Spectrometers are instruments that identify, measure, and analyze the specific wavelengths of light or other radiation absorbed, emitted, or scattered by chemical substances or physical samples. Common types of spectrometers include UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopy uses light in the visible and near-UV and infrared ranges to determine concentrations of substances. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by chemical bonds to determine a sample's molecular structure. Raman spectroscopy detects the inelastic scattering of laser light to identify materials based on their molecular vibration and rotation signatures.

1. Types of Spectrometer
Topic
Submitted By
Jageshwar Sahu
(M.Sc 3rd Sem Chemistry )
Guided By
Mr. Prashant Mundeja Sir
ID:- MU19MCH046

2. Contents:-
Introduction
History of Spectrometer
Common Types of Spectrometer
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Infra Red Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Uses

3. • Spectrometers are instruments used to identify,
measure, and analyse specific wavelength of substance
along a spectrum that is a group of related data.
• These spectra are different for every element.
• It is the measurement of these responses and an
instrument which performs such measurement is a
Spectrometer or Spectrograph.

5. Common Types of Spectrometer
 Fluorescence Spectroscopy.
 X-ray spectroscopy & Crystallography
 Flame spectroscopy
1. AES
2. AAS
3. AFS
 Plasma emission spectroscopy
 Spark or arc emission spectroscopy
 UV/Vis spectroscopy
 IR spectroscopy
 Raman spectroscopy
 NMR spectroscopy
 Photo thermal spectroscopy
 Thermal IR spectroscopy
 Mass spectroscopy

6. Spectrometer

7. 1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
It basically involves the spectroscopy of photons and
spectrometry
It used light in the visible and adjacent near ultraviolet (UV) and
infrared (IR) ranges.
UV/V spectroscopy is routinely used in the quantitative
determination of sol. of transition metal ion and highly
conjugated organic compounds.
For the quantitative measurements Beer’s Lambert law is
followed.

8. Application:-
Determination of impurities.
Control of purification.
Determination of unknown concentration.
Determination of molecular weight.
Study of kinetics of chemical reaction.

9. 2. Infra Red Spectroscopy
Introduction:-
The absorption of IR radiations causes the various bonds in a molecule
to stretch or bend with respect to one another.
1. Near IR Region 0.8 – 2.5 micron Rotational Spectroscopy
2. Mid IR Region 2.5 – 15 micron Vib-Rotational Spectroscopy
3. Far IR Region 15 – 200 micron Overtone or harmonic
Wave length (micron)
0.8 2.5 15 200
Near IR Mid Far IR
Region IR Region Region
12500 4000 667 50
wave number per cm
Band intensity is either expressed as absorbance or transmittance.

10. Types of Vibration In A Molecule
Two fundaments types:-
A. Stretching
B. Bending
A. Stretching:-
The distance between the two atom increases or decreases but the
atoms remain in the same bond axis.
B. Bending:-
The position of the atom changes with respect to the original bond axis.
NaCl
Na+ Cl-

11. • Symmetric
• Asymmetric
• Scissoring
• Rocking
• Wagging
• Twisting

12. INSTRUMENTION
Single Beam IR Spectroscopy

13. Double Beam Spectroscopy

14. 1. Fundamental Bond:-
If the follow ΔV=±1
selection rule than got a fundamental bond.
1. Pure Fundamental Bond:-
If the follow
ΔV=±1 and ΔJ=±1 selection rule than a got pure
fundamental bond.
1. PQR Branches:-
ΔJ = -1 (P) 0 to -1
ΔJ = 0 (Q) 0 to 0
ΔJ = +1 (R) 0 to +1

15. V = 4
V = 3
V = 2
V = 1
V = 0
If band has start in excited level.

17. Application:-
To establish the identify of two compounds.
To determine the structure of a new compound
from its functional groups.
To determine the nature of contaminants in a
molecule.
For quantitative analysis of component in the overall
mixture.
For the quantitative analysis of contaminants in
given sample.
Some advanced physical properties of the materials.

18. 3. Raman Spectroscopy

20. The emitted radiation is of three types
 Stokes Scattering
 Rayleigh Scattering
 Anti Stokes Scattering
(A) Stokes (B) Rayleigh (C) Anti- Stokes
HS
ES =
+2
GS = 0
LS = -2

22. Application:-
Elucidation of molecular structure.
Nature of chemical bond.
Quantitative analysis of mixture.
Mechanism of tautomerism.

24. For your attendance…….