MEXICO HDI JUAN DANIEL ALDABA TORRES

1. INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SALTILLO
EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ING. CARLOS LOYOLA
JUAN DANIEL ALDABA TORRES
14050368
ING. INDUSTRIAL
9NO. SEMESTRE
18/03/18
SALTILLO, COAHUILA.

2. • HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) IS AN INDICATOR CREATED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
(UNDP) IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. IT WAS DESIGNED
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF KNOWING, NOT ONLY THE ECONOMIC INCOME OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY, BUT ALSO TO ASSESS
WHETHER THE COUNTRY PROVIDES ITS CITIZENS WITH AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE THEY CAN DEVELOP THEIR PROJECT
AND LIVING CONDITIONS BETTER OR WORSE. FOR THIS, THE IDH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THREE VARIABLES:
• 1) LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH. ANALYZE THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE DECEASED IN A YEAR.
• 2) EDUCATION. IT INCLUDES THE LEVEL OF ADULT LITERACY AND THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED (PRIMARY,
SECONDARY, HIGHER EDUCATION)
• 3) GDP PER CAPITA (AT PARITY OF PURCHASING POWER). IT CONSIDERS THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA
AND EVALUATES ACCESS TO THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR PEOPLE TO HAVE A DECENT STANDARD OF
LIVING.
• THE IDH INDEX PROVIDES VALUES ​​BETWEEN 0 AND 1, WITH 0 THE LOWEST RATING AND 1 THE HIGHEST. IN THIS REGARD,
UNDP CLASSIFIES COUNTRIES INTO THREE MAJOR GROUPS:
• COUNTRIES WITH HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ("HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"). THEY HAVE AN HDI GREATER THAN 0.80.
• COUNTRIES WITH MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ("MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"). THEY HAVE AN HDI BETWEEN 0.50
AND 0.80.
• COUNTRIES WITH LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ("LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"). THEY HAVE AN HDI LESS THAN 0.50.

3. • THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) WAS CREATED TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE EXPANSION OF
PEOPLE'S OPPORTUNITIES SHOULD BE THE MOST IMPORTANT CRITERION FOR EVALUATING
DEVELOPMENT RESULTS. ECONOMIC GROWTH IS A MEANS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THAT PROCESS,
BUT IT IS NOT AN OBJECTIVE IN ITSELF.
• THE HDI MEASURES THE PROGRESS MADE BY A COUNTRY IN THREE BASIC DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT: ENJOY A LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE, ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND A DECENT STANDARD
OF LIVING.
• PARAMETERS OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• THE HDI IS CALCULATED, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, ON THE BASIS OF DATA FROM THE MAIN NATIONAL
ENTITIES AND INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL AGENCIES AND FROM OTHER RELIABLE SOURCES
AVAILABLE AT THE TIME OF WRITING THE REPORT.
• IN THE LAST REPORT PUBLISHED FOR GUATEMALA, A NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IS
PRESENTED THAT SEEKS TO APPROXIMATE MORE CLOSELY THE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACHIEVEMENTS
OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OVER TIME. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE COMPARABILITY AND CONSISTENCY, DATA
FROM THE LIVING CONDITIONS SURVEYS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS, CARRIED OUT IN
2000, 2006, 2011 AND 2014, WERE USED. THIS INDEX IS NOT NECESSARILY COMPARABLE WITH THOSE
PRESENTED IN OTHER NATIONAL AND WORLD REPORTS, BUT IT DOES WITHIN THE GROUPS AND TIMES
PRESENTED WITHIN THE REPORT.
•

4. • THE VARIABLES USED ACCORDING TO DIMENSION ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• HEALTH: A COMPOSITE INDEX WAS USED THAT REFLECTS HEALTH
CONDITIONS IN HOMES: HEALTH PROTECTION, THROUGH THE IGSS OR
INSURANCE, NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER BEDROOM, TYPE OF ACCESS TO
WATER AND SANITATION AND TYPE OF FLOOR IN THE HOME.
• EDUCATION: COMPOSITE INDICATOR THAT INCLUDES EDUCATIONAL
HOPE IN CHILDREN AND SCHOOLING REACHED BY ADULTS OVER 25
YEARS.
• STANDARD OF LIVING: AN AGGREGATE OF LABOR AND NON-FAMILY
LABOR INCOME WAS INCLUDED, ADJUSTED TO INTERNATIONAL PRICES
(IN PPP DOLLARS PER CAPITA). LABOR AND NON-LABOR INCOME PER
CAPITA.

6. • GINI INDEX
• THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS A MEASURE OF THE INEQUALITY DEVISED BY THE ITALIAN STATISTICIAN CORRADO GINI. IT
IS USUALLY USED TO MEASURE INCOME INEQUALITY, WITHIN A COUNTRY, BUT CAN BE USED TO MEASURE ANY
FORM OF UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION. THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS A NUMBER BETWEEN 0 AND 1, WHERE 0 CORRESPONDS
TO PERFECT EQUALITY (ALL HAVE THE SAME INCOME) AND WHERE THE VALUE 1 CORRESPONDS TO THE PERFECT
INEQUALITY (ONE PERSON HAS ALL THE INCOME AND THE OTHERS NONE ). THE GINI INDEX IS THE GINI
COEFFICIENT EXPRESSED IN REFERENCE TO 100 AS A MAXIMUM, INSTEAD OF 1, AND IS EQUAL TO THE GINI
COEFFICIENT MULTIPLIED BY 100. A VARIATION OF TWO CENTS OF THE GINI COEFFICIENT (OR TWO UNITS OF THE
INDEX) EQUALS TO A DISTRIBUTION OF 7% OF WEALTH FROM THE POOREST SECTOR OF THE POPULATION (BELOW
THE MEDIAN) TO THE RICHEST (ABOVE THE MEDIAN).
• ALTHOUGH THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS MOSTLY USED TO MEASURE INCOME INEQUALITY, IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO
MEASURE INEQUALITY IN WEALTH. THIS USE REQUIRES THAT NOBODY HAS A NEGATIVE NET WEALTH.

8. • THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS CALCULATED AS A PROPORTION OF THE AREAS IN THE LORENZ CURVE DIAGRAM. IF THE AREA
BETWEEN THE LINE OF PERFECT EQUALITY AND THE LORENZ CURVE IS A, AND THE AREA BELOW THE LORENZ CURVE IS B,
THEN THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS A / (A + B).
• THIS PROPORTION IS EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OR NUMERICAL EQUIVALENT OF THAT PERCENTAGE, WHICH IS ALWAYS
A NUMBER BETWEEN 0 AND 1. THE GINI COEFFICIENT IS OFTEN CALCULATED WITH THE BROWN FORMULA, WHICH IS MORE
PRACTICAL:
• { DISPLAYSTYLE G = LEFT | 1- SUM_ {K = 1} ^ {N-1} (X_ {K + 1} -X_ {K}) (Y_ {K + 1} + Y_ {K}) RIGHT |}
• WHERE:
• G: GINI COEFFICIENT
• X: CUMULATIVE PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION VARIABLE
• Y: ACCUMULATED PROPORTION OF THE VARIABLE INCOME
• IN SUMMARY, THE LORENZ CURVE IS A GRAPH OF CUMULATIVE CONCENTRATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
SUPERIMPOSED ON THE CURVE OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDIVIDUALS WHO POSSESS IT, AND ITS
EXPRESSION IN PERCENTAGES IS THE GINI INDEX.

9. • INDEX OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ADJUSTED FOR INEQUALITY (IHDI)
• THE INDEX OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ADJUSTED BY INEQUALITY (IDH-D), PROPOSES A METHOD TO ADJUST THE HDI, IN ORDER TO REFLECT THE
DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS FOR THE POPULATION AND FOR EACH OF THE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS. THAT IS, NOT
ONLY CONSIDERS THE AVERAGE ACHIEVEMENTS FOR A GIVEN COUNTRY (IN HEALTH, EDUCATION AND INCOME), BUT IN TURN TAKES INTO ACCOUNT
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEM THROUGHOUT THE POPULATION, PENALIZING THE AVERAGE VALUE FOR EACH DIMENSION DEPENDING ON HOW
UNEVEN IT IS. IN THIS SENSE, IN AN IDEAL CONTEXT, WHERE THERE WOULD BE PERFECT EQUALITY, THE IDH-D WOULD COINCIDE WITH THE HDI,
WHILE, IN THE PRESENCE OF INEQUITIES, IT WILL BE LOCATED BELOW THE HDI. THEREFORE, WE CAN CONSIDER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH
INDICES (IDH AND IDH-D) AS A MEASURE OF THE COST OR LOSS IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THAT ARISES AS A PRODUCT OF INEQUALITY. IN ADDITION,
WE COULD CONSIDER THE HDI AS A POTENTIAL LEVEL FOR A GIVEN COUNTRY IN TERMS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
• AS FOR HEALTH, IN THE EVENT THAT LIFE EXPECTANCY IS LESS THAN THE NORMAL AGE OF REPRODUCTION, SOCIETY TENDS TO DISAPPEAR. SO IT
SEEMS CORRECT TO SELECT A LOWER CUT EQUAL TO THAT AGE, WHICH WILL BE IN THE RANGE OF 14 AND 20 YEARS. THE IDH TAKES THE VALUE OF
20 YEARS TO ESTABLISH THE LOWER CUT. REGARDING INCOME, A LOWER LOGICAL CUT IS EQUIVALENT TO THE PRICE OF A BASIC SURVIVAL
BASKET AND INCLUDES ITEMS SUCH AS CLOTHING AND BASIC HOUSING. IN THIS SENSE, THE HDI USES US $ 163 PER CAPITA AS THE LOWER LIMIT
FOR THIS DIMENSION. ON THE OTHER HAND, SUPERIOR COURTS ARE TAKEN BOTH AT THE COMPANY LEVEL AND AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. FOR
EDUCATION, A CUT OF 12.6 AVERAGE YEARS OF INSTRUCTION IS ESTABLISHED; 20.6 EXPECTED YEARS OF INSTRUCTION IN TERMS OF HEALTH, 83.2
YEARS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY IS ESTABLISHED AS A HIGHER COURT. FINALLY AT THE INCOME LEVEL THE US $ 51,200 PER CAPITA IS TAKEN AS A
REFERENCE TO ESTABLISH THE UPPER LIMIT.
• FOR LIFE EXPECTANCY, DATA FROM TABLES PROVIDED BY UN-ADES ARE USED, WHILE FOR THE AVERAGE YEARS OF SCHOOLING, DATA FROM
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS AND INTERNATIONAL DATA ARE USED, SUCH AS THE STUDY ON REVENUE FROM LUXEMBOURG, THE DATABASE ON INCOME
DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD BANK, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION'S WORLD HEALTH SURVEY, AMONG OTHERS.
• ONE OF THE MAIN CRITICISMS RECEIVED BY THE HDI ADJUSTED FOR INEQUALITY LIES IN THE INABILITY TO ASSOCIATE, THAT IS, THE COMPARISON
BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IS NOT ENTIRELY ACCURATE DUE TO THE DIFFERENT SOURCES FROM WHICH THE DATA USED IS DERIVED.
SECONDLY, QUESTIONS ARISE REGARDING THE RIGOROUS QUALITY OF THE DATA USED TO CONSTRUCT THE INDICATOR. IN CERTAIN OCCASIONS,
IN THE ABSENCE OF OFFICIAL DATA OR OF RELIABLE SOURCES, IT IS NECESSARY TO RESORT TO SOURCES THAT ARE NOT ENTIRELY RELIABLE AND
THAT, THEREFORE, COULD BE PROVIDING ERRONEOUS DATA. AT THE DIMENSIONAL LEVEL, IT IS POINTED OUT THAT DATA ON YEARS OF
SCHOOLING DO NOT REFLECT AN EXACT INEQUALITY. AS AN EXAMPLE: A COUNTRY THAT TAKES AN AVERAGE OF 6 YEARS TO COMPLETE A PHD IS
MORE THAN A COUNTRY THAT TAKES AN AVERAGE OF 4 YEARS

10. • A PROPOSAL TO UPDATE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE
COUNTRIES, IS THROUGH THE MEASUREMENT OF THE HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDEX ADJUSTED TO THE INEQUALITY OF EACH
COUNTRY (IDHD), WHICH IS A MEASURE THAT SHOWS THE MOST
GENERAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF EACH COUNTRY, BECAUSE
NOT ALL THEY HAVE THE SAME WEALTH AND THE OPPORTUNITY
FOR GROWTH IS ALSO UNEQUAL.4 THAT IS WHY WE WILL SHOW
THE FOLLOWING CLASSIFICATION THAT COULD BE MORE
ACCURATE, WHERE THE MAXIMUM IDHD IS 1.00 AND THE
MINIMUM IS 0.00.
• COUNTRIES WITH IDHD OF 0.800 OR MORE ARE FIRST WORLD
• COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.700 TO 0.799 ARE SECOND
WORLD
• THE COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.600 TO 0.699 ARE THIRD
WORLD
• COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.500 TO 0.599 ARE FROM THE
FOURTH WORLD
• THE COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.400 TO 0.499 ARE FROM THE
FIFTH WORLD
• THE COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.300 TO 0.399 ARE FROM THE
SIXTH WORLD
• COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.200 TO 0.299 ARE SEVENTH
WORLD
• COUNTRIES WITH IDHD FROM 0.100 TO 0.199 ARE FROM THE
EIGHTH WORLD

11. • MEXICO IN THE LIST OF COUNTRIES BY HDI
• MEXICO RANKS 77TH IN THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, WHICH DOES NOT EVEN REACH THE TOP 30 OF THE LIST MADE BY THE UNITED NATIONS THAT CONSIDERS 188 COUNTRIES.
• FROM LATIN AMERICA, CHILE APPEARS IN POSITION 38 OF THE RANKING, WHILE NORWAY IS THE FIRST PLACE.
• AT FIRST GLANCE, THE LEVEL OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA SEEMS TO BE INCREASING: THE REGION ONLY LAGS BEHIND EUROPE AND ASIA IN THE LATEST REPORT OF
THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP), WHICH ASSESSED WELFARE IN 188 COUNTRIES DURING 2016.
• MEXICANS CURRENTLY HAVE A LIFE EXPECTANCY OF 76 YEARS AND AN AVERAGE OF EIGHT YEARS OF SCHOOLING
• MEXICO IS AMONG THE COUNTRIES WITH THE FASTEST PROGRESS IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE LAST TWO DECADES, SAID ON THURSDAY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM (UNDP), WHICH PRAISED THE PROGRAM OF CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER OF THE COUNTRY AS A WAY TO COMBAT POVERTY.
• THE UNDP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013, PUBLISHED ON THURSDAY IN THE MEXICAN CAPITAL, UNDERLINES THAT THE PROGRESS REGISTERED IN ALMOST ALL THE WORLD IN
TERMS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1990 AND 2012 WAS PARTICULARLY ACCENTUATED IN 40 NATIONS OF DIFFERENT REGIONS, INCLUDING BRAZIL, CHILE AND MEXICO.
• THE DOCUMENT, SUBTITLED "THE RISE OF THE SOUTH: HUMAN PROGRESS IN A DIVERSE WORLD", PLACES MEXICO IN 61ST PLACE ON ITS LIST OF 187 COUNTRIES, ACCORDING TO ITS
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI), WHICH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT INCOME PER CAPITA. CAPITA, LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ACCESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION, AMONG OTHER
COMPONENTS.
• IT ALSO INDICATES THAT THE MEXICAN HDI HAD GROWTH RATES OF 0.89% FROM 1980 TO 1990, FROM 1% FROM 1990 TO 2000, FROM 0.64% FROM 2000 TO 2010, AND FROM 0.59% FROM
2000 TO 2012.
• WITH AN HDI OF 0.775, THE COUNTRY IS AMONG THE NATIONS WITH HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ABOVE OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN REGION SUCH AS
COSTA RICA (0.773), GRENADA (0.770), ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (0.760). ), TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (0.760) AND VENEZUELA (0.748).
• HOWEVER, IT LAGS BEHIND URUGUAY (0.792), CUBA (0.780) AND PANAMA (0.780), THE REPORT ADDS.
• AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF THE INDEX, MEXICO HAS A LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH OF 77.1 YEARS, 8.5 YEARS AVERAGE SCHOOLING AND A GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA OF
12 THOUSAND 947 DOLLARS.
• UNDP PRAISED THE OPORTUNIDADES DE MÉXICO PROGRAM, DESIGNED TO INCREASE THE INCOME OF POOR FAMILIES AND SUBJECT TO CHILDREN'S SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, MEDICAL
CHECK-UPS AND PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY MEETINGS THAT PROVIDE INFORMATION ON HYGIENE AND PERSONAL HEALTH.
• HE SPECIFIED THAT IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS IN THE WORLD, WHICH DISTRIBUTED ABOUT 3 BILLION DOLLARS TO ABOUT 5 MILLION FAMILIES IN 2012.
• "THE PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO DISRUPT THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY," SAYS THE REPORT.

13. • CONCLUSION
• AFTER THIS WAY OF ADJUSTING THE CONVENTIONAL HDI, IT WOULD SEEM TO UNDERLIE A DIFFERENT NOTION OF DEVELOPMENT,
WHICH WOULD NOT ONLY BE CONSIDERED BASED ON OBTAINING BETTER AVERAGES IN EACH OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS, BUT
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS IS GIVEN THROUGHOUT OF THE POPULATION BECOMES A KEY FACTOR. THEREFORE,
CONSIDERING THE IDH-D THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL EQUALITY WOULD BECOME PART OF THE CONCEPTION OF DEVELOPMENT.
ADJUSTING THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX FOR INEQUALITY WOULD ALLOW US TO APPRECIATE WHETHER A CERTAIN LEVEL OF
DEVELOPMENT FOR A POPULATION IS REACHED BY A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE POPULATION OR ONLY BY A PRIVILEGED MINORITY.
DESPITE ITS LIMITATIONS, THE METHOD IS A GOOD TOOL TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE WITH THE POTENTIAL HDI THAT A GIVEN
COUNTRY CAN REACH IF IT HAD A BETTER DISTRIBUTION OF THAT DEVELOPMENT. THE LOWER THE INEQUALITY, THE GREATER THE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION TO HAVE ACCESS TO HIGHER QUALITY HEALTH AND EDUCATION,
DIRECTLY AFFECTING GREATER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. TO ILLUSTRATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE HDI ADJUSTED FOR INEQUALITY,
CONSIDER AN EXAMPLE. TWO ECONOMIC POWERS, THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, ARE COMPARED, WHICH PRESENT A
SIMILAR HDI (0.914 AND 0.911 RESPECTIVELY). IN THIS CASE, DESPITE REGISTERING SIMILAR LEVELS OF HDI, IF WE ADJUST IT TO
THE INEQUALITY, GERMANY IS MUCH CLOSER TO ACHIEVING ITS POTENTIAL HDI THAN THE UNITED STATES, HAVING A LOSS IN THE
RESPECTIVE SUBJECT OF 7.1% OF GERMANY AGAINST 17 , 4% FROM THE UNITED STATES. IN THIS CASE, IT CAN BE SEEN THAT
DESPITE OBTAINING SIMILAR HDI, WHEN CONSIDERING THE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE POPULATION, THE RESULTS ARE MIXED.
THEREFORE, IF WE CONSIDER EQUALITY AS A DESIRABLE OBJECTIVE, THE HDI-D WOULD BE MORE SUCCESSFUL, AS A LESS
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS WOULD BE A SIGN OF A MORE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE
LONG TERM.
• JUAN DANIEL ALDABA TORRES . (2018, 18 DE MARZO). MEXICO HDI OBTENIDO DE HTTP://HDR.UNDP.ORG/EN/DATA/

14. • JUAN DANIEL ALDABA TORRES . (2018, 18 DE MARZO). MEXICO HDI OBTENIDO
DE HTTP://HDR.UNDP.ORG/EN/DATA/