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Dr. Nuala O'Connor, GP Elmwood Medical Practice
1. Tackling Antibiotic Resistance -
The GP’s Role
Why should all of you be
worried ?
What can you do ?
DR Nuala O Connor ICGP Lead HCAI AMR
Health Care Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
National Primary Care Conference Kilkenny November 2014
2. “WHO’s first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals
serious, worldwide threat to public health” APRIL 2014
“Without urgent, coordinated action by many stakeholders, the world
is headed for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and
minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again
kill,” BBC WORLD NEWS
3. E.coli resistant to 3rd generation
Cephalosporins
2002 2012
Overall consumption of antibiotics is less/ use more narrow spectrum than broad spectrum
4. Antimicrobial resistance trends:
Bloodstream infections in Ireland: 2002-2012
Data source: HPSC/EARS-Net
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Proportion resistance
Year
Meticillin-Resistant
Staph. aureus
Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus faecium
Penicillin-Resistant
Strep. pneumoniae
Erythromycin-Resistant
S. pneumoniae
Cephalosporin-
Resistant E. coli
Quinolone-Resistant
E. coli
Multiple-Resistant
E. coli
4
5. 25,ooo deaths from
multi-drug resistant
organisms each year in
Europe
HCAI from resistant bacteria-
Difficult to treat, prolonged
illness, hospital stays, risk of
death
“SUPERBUGS “
6. Why has this problem of Antibiotic resistance emerged?
Multifactorial
Increasing complexity of
healthcare
Ageing population
Concerns about ‘missing sepsis’
Overuse of broad spectrum
agents
Failure to de-escalate from broad
spectrum to narrow spectrum
Not sending specimens to lab
Not acting on lab reports
Overly lengthy treatment
courses
Lack of awareness about the
issue of resistance among HCW
Lack of patients awareness
about the issue of resistance
Patient compliance issues
Time pressure
Patient pressure
High antimicrobial use in
veterinary sector
Lack of regulation of
antimicrobial dispensing in some
countries
Poor sanitation in developing
world
7. How can general practioners help?
What’s different about countries with low
rates AMR
• Overall consumption of
antibiotics is less.
• Greece and Cyprus use 3
times more antibiotics
per head of population
than Netherlands
• Use more narrow
spectrum Antibiotics than
broad spectrum.
Primary Care Antibiotic Consumption
Rates
8. Ireland DDD’s
Year Rate
2003 20.34
2004 20.19
2005 20.50
2006 21.09
2007 22.03
2008 21.00
2009 20.23
2010 19.75
2011 22.55
2012 22.80
2013 23.66
Primary Care Antibiotic
Consumption Rates
80 % of antibiotics
Community
9. Antimicrobial Use % Prevalence HALT
Ireland V Europe
If you are resident in an Irish nursing home, you are more than twice
as likley to be on an antibiotic than in any other European Country
39% prophylaxis
Majority
prescribed
within
LTCF by
GPs and
directly-employed
doctors
10. Demystify Antibiotic
Stewardship
Ensuring you prescribe the
right antibiotic for the patient
in front of you at the right time
with the right dose duration
and route for the condition you
are treating causing the least
amount of harm to that
patient and future patients
11. Every time we consider
prescribing GP’s need
to ask themselves …….
Is this antibiotic really necessary ?
12. If you decide to
prescribe ask the
following questions ?
What do I tend to prescribe for a
particular condition?
Is it the right drug for this condition ?
Is it the right dose for the patient
sitting in front of me ?
How long do I tend to prescribe it
for?
What investigations, if any, do I use
to support my decisions?
Do I know about the Irish primary
care prescribing guidelines and am I
using them?
13. Narrow versus broad-spectrum
Penicillin V for strep throat Co amoxiclav for strep throat
GP’s need to think more scientifically – what are you treating ?
14. Am I keeping my patients Safe
from Antibiotic Side-effects
Nausea vomiting , diarrhoea ,rashes
Toxicity from prolonged use – nitrofurantoin for UTI
prophylaxis and pneumotoxicity
Toxicity from idiosyncratic reactions –liver failure with co
amoxiclav
Toxicity when dose not reduced or incorrect antibiotic
used for patients with chronic kidney disease
Interaction with other medicines – statins and macrolides
C. diff overgrowth leading to serious infection after few
doses of antibiotic
Serious Allergic reactions
15. Every time we consider
prescribing GP’s need
to ask themselves …….
Have I consulted the antibiotic
guidelines recently?
www.antibioticprescribing.ie
17. 1. Community Resistance Data Tool
2.Antibiotic prescriber feedback
mechanism for all Patients
Gp owns the Data -used for Quality
Improvement
Collaboration between iPCRN, ICGP,
Primary Care Directorate, Patient
Quality and Safety , HCAI AMR
Clinical Care Programme
Improve patient care
Audit requirements for medical
council
18. Public Antibiotic Awareness Campaign
Explain why we need to need to preserve this
Taking antibiotics
for colds and flu?
There’s no point.
A cold or flu is caused by a
virus and antibiotics do not
work on viruses.
talk to your GP or pharmacist or visit www.hse.ie
precious resource
Antibiotics can kill bacteria.
They have no effect on viruses
such as head cold, flu, chickenpox.
They will not reduce a fever
They will not relieve pain.
Rest, fluids and TLC important
part of recovery from all
infections.
Do they know how to take them
correctly?
20. Things you can do now to help
reduce Antimicrobial Drug resistance
Do not prescribe antibiotics unless
there is a definite clinical
indication to do so
Prescribe first line recommended
antimicrobials – 5 antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav is not a first-line drug
for the common conditions
encountered in General Practice
Prescribe phenoxymethylpenecillin
for tonsillitis unless the patient is
truly allergic to penicillin.
Restrict macrolides to patient with
true penicillin allergy or definite
clinical indication e.g mycoplasma
Review any patients in LTCF on
prophylactic treatment for UTI
Develop simple antibiotic
prescribing policy for your
practice and for nursing home
residents based on
www.antibioticprescribing.ie
Possible idea for audit
requirement's 2014/2015 cycle
21. Mutltifactorial
Global Strageties
National Strageties
Healthcare workers
Professional Respsonsibility
Public recognise they role they
must play
Stop the spread of infections
Promote immunisation
Encourage appropriate use of
antibiotics in humans and
agriculture
Support development of new
WHAT CAN WE DO ? antimicrobial agents
22. Some signs of improvement 2014
Community Antibiotic
Consumption first half 2014 Use of co amoxiclav
23. Keeping Antibiotics Safe And Effective
For Future Generations …
Dept of
Health
HSE
Pharmacists
Surgeons
Dept of
Agriculture
gp
Patients
Vets
Physicians
..it’s
everyone's
responsibility
Editor's Notes
In april this year the who published its first global report on antibiotic resistance . I will read a quote form one of the Headlines around the world that day ….there is a real sense of urgency among world experts that time is running put. The antibiotic's we have now are probably the best we will ever have . We cannot expect a steday supply of novel antibitocs and we must all act now to preserve this precious resource for future generations .
These are 2 maps showing e. coli resistance to 3rd generation cephalsporins in blood stream isolates collected by EARRs which is european wide reporting system . There are a fe things I want o draw your attention too . Green is good meaning low levels of résistance red is bad meaning high levels of resistance and orange and yellow in between. Look at the rise in résistance in the 10 year time frame. I could show you another 20 maps different bug different antibiotc but the same pattern apart form MRSA which is the only good news story . Id also like to draw your attention to the northern southern europen divide with ne countries less reistance than soutern euoprean . There are 2 main reason for this ……..
Why should we worry abut theses multi drug resistant organisms or the suberbugs as I like to call them . Well it is estimated they are responsible for 25,000 deaths each year in europe . While I in no way mean to belittle the enormous tragedy west aftica is facing with EBOLA when you compare the few deaths in europe form ebola to the silent growing epidemic of superbugs it is something we cannot ignore. The world is a very different place . Irish people are travelling all the tiem . The demographics of ireland are changing , we have peole resident here form all over the world and they travel home for weddings, funerals and holidays and the bugs are hitching a ride.
If you are resident in an Irish nursing home you are more than twice as likley to be on an antibiotic than in any other european country
Emphasize that most antibiotics are prescribed and consumed in the community not hospitals, not vetinary so community prescribers have a very signifgant role to play in the fight against AMR
There is no indication to prescribe anything other than penicillin v for strep throat even with invasive group B strep
Co amoxilcav most commonly prescribed antibiotic in our nursing homes and in general practice Uti studies yet not first line drug
We prescribe far more macrolides that our European counterpart but no evidence we are more allergic
Apart from unnecessary antibiotic use contributing to the growing problem of antimicrobial drug resistance they can also cause harm to patients and we need to think carefully before we prescribe them . Many antibiotics cause nausea vomiting or diarrhea especially infants and younger children . All have toxicity potential interact with other medicines sometime with very serious consequence's e.g prolongation of Qt interval macrolides and statins leading to increased risk od sudden cardiac death and of course we all know that serious anaphylaxis can occur
Prescribing guidelines for primary care are updated as appropriate and widely distributed to all community settings.
Feedback on individual prescribing data to GPs is established to encourage targeted prescribing of narrow spectrum antimicrobials.
An audit tool for prescribing which meets professional competence requirements is considered.
Timely national/local antimicrobial resistance data is fed back to GP’s
There is adequate access to microbiological laboratory services with quick turnaround time, electronic feedback of results and microbiology consultant advice .
Most common infections don’t need antibiotics – they get better by themselves.
Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them puts your health and the health of your family at risk.
If your doctor decides that you do need an antibiotic, make sure you take it exactly as prescribed and complete the course. “By the time I am sick enough to contact or visit a doctor because of a cold I usually expect to get a prescription for antibiotics”
48% of the public disagreed with this statement so as GP’s we are probably in a stronger position to to reassure our patients when an antibiotic is not needed than we realise .