1. Ukraine delegation,NL Agency Utrecht,7 April 2010
Standards as instrument to
facilitate trade in biomass
Jarno Dakhorst, NEN Energy Resources

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Outline
• Introduction into standardization
• Gaseous and liquid biofuels
• Solid biofuels
• Biogas
• Sustainability of biomass
• Summary and conclusions

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Introduction into standardization (1)
Standards…
• … are documents with agreements on products,
services and systems
• ... are designed for voluntary use
• ... contribute to:
– (inter)national strengthof competition
– innovation
– health, safety and environment
– image
• ... are in accordance with WTO

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Introduction into standardization (2)
Overcoming trade barriers
Vision ISO/TC 67 (oil & gas):
Global standards used locally worldwide

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Introduction into standardization (3)
Unambiguous communication

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Introduction into standardization (4)
Standards are important tool for:
• Self-regulation:
standards for processes, procedures, assessment,
certification, benchmarking, classifications, codes of
conduct, etc. => own responsibility!
• Regulation (by way of assignment):
law refers to standard or ‘equivalent’, conformity
assessment (CE)

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Introduction into standardization (5)
Standardization …
• … is an open process => all parties concerned invited
to participate for broad support
• … is developing agreements based on consensus =>
no sustained opposition
• … is transparent => agreements are publicly available
for comments and use
• … takes place on three levels:
– national (e.g. DSSU, NEN)
– regional (e.g. CEN, GSO)
– international (e.g. ISO, IEC)

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Introduction into standardization (6)
CEN community:
• 31 members and 19
affiliates (incl. Ukraine)
• 400 European
federations in liaison
• 300 active technical
committees
• about 70 000 experts
• almost 14 000 standards

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Introduction into standardization (7)
ISO community:
• 159 members (105 member bodies, 43 correspondent
members, 11 subscriber members)
• about 600 liaisons organization
• over 200 technical committees
and almost 2 500 working groups
active
• over 18 000 standards

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Introduction into standardization (8)
Drafting a European Standard (EN)
National
Standards
Body
Timeframe: 3 years
Technical
Committee
Technical
Committee
Project
proposal
Working
Group
USER
Draft
Standard
European
Standard
Circulation for
comments
Weighted
vote of all
NSBs

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Introduction into standardization (9)
Drafting an International
Standard (ISO)
Timeframe:
default track
36 months

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (1)
• Europe => CEN/TC 19 Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants
and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin
– Dutch chair & secretary (NEN)
– many working groups & task forces
– mandates from EC for (bio)fuel specifications
• International => ISO/TC 28 Petroleum products and
lubricants
– SC/7 on biofuels, but no work items yet

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (2)
Ethanol related standards:
• EN 15376 Automotive fuels - Ethanol as a blending
component for petrol - Requirements and test methods
=> currently revised to apply as component for 10% blending
• EN 228 Automotive fuels - Unleaded petrol - Requirements
and test methods
=> 5% blending with ethanol (conform EN 15376) possible,
currently revised for 10% blending
• CWA 15293 => prEN 15293 Automotive fuels - Ethanol
E85 - Requirements and test methods
=> might be first published as CEN/TS 15293

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (3)
Biodiesel related standards:
• EN 14214 Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for
diesel engines - Requirements and test methods
• EN 590 Automotive fuels - Diesel - Requirements and test methods
=> 7% blending with FAME (conform EN 14214) possible, aiming at
10% blending but more testing needed
• CWA 15145 Automotive fuels – Water in diesel fuel emulsions for
use in internal combustion engines – Requirements and test
methods
• CWA 15490 Automotive fuels – Paraffinic diesel from synthesis or
hydrotreatment – Requirements and test methods (GTL and BTL)

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (4)
New developments:
• CWA for pure vegetable oil
– 2ndVegOil & Biofuel Cities projects (EC framework programme)
– heavy-duty engines, fleet purposes, mainly agricultural
machinery and perhaps heating
– inter alia based on DIN V 51605 Fuels for vegetable oil
compatible combustion engines - Fuel from rapeseed oil -
Requirements and test methods
– feedstock independent
– kick-off CEN workshop today!
– also open for not CEN members

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (5)
New developments (continued):
• European Standard on B30
– accelerated by Biofuel Cities project
– proposed as CWA, but approved as new work item in CEN/TC 19
– first meeting in May 2010
• European Standard on biomethane as automotive fuel
– awaiting for official mandate from EC

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (6)
Impact standards bio-ethanol (E85)
CWA 15293:2005 Source: eBIO

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Standards gaseous & liquid biofuels (7)
Impact standards biodiesel (FAME)
EN 14214:2003 Source: EBB

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Standards solid biofuels (1)
• National => NC 310 029 Solid biofuels
– one standard related to subsidy scheme
– other standards brought forward in CEN
• Europe => CEN/TC 335 Solid biofuels & CEN/TC 343
Solid recovered fuels
– number of working groups with Dutch chair & secretary (NEN)
– mandates from EC for specifications relevant characteristics
and origin of fuel
– many CEN/TS & CEN/TR currently upgraded to EN
• International => ISO/TC 238 Solid biofuels
– (draft) work programme comparable with CEN/TC 335

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Standards solid biofuels (2)
• NTA 8003 Classification of biomass for energy applications
(Dutch only):
– system for classification of biomass, based on:
> typology and origin [3-digits, table 1]
> moisture content [mass percentage (A or S)]
> caloric value [in MJ/kg (A, B of S)]
> form [short description & size in cm]
example: 122 / 15,0 (S) / 17,4 (B) / chips [dmax < 5,0]
A = analysis, B = calculation, S = estimate
– used in subsidy scheme renewable energy sources
=> excluding biomass flows with high sustainability risks

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Standards solid biofuels (3)
• CEN/TS 14588 => prEN 14588 Solid biofuels –
Terminology, definitions and description
• (pr)EN 14961 series Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes
– part 1: general requirements
– part 2-6: wood products for non-industrial use
• CEN/TS 15234 => prEN 15234 series Solid biofuels –
Fuel quality assurance
– part 1: general requirements
– part 2-6: wood products for non-industrial use

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Standards solid biofuels (4)
• CEN/TS 14778 series => prEN 14778 Solid biofuels –
Methods for sampling
• CEN/TS 14779 => prEN 14779 Solid biofuels – Methods
for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates
• CEN/TS 14780 => prEN 14780 Solid biofuels – Methods
for sample preparation
• EN 14774 series Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method
• EN 14775 Solid biofuels – Determination of ash content
• CEN/TS 15149 series => prEN 15149 series Solid
biofuels – Determination of particle size

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Standards solid biofuels (5)
• CEN/TS 15150 => prEN 15150 Solid biofuels – Methods
for determination of particle density
• CEN/TS 15103 => EN 15103 Solid biofuels – Methods for
determination of bulk density
• CEN/TS 14918 => EN 14918 Solid biofuels – Determination
of caloric value
• CEN/TS 15210 series => prEN 15210 series Solid
biofuels – Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and
briquettes
• … and other standards concerning determination
methods

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Standards biogas (1)
Relatively new:
• EC from mandate in development for:
– biomethane for automotive fuel (CEN/TC 19)
– biomethane for injection in grid (CEN/TC 234/WG 9)
• National standards (e.g. SS 155438 Motor fuels - Biogas
as fuel for high-speed otto engines)

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Standards biogas (2)
Relatively new (continued):
• Chinese proposal for new ISO/PC on biogas:
– terminology
– design, construction, commission, check and test of small biogas
facilities and medium sized and large scale biogas plants
– design, manufacture, installation and inspection of biogas
equipment, products for biogas application, equipment and
facilities for biogas power generation
– use of digested solid and liquid biogas
– appraisal of technical, economical and environmental benefits of
biogas facilities

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Standards biogas (3)
Challenges biogas:
• Many sources:
– residues (e.g. agriculture, agrofood)
– energy crops
– waste gases (e.g. landfills, sewage treatment)
• Many processes:
– gasification
– (co)digestion
– upgrading and refinery
– transport, storage and transhipment

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Standards biogas (4)
Challenges biogas (continued):
• Many applications:
– injection in grid
– transport
– energy (e.g. CHP)
– chemicals
• More standards might be needed to (not exhaustive):
– create clarity
– establish state of the art
– overcome barriers to trade

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Standards sustainability of biomass (1)
• National => WG NTA 8080 & CoE NTA 8081
Sustainably produced biomass for energy purposes
– standard based on Cramer criteria
– system for certification to this standard
• Europe => CEN/TC 383 Sustainably produced biomass for
energy applications
– Dutch proposal (via Environment Ministry) early 2008
– Dutch chair & secretary (NEN)
– RED related issues at this moment

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Standards sustainability of biomass (2)
• International => ISO/PC 248 Sustainability criteria for
bioenergy
– proposal for new work item in September 2008
– preliminary meeting in June 2009 => recommendations
– first plenary meeting in April 2010 => define scope, structure
and work programme

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Standards sustainability of biomass (3)
• NTA 8080 Sustainability criteria for biomass for energy
purposes (both in Dutch & English):
– developed by broadly composed working group (industry,
NGOs and government)
– developed in timeframe of 8 months
– translation of Cramer criteria in verifiable requirements
– requirements applicable to primary biomass producers except
for greenhouse gas calculation
– residues => list of exceptions (based on NTA 8003)
– small-holders => some exemptions or group certification
– based on continuous improvement (PDCA cycle)
– chain of custody => all models possible

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Standards sustainability of biomass (4)
• NTA 8081 Certification scheme for sustainably produced
biomass for energy purposes (both in Dutch & English):
– developed and owned by broadly composed committee of
experts (industry, NGOs and government)
– developed in timeframe of 12 months
– validated by national and international projects
– resulted in first interpretation document and modifications in
scheme
– chain of custody => elaboration of mass balance
– web portal www.nta8080.org
– next steps: acknowledgement by Dutch Accreditation Council
and by EC for instrument to demonstrate RED compliance

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Standards sustainability of biomass (5)
• NTA 8081 (continued):
– scope of scheme
– requirements to certifying bodies and auditor(s)
– audit effort in man-days
– method of conformity assessment
– assessment frequency and validity of certificate
– 'minor' & 'major' non-conformities and way to deal with
– necessary information for register and report
– way of complaints, objection, appeal, suspension and de-
registration

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Standards sustainability of biomass (6)
• Work items CEN/TC 383:
– terminology
– calculation of greenhouse gas balance
– biodiversity and environmental aspects
=> nature protection purposes, highly biodiverse non-natural
grassland, peatland
– verification & auditing
=> conformity assessment including chain of custody
Other work items might be re-activated later on this year

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Standards sustainability of biomass (7)
• Possible work items ISO/PC 248:
– terminology
– greenhouse gases
– environmental aspects
– social aspects
– economic aspects
– verification and auditing
– indirect effects
ISO is aware of other initiatives on sustainability

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Summary and conclusions
• Standards are useful instruments to facilitate trade
• Many standards on biomass issues published or
currently developed or revised, preferably on
international level, but (in this case) first within Europe
or nationally
• Standards are efficient instruments to support national
and EU targets on renewables (e.g. EC mandates)

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Thank you for your attention
NEN Energy Resources
energy@nen.nl
+31-15-2 690 326