Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology. Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants. Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing campaigns. Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYLLABUS
Jagruti .N. Marathe

3. TITLE LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
IN COSMETOLOGY

4. PHARMACOLOGY
•Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek pharmakos,
medicine or drug; and logos, study
•Originating in the 19th century,
•The discipline makes drug development possible
•Pharmacology is one of the cornerstones of the drug
discovery process
•Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs and how they
exert their effects

5. •Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek: Pharmacon--
d.rug; logos-discourse in) .
•In a broad sense, it deals with interaction of exogenously
administered chemical molecules (drugs) with living systems.
•It encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but
most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe
use for medicinal purposes

6. •The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics.
•Pharmacodynamics (Greek: dynamis-power) What the drug does to
the body.
•This includes physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and
their mechanism of action at organ system/ subcellular I
macromolecular levels,
• e.g.- Adrenalin…… interaction with adrenoceptors……. G-protein
mediated stimulation of cell membrane bound adenylyl
cyclase…………. Increased intracellular cyclic 3',5' AMP……… cardiac
stimulation, hepatic glycogenolysis and hyperglycaemia, etc

7. •Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis-movement) - What the body
does to the drug. (ADME Studies)
•This refers to movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug
by the body; includes absorption, distribution,
binding/localization/ storage, biotransformation and excretion of
the drug
•Eg : Paracetarnol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed orally
attaining peak blood levels at 30-60 min; 25% bound to plasma
proteins, widely and almost uniformly distributed in the body
(volume of distribution - lL/kg); extensively

8. •Thus, Amoxicillin cures a strep throat, and
•Cimetidine promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers.
Pharmacology asks “How”?
•The main tasks of pharmacologists are
• Screening for desired activity,
• Determining mode of action, and
• Quantifying drug activity

9. TOXICOLOGY
•Definitions
•Toxicological studies
•Dose-response correlations
•Threshold limit values
•Examples

10. HAZARDOUS
Denotes the probability of injury or illness from contact or
use
Industrial Hazards
Toxicity
Explosivity
Ignitability
Reactivity

11. TOXICOLOGY
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in
living organisms due to chemicals. ...
The substances that are assessed by toxicologists includes
environmental agents and chemical compounds found in nature,
as well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for
medical use by humans.

12. TOXIC SUBSTANCE
Capacity of a substance to produce injury or illness
Acute Effects
Short term, appear shortly after exposure. Can be from
single exposure
Chronic Effects
There is a latency, long period of time before you see effect

13. THREE TYPES OF TOXIC HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS (SOURES OF TOXICITY)
Chemical Agents (Poisons)
Physical Agents (Dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive)
Biological Agents (Pathogens)

14. 1. Animals : Venom, fungi, bacteria, shellfish toxin, fish etc.
2. Vegetables : Aconite, strychnine, Insulin (Sugar)etc.
3. Chemicals : Drugs, Ethanol, Chloroform, Lead, Argon etc.

15. DEFINITIONS
Toxicology is the quantitative and qualitative study of
the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms
Toxicant is a chemical or physical agent that produces
adverse effects on biological organisms.

16. SO TOXICOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF:
•How toxicants enter the organism
•How toxicants effect the organism
•How toxicants are eliminated from (leave) the organism
All substances are toxic if taken in the wrong
quantities

17. HOW TOXICANTS ENTER
ORGANISM
Inhalation (mouth or nose to lungs) then into blood(+*)
Ingestion (mouth to stomach) then into blood(+)
Injection (cuts, punctures in skin) into blood
Dermal absorption (through skin) into blood(+*)
+ Involve membrane transport
* Greatest threats in industry

18. EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS
Irreversible Effects
Carcinogen - causes cancer
Mutagen - causes chromosome damage
Reproductive hazard - damage to reproductive system
Teratogen - causes birth defects

19. EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS
May or may not be reversible
Dermatotoxic – affects skin
Hemotoxic – affects blood
Hepatotoxic – affects liver
Nephrotoxic – affects kidneys
Neurotoxic – affects nervous system
Pulmonotoxic – affects lungs

20. DEFINITIONS
Pharmacology :The branch of medicine concerned with the uses,
effects, and modes of action of drugs
Pharmacokinetics – the absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion (ADME) of chemicals through the (human) system.
Pharmacodynamics :is the study of how a drug affects an
organism,
Bioaccumulation – things such as lead, mercury, PCBs, carbon
tetrachloride that build up in organs and have low excretion
rate.

21. ELIMINATION OF TOXINS
Detoxification is the biotransformation of chemicals into
something less harmful
Excretion through kidneys, liver and lungs

22. TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
•LD50 = Lethal dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population
shows mortality)
•ED 50 = Effctive dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population
shows pharmacological effect)
•To determine the therapeutic index, i.e. ratio between the lethal
dose and the pharmacologically effective dose in the same strain
and species (LD50/ED50).
•The greater the index, safer is the compound.
•The LD50 dose thus found was administered to guinea pigs,
rabbits, cats or dogs on weight basis (on basis of relative surface
area gives better results).
•To determine the absolute dose for a species

23. PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING
A. Preclinical studies ….Animal studies
B. Clinical studies ……Human studies

24. APPLICATION OF LD50
It provides a measure of relative toxicities of chemical under
similar or identical conditions.
Thus the major application of the LD50 is comparative, allowing
for semi quantitative toxic evaluation of compounds
This test provides a screening method for toxic evaluation,
particularly useful for new unclassified substances.

25. SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY IN
COSMETIC
Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve
cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of
enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology.
Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated
that patients seemed "better than well," and authors
hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals
not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.

26. SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY IN
COSMETIC
Following these case reports much controversy arose over the
veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these
antidepressants.
Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug
use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of
cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive
consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing
campaigns.
Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies
are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than
government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug
for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate

27. SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• Cosmetic items are every now and again connected to the skin by
an extensive number of individuals, yet some contain
exacerbates that are possibly harmful, if absorption through the
skin is adequate.
• Makeup, cleanser, skin salve, nail polish, and other individual
consideration items contain synthetic fixings that need wellbeing
information.
• Moreover, a portion of these synthetic compounds have been
connected in creature concentrates to male genital birth
abandons, diminished sperm tallies, and changed pregnancy
results.

28. SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• There is no authoritative proof for similar impacts in people;
however across the board presentation, essentially to phthalates,
has been appeared to happen.
• Phthalates, as key parts in plastics, show up in numerous buyer
items. The primary phthalates in cosmetics and individual
consideration items are dibutyl phthalate in nail polish,diethyl
phthalate in scents and moisturizers, and dimethyl phthalate in
hair spray.
• phthalates have been related with various genuine medical
issues, including barrenness, testicular dysgenesis, corpulence,
asthma, and sensitivities, just as leiomyomas and bosom
malignant growth.

29. SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• Early investigations reported 31% of diseases in the upper
external quadrant, yet later examinations during the 1990s
report up to 61%.
• On the premise that antiperspirant formulations are
intended to square underarm perspiration conduits and
bosom blisters emerge from blocked bosom channels in the
nearby district of the body.
• The percutaneous absorption of N-nitrosodiethanolamine
(NDELA), a debasement in numerous cosmetic items, has
been assessed in dispersion cells utilizing extracted human
skin.

30. SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program was set up in
1976 by the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association,
with the support of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
and the Consumer Federation of America (CFA).
• CIR performs free, master surveys to decide whether fixings
utilized in cosmetics are protected.
• CIR staff gets ready rundowns of accessible information and
the CIR Expert Panel surveys the information in open, open
gatherings.