can impact the quality of education that
students receive and may result in larger class sizes.
Technology- While technology can be an important tool for learning, there are concerns about its impact
on education, such as the potential for distraction, the impact of social media on mental health, and the
potential for technology to widen existing inequalities.
Issues on Educational Standards

9. Management of Scarce Resources
Safety- Ensuring that schools are safe environments for students is a crucial issue in education. This
includes addressing issues such as bullying, violence, and harassment, as well as providing students with
access to mental health resources.
Special needs education- Providing adequate support and resources for students with special needs can
be a challenge for many schools. This includes addressing issues such as inclusive education,
accommodations for students with disabilities, and access to appropriate educational resources.
Challenges in curriculum- Implementing an idealistic curriculum is challenging, particularly in large and
diverse school systems. Teachers may require additional training and resources to effectively teach the
learning outcomes, and it can be difficult to ensure that all students receive a consistent and high-
quality education.
Issues on Educational Standards

10. Variation in
Education

11. Variations in Education
Education varies significantly around the world, and even within individual countries, there can be
significant differences in the types of education available, the approaches used, and the outcomes
achieved. Some of the key variations in education include:
Access to education-- In many parts of the world, access to education is limited, particularly for
disadvantaged populations such as girls, refugees, and rural communities. This can result in significant
disparities in educational attainment and opportunities.
Funding and resources-- Education systems vary widely in terms of funding and resources available. Some
schools may have access to state-of-the-art technology, well-trained teachers, and extensive extracurricular
programs, while others may lack even basic educational resources such as textbooks or functioning
classrooms.
Curriculum- Educational curricula vary widely, depending on factors such as cultural values, political
ideologies, and the needs of the economy. Some curricula may be focused on developing specific skills or
knowledge areas, while others may emphasize character development or critical thinking.

12. Variations in Education
Teaching approaches- There are many different teaching approaches used in education, including lecture-
based teaching, project-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and more. Different approaches may be more
effective for different types of learners or for different subject areas.
Assessment methods- Assessment methods used in education can also vary significantly, with some systems
relying heavily on exams and standardized tests, while others use more qualitative assessment methods such
as essays or portfolios.
Educational outcomes- Finally, educational outcomes can also vary widely, with some systems producing high
levels of academic achievement and success, while others struggle to meet even basic educational goals.

13. Thank You!