Please answer all questions. 10. Antibody Function: The binding of antibody to epitope is the central functional feature of antibody adaptive immune responses. Once bound, they function in several ways. These include: a. : Stems of antibody molecules can bind and activate complement protein 1 (C1), triggering the complement cascade. IgE antibody stems attach to mast cells and eosinophils, causing them to release inflammatory chemicals. b. which antibodies achieve by binding to critical portions, or neutralization of bacteria or viruses, when bound antibodies block attachment molecules on their surfaces. c. : whereby antibodies act as opsonins to stimulate Phagocytes have receptors for antibody stems and can phagocytize them quickly. d. which is the clumping of antigen-bound antibody molecules, and which hinders the activity of pathogens and increases the chance that they will be e. (ADCC). Similar to opsonization, the stems of antibodies interact with , which then releases perforin and granzymes, which trigger in the targeted cell. Immune Response Cytokines 1. are soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released by certain body cells, including those of the kidney, skin, and immune system. 2. Cytokines of the immune system include: a. : which signal among leukocytes (primarily). b. : which are antiviral proteins that also act as cytokines. The most potent is gamma interferon (IFN-p). c. which stimulate leukocyte stem cells to divide. d. which is secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and to regulate immune responses and inflammation. e. which signal leukocytes to move to a site of inflammation or infection, or to move within tissues. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses The body uses cell-mediated immune responses to endogenous antigens to fight intracellular pathogens such as viruses that have invaded body cells, as well as abnormal body cells such as cancer cells. 1. Once activated by cells, T cells (Tc cells) recognize abnormal molecules presented by MHC class foreign cells. 2. Activated Tc cells reproduce to form protein on the surface of infected, cancerous, or expansion. 3. T cells destroy their target cells via two pathways: a. The pathway, which kills the affected cells by secreting perforins and granzymes .

1. Please answer all questions.
10. Antibody Function: The binding of antibody to epitope is the central functional feature of
antibody adaptive immune responses. Once bound, they function in several ways. These include:
a. : Stems of antibody molecules can bind and activate complement protein 1 (C1), triggering the
complement cascade. IgE antibody stems attach to mast cells and eosinophils, causing them to
release inflammatory chemicals. b. which antibodies achieve by binding to critical portions, or
neutralization of bacteria or viruses, when bound antibodies block attachment molecules on their
surfaces. c. : whereby antibodies act as opsonins to stimulate Phagocytes have receptors for
antibody stems and can phagocytize them quickly. d. which is the clumping of antigen-bound
antibody molecules, and which hinders the activity of pathogens and increases the chance that
they will be e. (ADCC). Similar to opsonization, the stems of antibodies interact with , which
then releases perforin and granzymes, which trigger in the targeted cell. Immune Response
Cytokines 1. are soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released by
certain body cells, including those of the kidney, skin, and immune system. 2. Cytokines of the
immune system include: a. : which signal among leukocytes (primarily). b. : which are antiviral
proteins that also act as cytokines. The most potent is gamma interferon (IFN-p). c. which
stimulate leukocyte stem cells to divide. d. which is secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill
tumor cells and to regulate immune responses and inflammation. e. which signal leukocytes to
move to a site of inflammation or infection, or to move within tissues. Cell-Mediated Immune
Responses The body uses cell-mediated immune responses to endogenous antigens to fight
intracellular pathogens such as viruses that have invaded body cells, as well as abnormal body
cells such as cancer cells. 1. Once activated by cells, T cells (Tc cells) recognize abnormal
molecules presented by MHC class foreign cells. 2. Activated Tc cells reproduce to form protein
on the surface of infected, cancerous, or expansion. 3. T cells destroy their target cells via two
pathways: a. The pathway, which kills the affected cells by secreting perforins and granzymes