Potentiometry: Terminology, potentiometer, principle, various half cells & electrodes, relation pH to potential, types and curves of potentiometric titration, methods, applications and advantages

1. Written By
Department of Pharmacy
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

2. _,
(211! ~ r.;l ~ ~N<f)
a-rl'>1: 0 ~ 0 6 5 3 2 8 ..
~141~~ ~
~©"( $1: '}J710-'r "'5.J7 c~I znf)
~ra:c~1-- ~n-0/-
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 1 of 51

3. 1·
______ .:___..L._!======. _J__..;...___;__~-__J
Ef;ec/ric!,J condut!ltviJ>' ""
el~c~ricA/ N~islt:1t1£'e ·
•1
1'1111~ · o( J/1e clc17~1/ed
6d1~~t11Cl"S.
(Jtia nliyl>r f''"pt"t•I/
· · me~6Ul•t.·.d
Me~~ur-emenf o.f ek" Irie
(!Utl~e.tif
~li"''ae i11 /he '"'l~c~ric eorJudtviy
cf ~ ~vlv~"ori in 1h12. ~otAL'Se of a
"· 1y~·lem jn P1~ c~~~ of ().
d1;;n-U<:'o1 J?ead'on • '
'Dc'.pr~·iliC-11 of 1nd"'I ('11 an c:h·f1rcle
under c lt'c!C1y1;~ crnc~i/l"on.
Dcp~ilim r.f tnd"'I 1'.'h cin elec/1.......dt
und.er> · e/ecln:i)Y~i~ ~ndi/r~ ..
Ch,,,rine Jn {Ii~ ~1~~lra:lt yc-/en/,CJ Df
Ch1?>·(1'". jn eledric"r T''"r""li~
('( 111" 7;k111
·• .... -· ·-··· ----·-·------,.-····-·--··-·---------·
···~----···-···~--"·-·····-------··
I' Ir: ,,,,.,/
C.l~~~if;c:.,/1'al1 :., '-·--· --· .. ·-····
('_ IM~ifi'c~J,~n !J<>4<J m :~J,.,utri~nl"-1 tn,:dl,a-1~ trre. rH 1~1/~ :
r I
U•' ~II' l1rrn )T1tid1.
I
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 2 of 51

4. ..i'"". '·
'!° .I !
•[.I
i• :.
. '
'I ..
.. :.;·
,.
L
lt
[
l
..':
...--.;;.,
··f ·volume·i7
:;. c.,,M,~elz
a. Pt•e~;pH~~or.
b. D7iryj·
c.. ~llt-·4~.- :
· ··· · ··a. '~,~~~'hi~frJlpi~·lara.'.1c 'J
r~efope dilu·/im .
~. '.n'M';i~~ ~r~cr~oscorY
F.. Nu~i.eA1t ~M~~N~ni:~esriN~~i!!~~;~·~,~~corr~·(ti~~ : · ,
~ R,~ fi·~donid7 .:_~ M~1Ho1•emal tf ;tiep1tAdiY( inJe~,
'3. 'Polcarime~7 -+ Rel111~1~ 1f toadfa/,'cm , .
~. ~APlOMeTf?,JC. 'Mr:rtto~t.
11II
"
'· '. Totobldimd1T · ~ MeA~urement ·of &plie~ demi?'.
7. 'Nephd~;~';e~,, . .-'T
j.
I
I;
I!
I
,. •!';'! ....
·t R~m"n Gr-elro~CDP/ ,
s: Atl)tJll·~ _'1P~~rplim .s~1~~1;,<· ·
i
i
I
~'
I .,,., ;~f':?C;S~f"i"{'.~'0'"~~~'£'.cl;.i}"'i!·~~~"~""'.·. '. . . . • . . ..• ·: -~· l
i F~-r··· a. Dm<-1.. M•rHOO: . , • • ,, . .
t , 1 . Erni,l)kn GFdf.a~CJ1.•,1(7__.~v.1_,,x.~~~;t1~..I.~~·~i11~ A'J'r ~
I . ·'.'' •'·.,>·.',.:.:.-:,J.f~r,.,· ;::~.-, f -~ . ~, ' - .· -- . •
~·.· ·Luh11ne~~~~·<. ¥~ros~c~. . , ·
5 :·~x-,7 c:7~1~11oa,~rir.
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 3 of 51

5. · -.· ._·' ..,·.. .
l i
I
-.
' '
l . ' -~. :.: i!~
160.~Z- i
''
I . ·.
i
r·
· ... ;:,·
f1
Ei >< ~'z.
lh~. il· Ofn k !Jec,n th~J if Jt; r5ihle lo ~~6LJl't. an unl:b(}tfJn__;m~ el ' by
I ·, . ~ ! . . - I
.~r11rPi6on t~~ Ih a·· "/zt~~ .' _,t~iro~ em r )1' ~;,~' ~· : : .. .·. . . - I .
'I
,
r
~di cf e1r'if S ~ rn~ bc:- u,eJ emd ~ corre$f"nc/~
] /.AD;_ = .~ , .il1etl,
111 pl12<'~ o( fJ , ,~ 11J?rJcbt•lJ
e<1 ti he {ovnc:I en ·/~e JAJire .
,,/-E ". I i
·-.r :" 11'.lJ .
. I
II.. 1 ii !Iv ,.,,, 1·· ,,/ f1,.,o1;,,,,.:· ·ll11•ri11/I' ff"' l11ii'~! i!"• './ ', -ilr<'
( . I .,
I I ·+ ..I .~dl~•-·nc<~_ j,~ !~":~:_1_~--- ~1:~_1>1_!«·ill b-c e~I
1" {1·11 . ·if,c·, ~·I u,.. kd~nu :rtih·l -
-:...---
··/ IJ,, l•'jt•• f"'' t•11i/ f, ''i'f"' ~" I'..·, J 1,,•.·. I 11
,I
./low will you m~~~or-e. E.r>r.r. of~ cdl ·~
_, i~·'li!i~t11ctc 1•·i1·· ,i1t" r{ p11i(,.1111 1111~·~·111~<11 f' cnnp~c/c,,L~J"' "' l;,...1~'7 c'. 1J1-< fje·1J/t~(
,l;f~·1···11 ·11 h...lc•!(·'.n_ ~/Y lc·1~ F;,.1fo ~1!1}~ /114' i··j1~ i~ . f':"l~rlr"onAl 1o 1he di~~nee ~rr"/•'ria /~
.·:.. . . . ' -
ri·+·,, !11,1 NII r/' .cud E i /,l{l:('J• .in vtllu~ /lrt11 c 1!'111 l>e eDnn~C'/e.l Jj~~IJy ··h A tfn..l 1b~"O,~
-;
-,
' ;·.
~~~I"~T~'ff~""~;er~::..r~~1~t~-t~·?t~~~r~i';i{~~{ii~~~~~*~~tt:a?;0~~~zi!i~~!?i:,;{:f~iffs::::.;,ji:s:~~~:j~~~
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 4 of 51

6. I
-f
'i
'
~·
"
-
An~Jecf~clw~cJ c,'I/ ~~f1·of -J,.o /..al( cd{<. S:1c~ h~lf cell i0 !qj<tl;,,
• I ri rYl.P..flA-0 I . '
Cl.. mef~ elec1110Je t-Jn ~ie of i/6 so.It t}o/l)h°on. /her>e~re, ~n e/ec - .
CouR5E No. "1O1
--
,· L -·10 fHAIZMACEUTJCAI., ANALYSIS -II
,/ I (?.] -:-------
' . ~,{;)' . 0
~ 0~g ,--
('V' C) ~,.,
"Menfioh fhe princ~?/e o( fo/enHome/7/ /1"w11; ~ p~&mr?J-cjr t.11~s-© /
A. fotenh~orn-e/rjc rneasure111ents, ~rtZ. foo.~ed on f11e. flierrnod1n~mJc ne)"-lf"n's L'.And
more rrecioeV !he N~~f etJiw}iJ,£~/,,;J, r~lo./es 1li<- ~ten/it..! .J. j/,~ eonren
.c ''l-)1~£0-ol.uh.tr~. . . ._----- '
irt1.ifrm cf c2lec~o ~cJve. species: f,, an e/ectre!hern/cal cell, 1he o;x./dah"im - redi_e·-
--~·m h~lf re~~~rn c~n .be £Nrilten 11) 1he (;ener>J ~rm t:i~ {ol/o<Nti: :
I
. I ~
7hermod;na.ntl'c~l1 {e"6j~I<?, j.e., IJ,e~etlf'1'ett~-4he Pe~dim 1-e~rnrs mo~e b'ke~~b' d c c~un, .fl
. ij
21~0.flJiPI 2 "3·. ~ -+·ri;;·; ~I . A
IS-8~
.s: 1 fl'i(" '1<-<-1((_.,J
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 5 of 51

7. . "'I a .
· 1 .(lJ· _!~ -i>. p
a(q •
E.
-2•303RT
Slopt!. = --
. . nF
1'
. · ~ ~e1iv;i·1e) u~e:!)n 1he Trt'cee.dm0
ecyuiims ,~re rela~{d io !he. Ct'nC"enfra~l'm l)f ff,~
src1e,G .111 a <!ioluh'cm v-
'1 ={C -@
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 6 of 51

8. ,... ........ -·
. "';"--..___. ·1······...
er, E :: £ o- {<. T /t
nf
Iluhere, · . .
I ' i
G,' ~ 6irhh6 free eh"'V •fihe ,;uh~!;,nee in i/s ~nda,.q siak~ . f
. ---R :; lias con5fan/-, v-·
T = Ah~o)tr/e ./emre~atur>e.. ,,,-.
t<Red. 7= Ac.fiviyvf Red~Ue). ~.
ae"). == · Ach'vijrof ~td/te-cl !),/.~
.....
. 6_,~ . . I .
~f le. ol.1-je In :rr;,_ fe~ En<rgY ..,1,.., f,,. " />e~o1im '" n L. Pel,,f.J ../<> f~e. pOT<nf!:! '"
.s_~r~lsP-reactl~ 7. .
· LlCi= -nFE -@
LC,o:: -hF'Bo -@
i~i..;.~. · I'" Fi."-d./ «m~nt &,~,1;oo Coolomb I"'"') .
.,h,~g~ . I I
E0 = 5~~f'1 roleniN for /~ f""/i'cu/~,, ,.,,.../,;,,. . __.
5ub•/ilvJ;"' •f fh< ;~~~?~tA6i ""d Ll6i0 +,,,, ''Y.,A],·"' @ .£.@) Jn/v·.:·.:- .- . . .
''Vrut,J;m cg) Jiel4o - .,
~-
-nPc = -hFE0·+ RT In ....--.r_K.'"-·
a.ex.
. ·'
. . . ~? <
(t coarse, ho h•lf reac/im c•n ocec» a.lMt i&.,ve7 reduef,"aTi musfhe ae•om~~~.
~ • ~ 1imvl/.ne0os. a>.ida/1;,,.. •f <ome cfhep 6f"t~'; $., fhe +"Qe j~ f1,f;f,!;;';"erql •'~
. j;'l'jhe half rea.k""·is "" indic.J,"1 'f1he IJ,<r111011rnarro~, frasibi~J .'f 'fl;,e ~<ac.{t';.r, ~P ..
"CCL>t>l'tn(J·. / /
. Jl c~n k 6hmn fro~ !h<rmocJ.t.mtrv{s fl,,} 1he ah•n8e i~ C:;bb$ fr,...
""'"tl! .for fhe . «yua11Ui1 (j) . is [f••n f;;- - 'f J "'' c · ~ .
~
~61 -= L161o + /?IT {11 ;12d. - @ .
e< Ox.
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 7 of 51

9. a. Reference e/ee/rod. l< r::J d~
b · Indi°c~/i!r 11 ____)
El<'ctrc~ f<e~cH<!11.~
. VJ~n rt<>o e~c/rodes ~{-a. &iJvaru'c cell "'1>e cnnnecfed 7~ o:ind~cH'1) ~'we,
·· cer>fwTI. ehenV~ re~~~i'M 1t7-k'e place. v)Hhin Jhe eel!, ?uch t?ei!!dim. td.11cJ1 invo)vcl -/h«: 1t?or sfer
Stando.rd E)ec/rode PofenJ,'oJ ~
.11- i~ nil po%j hie fo determine /1'e eke/node po~n~~I of A 8iven si~le ek~hck.
f~ J$ ~eMOred Wj fh re~pt~d ~o -Some .g/-<11d~rJ elec/roJe whtch i6 U5wtlJ! .4:nJarcl !zd·,,cu~
el~drock. ~e. pot.in~~ dJ(ferehC'e lidi~eeri fhe ~fan~~.d h;'dro~n li~lf ('ell and f'1e fu,.Jf ce/1.jn
,.---__. .
Oljtie'5ti'an i5 C;<( I/eel ~tardard el-ec·Irod.e rofen}r~I .
' S.ince ·/he e/ec/rode f~<2¥1Jri:1.I of D1~nkrd h;drcrrn J~tfC'dl 1~ ar>hi'/fl:lri7 rJ.~re11
M 5ero, 11'e. el.edrode po/en.Ii"~~ of a. 3i~€11 h~IP (ell is cal/ed it~ ~landa,.,J 11dtc/rocle pofenl/J
wl;"1'1 -fhe eon<'.'enJP<AJiO-ti cf iJi~ i6h5 is 1M, femF~!ire ]!. -<~~ ~nd pre%ore.. j, mairifa.J.,,'d
"'1 j G'JP1~fhe~._ .. ,.
~~~ ·. . ·.
. Cu111•enl js ·lh'! {/Nv of- 4!kdrllll5 /hroi~h et tvir: or aJ eondue./or,
n .: ~.clrode~
07J~ ~.~!U<~;I . ~') )
Elec }rode ls llie mel~ Ilic red ~r ~tr:fp VJ~cJ, l'ondvc/s ekft'Ons rirlo 4-lJ
out of o. Gc/uiiaYJ. Ddermi71~·!16)1 "t pclen/ra.1 inwlves i:.1..t le.-.6/- liuo el-edPodeG ~mep:,ed .·:1
f){cTrode Polen/r,,_/ g
!"'
'lte. polen/1';..I cltff~ren~e. bei1~~·n a rne/"-1 and t>. St1/u/1"M ~onilJ'ntr~ j/~ twr.j~
.~
aleeJroJe p~fenhC-1 of fMJ- de~lroJe er rnefa..l. t:(eclrode rten/1~/ m7 be }i<1° 'i(f"5.
. L[);u·J~1,~ pc/en/1,~.1 7' .ii"vrri8 e/e-clrtn 1ossi118 1endenr.• ... --·--~· 1• -··-
V'b·. Rcdudi'on po1"'n/i',,,/__,,, havinU e/edrm BcJnj,,8 /erJenC'P
-
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 8 of 51

10. ···-·
Ac/'.d JxiGe /,"/r~J,~n.
- (J;,]d,1 J,:m· Reduc/b1 /;j,,"'J,'~, ,
- (",,rnp/er;r::l)rn~J."ic -/i'/rci.p~ .
. - Tra.ifila.fi'm fi'lt'"'fim ,
~oJ·
)'~ -·. . '. - . -;'" ~ of.?) )
'fh1enJ1,of JS /he .!'":Ji llfCcssa7 !o bring Vtv/ f'Sih've e/.,/ric cha"ffe_tor'!' ·
inf),,;~ d;,/•n" lo end p•in/. ')h, e/dric.J polenJ,:J J,penJo •n .Jw, (.c~rs.
t:C !he pP-r/iou/,r md.J and c.Ji-.,, invo/wJ.
lo.. /l1e ttdi'vily 4 iJie C'A./1~ jry 1he ~-o}u/im,
1f.lr•/,·,.,, ln M/J:l._ie end yinf_is def,N~ned ~:,/Ji ihe lie! of •knila./
e"""B' 0 "'lied f,f,n/•'ome/rir. Ji/,,J,c,,. In !hi; i;/"'/,o,,, .p,e, mea.•uremenf oF pokn/t._/ ;,
iMpar/an/- b.>cov•e JI,, poj,,,/;.J der.fopeJ ~ • f",,/,'ou/ar e/ee/Nde immep<eJ in o
00/u/i'i!nis d<l"nkr vn !he T'._'"' of ,;.me •nM;; ;n !he <o/,,/io, and '" ;/s eene.n/P~/lm ln the
;o/c>Ji'". ]!:, f"'/enliotne)eie fiJro;;,,,. ""7 he. of four 'fpes,
I
!
'
'5°•ME DEFIN!T[0{/5 ' :
,, f,/,nh.om~!z : - , "·. ·,
>- po/diomd'l jo "", nn~lz!eal /eeh11iyu-s.i11 ,,.fu;J, 11.e a""°nf of• wk/;,,..,_ in
cob/,;, ;, J,J,..mjneJ e;IJ,.,, di"d7 .; jnJire<17 ·fc,,,. /he >neMvr>emenf cf emf be/«••n
fi11~ e{~c/rodd ·IJA.r~re d;p~i:.1 in/o ·JJ1e :1:10/u}Tl'n.
lf /he COT1M1lr1./1'c,, ofa srlvlim is de!ef'mined torn 0 <inffle rltrrlial m<'a<ure-; ,
menf, Jhen ~. jed,,,;o/1.;_ is c./J,J diced- polen/iome/7
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 9 of 51

11. ·.f. ·: ·.
.j I l
·-·~.--
.111 ..
I ~ •
·:~l
. 1·1 .
i.
-Zn~o...,
sof.,/.-or
Cu~rl.1
-sol,,/1'ori
c 0
' EFZ~hl - E teff
/
~----·
'
l-
~~ fi~U 0rid8~: .
~!!: ~alf cell~ 3ri tJ. <>~eP,o~k,4.J cdl at'<- usuolly (!DOYlfc/ed 7"' /vk ferrrif'd as :;~ft-
. brtdoe. • ~~ -lobe of th~ £,o./t hrrd3e is .f:lled VJZ./'1 ~n e[er/r>~)tte ~ud, a~ No.Cl, I<cl Of" K,_~(l~,.
1h< ~an br;c/r rrc:JVi~ a 17a ~S"-0e io _ion5 .from
1cnc.
'(&mpar·lm~t to ofl~r (Otn?T'f-
t')'l~rit ~iliout ex~en~ive tni:iJ118 of lh~ ~o ~d"'~·6t6•_tJHJdW~11fl11/NA.1h.e drew/ j~ c1>mpH~ and 1t1e
~ltc1ron5. pM1 fu 17 ·lhrbi~ ~ lhe l'-'trt ~ J(..eep H1~ nd· d1Arae '!J!"~ :io th~dwo e"mFrfmenJ.;;e:[1u~ Wi~ '
Hie e{fe<d c)frduci1'0 Hie J~nd'ari _po/en1taJ fo Such o. .;t71o.ll .·val~ f)""-r ;f can be neo1~c/ed •
1he-~ttn 1r1d3t- mo1 he formed by two wa;~ -
@ f.;f'5ly. i h4! ~o ekclrccle.S a~ irnmer'6e::J ;, ~o}uHms cMi~.inecl in ~rar 4':
v~~~~ arJ. }he ~o ~o/oh'oris are conned~d 7 .°' 8/o.~ fvl,e op lnver>ie.J u' G~f c61l~·wr~
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 10 of 51

12. - -·------------- -- -·· ·--
----- ·- ,
:I
I
lfi~ fleotu of ~u,,~nt 1hro-o.aJ, il1e dP~wl- ~ de/er~ined 7. lh~ _ESh of
"lec~0. ~ o.:t ihe o..node a)1d oJ/rach'ct, of' ef~clron5 aJ fhe ~AJhode. /h~ fiiJo force$ con&N/vfe
-- Cfil-~ ff-J.. ~~cJ-nvn/)-fo;;flCvJ · .
1he
1.i~~
~e~
1
or
1e)rcfri<'J
pr£t,Sure '1Mt Ac~ ~~ctcon~H1roi~h fhe c<l'raJ( Jf...;6 dri"1'
. . ,------.
~ree 'is co.lleJ {he ele('·lromoh"ve ~re~ Or>~e/l rolen·l1:"'1 I Tht emf; or cell polerih·J .is 171el.'$Vi'eJ
· . ·t·i · t vo/1.? fv) "-n d o.l'3o re{el'red fn as cell yo) ~~e. ·i l'l . V ill · "'f T ! --1:)-1
.______.., --
ho.If
c
•I
Poien/1--1 ·/o w/J'i:J, ·.
_______:) i
~ E'l.>c/r""I".: . ·
· A, l"e{eren~e_ eke/rod~ P'° crn:JivL'cl1 develops c;. de'{i11i/e
fh, ya~enlW of ~he o11Jer de<-d1-cd1l um be cornr-red · .
foJar Elecleode: · .
- An indlca·l111J e/<?c-/rcd<l ~en~ Jd1i'ch de.velop-z6· '1. po~rrJ1•tt.l fh"-t ~ Jpendanf-
~ ·/h<' q;uan-li~/ of fhe e.ub6f~nc.q_ .iri fh<> 130/u},-m wlv·cJ, toe. /IJL~), ~a mea!ivr-e · ;
~·
Anode
~--·
.
· ~~.l.ecl~olt~e i6 -lhe f>~n -Go/uh·an .:in~ cell.
~rochemic:'~I .(ell ~ - f..6b~
'. ,.... - -A devT-ce ~"' rroduci118 0.11 elec-lrieo.l eu,.,renr from°" d1erru'c""'I re<A~ltbt)
(r(dtn.. re~c~an) 1s ctll<'d ~n el~~Jt,ochern:~) '-'e/),
I /;:{;Ce!/ '. . .
~· ~·-
/ t'1-ch holf of an e/ec}rochemieJ cell, where o:xtdab'm ()ccurs and ineMd.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 11 of 51

13. t-- -
€ - ~" + tzl- QlA_
JI F
~
12 -- Eo -t f.T .L.-
(')...... '
~f (M.'4J.;t
c' I cu:: I/ .z~~ / Zn »:
<'n / Zn~ I/ Cu~: / c: / . ·
.~
,<·.·;;:!
~ I; ·"
' '( ~;~:
._ :1
:;- ;~~
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 12 of 51

14. 't.'llr'~ .....,
c . ···--·---- .•- ......
i~-4:_..~·~:---:-··~··· ·-~,~~~:.._ .. --
-~
.;
!< iJ.,, ~ ~ r=: ~""- ~ ~ u7 ·~ ...f .,/-1,,_ Mµ,.,J;<IYl....
19ci-·~ri ·"""~·. a..;v, C.";re1ig_ ~.• 2.fJC<t ©
_...,.>--'!Ur•.,,"'.._ 'ilYI ..,,~~.,.,._;.,.J, G.U ~ .._ ~ ;,, ~')~.cw.,.,,, ."";+h ;13> ian. -:z_oo~@ . _
;ivU:,~ "- ?'....., ~"'- +<...... ~ p.;~ of'<>-{-;~
117
~'-'-)v'(_:;-- '~ . .:"'-.2..:-~G""V~..-:®
• I
..,,.;--1 . ' .
. . I
? ~be. """ ~.,,.;,_,J r;,1J wJ...n.,., ·.,,, ~ (s . ;,, e.qp..;(,·l.JJ uMi .., ;.n.
S.J.~ ~07, of sl..;DhJl.i <?ai...kl.t.. g..J.f. ~4?JS-i1)
~ /rt/ .. ,,b..;-iJ'
L -,·{,/~/;,,,•I""k""""
--- - "-,'f!:/t::n/1~I
I
'
. /i@ ~i!l"'l?c/7.one e/ec/po~ m7 . Jtid,·oior _
./ ' .~,/,"J,1v ' ,,,,J,,;""d ;,, ,,. Juk ,..,,,,,;,,1 rl / «/u/,:,,, •.;IJ.
11,~~ lobi<7/1,,,virr8 a ~s/r>ide<l ..~peniH~ 7 tAJ~~h
·«dtc}rrctA/c011/tJ.c.f t-oi'll-i lh~ o//K'r J.~/f l'd) 35
,,,,,;n-fa.,j,.J .,.,,<J fh""QI, tof,.,'o~ /J,e k.eI ~o/u/i,,., ;,
"!'""'4 lo !~~/.,.,V n,5 ;,/,., •··erint] 1nain,k:n~
e~,/ric,,1 OYn/ac/ lu/ f"'Yen/s undue. em/imm•Nm . .
of If,. ~o/o~'.m ..Pi ';'/u'cJ, -/he el«/r<:J,,. e,.;,},.,);;,~ Jube ·j, irnm.,;..:j' ./
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 13 of 51

15. Ii,,[.
I
l1
ii
-
,9 - 61, ihe
. /:
_ ~em-2 ',
c"levl~le ilie yolenl"'1 devdo.rd jn l/,e {./lq(;Jmv s1s~m. «n,.i6)"'(;
-cf itvo 110-lf eiZ-11 . vf d;fferen~ tnd~ ·.
5~ / 5n'&.•,,,-;) I/ d're,,,,,-') J Cu
(5tandard e/ee.!rode ro/en/i..ls •f fn ~"J Cu are.
...-~f0 = -r·J3C, t~ncl f0cu "'+0·33-J)-, ~n
-C°~ :Vt 1 ~-' t- o . ') J,)_ z_ ([
0c.eJ
-z D _,,11 X ~
.. ::: -0·~111
p~ten}~~~. 'of n,~- e Icc l11cJe i!, - O· 441 v
L -lf_;..
/.·
'.,
I~
. '
i
i..
(P.Jl!ula~e ~1,~ yolen~ietl ~eve/opt>J ti! ~n e/edNJde con6isli1 of~ ceJmiJtn
e)ec·lrod~ jt;11mf?r>sed jn " 60/u~im. 0 r c!Cldrniutn. irns ~t- Kn ~c /iv'rl; of 0·05·/1 ian/L ,,
(sland•ri.el•clrode pofehj;~I. E0=- o· 1o2 v)
.'
L -1 '3
l
!:
j
j
1
1
i -
~·!
i
l:J -.
J
<i·
[
"J.,
1.j
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 14 of 51

16. ·"':'"---- ..
i.
I
i
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 15 of 51

17. 6
1.S -
:1
;i
. Pf J C + ~.....
: . 0 ,'?. • .d
~(--ff-~~e~et1C!hd{7) ~,., ~uJ, (. htil( <4e// CM:/~ 'be ~rtlkn ss -
~o + ne = y£-I'- ~-
/.c•h<'·~, 0" O ,Jd~d ~""' }it!.,. ~rfrle1 kins ~Jws:J.
R = r<edl'e~d frm / -ihe /'¬ Jx.lionprodU<!C
n == Number> C'f e]~c1rioh$ inw{v~cl jh /t1e rE?a<!Ji'ttn.
rx-}- l ::: s.ki'.chitimetrT-~ coe.fr;cienfo. -----
v
af &i- 41 =- Ac./lvili~-7 e f- lhe ~pecies ·O s. Rt r-e~r<!Jtvejr,
...---- ··~-- rrvl(,.h a
"[he Nerner eq;tx1iion fr ht>-lf ce/16 -0f ·/Jv+ ((.~ .2~~ is :
E ::: E" +· ~·0?91 I t:t~ .
n oa =zr: ~() ~R,- .
An ~mrle o~ ~ /1(1 If cell ctinitttn1 ~...·ci t,o/ub/~ ~rd(?5 in e'Vw.fibrium
yt I fl,:l + Fe: ~
f'>e~c1im tir iJJ:, "'{~c.tJrode i~ - . _ ·
r '3t + _ 0 2+- / ~ ·
re e -+ re / --/' ·
~-
S, ~0 ~o/vb)< <f'oj~ h eCvL<j/jbdum d!" inePf- e/ec/rodl' :
1 1
,
. · ·' . •-A.7 ~j(
· Jn ~J,vyt, h"I(~If, 1J,e ~f'luf~ C(ln"/:u'ns iNu 6o[ohle ~p~('~ 1Mf~. lo-~-- ..
• r ,.,, ,..,,, .1J.•· I .
conve•f .Jo encf. ct/-i.1r 1J~~ ·,;;:;JJ,~~re~cJi~~b ;rch Jj,,J lhe .,/,driMI
'P°lert/iAI J.w/"l"'d tr<!/ he le~ .Jc " J"'kh!1ome}er, ;Jf 1~ nec..ssa7 11""+ S•m~ . .·
mel•i/i• e/drode k-inser/ed :inlo ~h; nc/uJ;(t4h;s~~~o~hov/J nor¥tr rL~~j,. i.
e~ in~ ~ · td JJ, JJ,~ !3o[uii~~J be tncJr-1[ e;()me ine,.,f m~Jtt/,
lY.JUC)y~ f>~
'- _..If 8enl!!rcJ of1(l.(r~m of " heIf c~ll c(lrr/ctWtio itvo ~~/ul,/~ bpeale!, }6 : •
~···
I
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 16 of 51

18. ,-~.. .
·.;. .........~-....._. c : .
I.
i
'"f .. ;
, .
.!
_I ..
- ,.. ·
'.,_.· .~-.:;' -
= +o ''4~-t /
/
,)0'
·-"-~=t O• 83r -·.o··p7<j·"f
+0·2i? v t~'(;. ~dio.,
. -~. - -~ .·~ ~
··i:.
Cu
a;. z+• L.U -'v
fCu = E O + 0·(')·~1
·,to. n
..' '; '~-} ,:, : .;_
·Ar Cu
·r:..-.-.... -~- __;. ;
", ..
.. -·:",.... ~
.f ::..·fo·;"-+~-~·.Q~~-k.::f· - ~- .. . .
Sn ~ 'n - - ro--l-1 ·:z+ ...
U ~n
·· · J·=- ·~0·:1 ~r+:·:o·o~~}-·:. · .. ··
. - 2- . .t~e 'G~~~~2j .
"~-~~0~13c ~;:-D,:([3" .. ··"' _:,....
,6~1rj:~~oi•·,~~ ..,-~- ;: ' j~~··.... ~ - ---:....~-~~~:'.:,. 1
e·~~ .~ ~o·J 71 ~. ::- ':',.:,·
A+
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 17 of 51

19. -' .
I
: ) !
. !
:1 J...I•.
! l
E ==- .r·922. v
S•' 11.e rimli,J of plo.~·nolr) €kolro.k ~ tJ '922.v Al)j.·
~/
i ~
!...-'.
! ! ;
'.
I
'
. I ,
Gt-lu#on :
1J,e. el(clr-od.(. ~~llc~M ~
'
, c'io/-+ +1n++ ,~- ~ ~c,,~t+ 7~0
I
!
I,
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 18 of 51

20. -®
- t .. a+ .
MnD1 + ~SH + ~e -)- Mn +: ~HzO
R•fr<~rrliiio IV ll _7 as lyclro3en ~· and ..._-/,,· tno/~es 1n
e.J11.Ut-~i<11 @. t..Ue e~n tvri/e -
y ~ r
c =- Eo+- 0·0?91 lo ~o. "'H+-
n 8 (1Y (}.~
. · f?t' H~D
~.. diMe sokJi<'llS, -ft.._ Mir+ Of. Mil{,,. is {..ten
· xO + ·pk' + n€ = 7Rr + tV Z : (D
L<1here, 0 = 7Ti"'6c-bs/,,,..... be~ redt:eed . · ·
. fZ. =- Milin '7Edualron rr>oduc~. . . . . .:' .
I . . '
IA! = Some ~H.er sf"'iec en/er"r} {he ~u.lr"cn ~c!'}r"".
z : .5ome rrJrrf o/her than /he ""''"' redo-~6ri r"""""
n =· Numb 8f 4Zk(!~ons invo(veJ in 111e .-.~(!~~. ·-.
-x,7,p s: ~ ::: . ~./oichiome~rc c.oe/(,'cfonfo.
1);e 7'krnsf- eiyl<d.Jirn Mn foe wril/.n <1~ -
$( p
E:: Eo+ RT/ ~c· °'w-
np n o.Y ,,,11
/?. • "~ z:
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 19 of 51

21. ';;
Ii
I'
!j
'i
'
/1-;'1hle I A rrrl 1'f H2. 8"~ j6, .acl~rl,eJ on flie Aur(a('~ plo.~nr5ed r'"'~·nvtri dee_/,.ode NiJk
t':l'.('(45 · o~ Hz 8''11 e~N 1hr{l1h fJ,-e hole,
~iflnd~1,d r'-roffn el~clrcd~ j.; ,~.,,if1eti di(0r~rrmit1/1~11IJr :
Tf I ~~ f H+ . ''I ~"1A/m) {t'=lM} V -c,
1J1<?.. ~nJ~rC"I J;>dt>oven el~c/rode 1n7 acf M t<n Anode or eti.·fhtde Je-pend'1
vpm ihe (,u,lf ('ell tA-1Hh t.J/11~ch iJ · i1 cciL·pled 7 met1ns cf ·l'1e ~"n 'bridffe , Hz 8A$ .~
c?Q·J~ecl fo H-irn , td1en 111f t/edrode 15 ~noda. tnd /lie. reve~e J?e"dtm 1~kes f!.h.,e._
td1en f~ eleeirodQ i'i c"llicJ~·
0dool1-;.,,' J,olf c<ll re•c/lm, ~ /<.'riilen ~•-
. ~Hik2H+ t Ze" ~ H
· ('1 ==1:1) · !2.. ~::j p.~m)
~- ~) ~2fi~•IM)f2e-~
Tf « Iyclrioven ~J~cfrod-e .i~ initnersed in ~n o..ciq .sdv~1"eri, 1h-e. pH of ""',/Jcl,
p, t,<; del-ermin'2~ et+ ihe l1t'-!r ~ell c:re avplecJ /t.;rlh tl1'2 nt1rmJ fyd"'199en '2/~drod~ ~
rneco19. ct Gt>-~r@.ted K~I ~ttli brt~c)Q_ .in e,,der k elinJriJ~ f/1e Jfywd jun(!titrr1 polenhlJ•
lhe eleclromoh"ve tree c1f fhe ~Gul]t"f} cell crin ~f' 1:4"-I cu/AteJ 1n fJ,e ~l/owm0 tt17--
vf[ /n2 nt~·i;// 'll 1 H"@' ·•J / pc
[:. :=. Eo - o·o~~i le C2/
. n 0 · /C1
; o - . c·C'li9l l('8 7j,+ .....-- v
·' _:.1_ ___.._
= ~ o·o?91 p"
• II - E
, • p . - - Cl•D19.1
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 20 of 51

22. ~/Pt wire
·,. ,/::'11.z,
_ ~-~> ~= l eal"')
7-----
" Rr
E =- f + - fn2.F
r.~n:;/rudiC'n :
/he f,/rtrJird ~Jrofl~m e/u}t>0de (t;HS} .1~.
c<n£./A.el.d {r0tnA rl·~·num ,oiee. .fi.,uJ in a.ol~~ Me
~nd i·,~Vi a: £1-rimg.' rJ~h'nurn p/ttfe , evi fh 0. fin'(7 .. ·
Jiv1d~ { p/Ah"nvm b/Ctc/<. lhe p~hnurn pl(.~e. priovtd~ "' ·
/•ro• ~r)l>i;.,.~ Clret: .f<r 7Jr'V<11 Jo o•l. 1td<crheJ Ch ii • .
t< ~!-'~" ~vbq_ hM ({n inl~~ ~/em at ifs ~p {or> enfe,.irt] ·
pure ~~ 8'16 "'-t 1 cdm "'' i~c iri·/o 11i~ ~trJ .;Ju/r'm.
<!an~- in ~ .V{a% ve'iJ.dd ,01.d t1M ( nvmher c?f
··-~·-------__,
h~•; '·~ iIs !,....,.e f,r Ih< e~Mpe o{ e«e.ss H.z. - 8M . I'~:~-kiid.ird iyq,.;,d~~ f/,;,Ji:tidf
1T1e -S~ndt?,.,d h;'dro3en e)ec/rode dewlofS a poJenJi~ t0/J~h is
ci....,lfiir~ri~ ~on5ichrt·d fo be j~O ~nd P-l/ olher e[ecJ,.~dls Jev•?lop tJ.. pof~nb'eJ
1d..:~h · m7 be posi/ive or neg~·{1"ve ,...j 1h Y'~-5pecf .fo . H2 - elec}rod{ , 7Ji" To/en~1"'4.I of
5ttt nr'1rd Jydt>o0en £!:/EclroJe. tan he IA-'t"i/l(?n O.S - .
3. .c;fl/uri:i.ied Po/a'>t;;vrn ~lphAf~ E}ec/ro~e .
4. ~j/wr - ~Uwr- ch/orrc/~ f ledrod~ ;
5. }Je.6/on EJ~c~ode· ..
J/1S~n~rd IJclro/}en tleclt'ode. , .
/ L"-lome) f le~/rode .
~ RePEJ?,ENCE ELEcrrwb.i;:s
. - .
,_Re~.r:.ehi'e e[eC'J1-.ode ~n ~e eliv7deJ in/o Rve c/agsef, .
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 21 of 51

23. ':i
ii
!
'.~
· ~r~duc:l~tin ""tlclim i~ - ·
He2C!z + 2e- ~ 2. HD t 2er
Jn_ U1e cJome/ elte/,.,~~, 11< mdttl e;J~f':in .t> ecyU:lr°briutn jn
~r-:IL't'"-J~d 60/ution of ~lW1iI/ 5c/uble Galt CtlC'me/ /,".If all rntt! be ~ere~~nfecl ~.; folfm,1t ;
Hffw I Hai"i.{?t:tliJ I l<c.1 (aAfJ
'
/(lne
C.ipill~riy.
r=:
[ ... -- · 1.--f(e?C/1VC'fP
. .. r.
~~ F' So0{111·c>I• .,.., F''
l }! / (,o/o/,,
{, . .·J I .'.· .r >... • / ~- ---
1 ••• ••• .•• ' r - -,• • I
' .: ••• : I . I
I . . - -·-
. 1· ·. . .: - ---. ' . .. . .
' ' 'I '•
. ' ..... ·
~-- -~ ···~· ~.,,,/.· . ./)X(J{:- --· <"/olrl'I
~~)~
: .. · --, Ma·c1•7
EIH/rjul
1,ijr(
l 'r·1 I
.
fill'"[!
r
hde
l
I
. t1!'rc·>r i'
...":!'r.11
I.
T~dr
/ 11~r;ff;~.!;:
i t I
·9:"""'""·~·1
t» l?rnef .. j
:-···.:1,_,"Pr"'·'~.
I
:.:.::
.. r'·_,~ -···- . 'I
'I
i=ibcr {:Ile~ >· +: ·
opcriirq '
u
LeM·lt'L'<:' hen :
.'The (',,Jorn~J e}('c9f,..°'* ~"n5r.s~ of. tt p"~ie 4 rrier;,'/ t1nd o./,,m~J
:in Cl1h1Mf c.oHh f'. /t11.jer of mef~ILJ'~ rn~rcrJr/ 11rid '"·i1h " :so/u-/fm of rcf,,.~siutn c!1}ori;d-e
~"Ju.,tiJ~~ e0i//1 CAiomei · f t~cl11icttl ct"11~c>J- j5 mttdE' 7tm 1nerif wir~ dipfm9 in/ti ·)he l~r-
1 . .
re&r.enc-e e/~r}rode. /Je(etUS~ ~i· is
A.•/v't}, j<; re pl'oduC'ible Jn
I
JJ--:C"/omtd fl(lc11'0Je :
-- (tt/omel e/a}rccle i~ ~ ,,.jJr/y Ltt;~
. .
rel(JYeJr c/1~L' ;YI h 11e:_ri~/y p11cpt1Pt't4 11r1d (fvP."J rt poi(n-/r"1
rel"'¥m ./o jhe s1tlnJard: 1Jdr-oUen e/u/1,0J1 ·
:
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 22 of 51

24. 1. le ~er>w ac 1Ji":.·7,,ime '5/'1_.n~o.,,J f~_pH rneci1ur>emenf ,
~ . - --
~
5. f)-.rz___ 8 ~')
/U6es '.
J. To cl,eer ihe a~ •nd 1~bib~ •F N~Nnee buf9Jbi.
:z · ·ro dc?ler.m~n~.N~~--(2l"~r$ in~_e/e~~~~ .> .
'3 · Jo ~Jl. JJ,e o.ct'.~~~~y ct ofhe_!:J.11 e.l~<'JrtJcle~ , /'
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 23 of 51

25. ,
'
!-iyd.,.091211 e)e<:!~rD<k ·
5"'. (Jeelen Elec~cdE :
, ·n;e l.1.'es~n C!e/l i5 ~~p<t~d jn ~ 8/afJS /ub€ of H -511ti.pe . lhe ,
~·'
p05i~ve 1etirntn'4J is fl- rrnr~1..7 eledrC'cle ccveried ~i1h ." paste of ~u/ pW~
t',,J mercu7· lhe neflti1"ve elec~rcdt' is a. cadmitlm ~trm &f. t<.ht>tJf-10/. ~~mlu~,
l1i€ erifire <!ell j-6 ~ lled i0i{h l)tfut~~kJ cadmiutn !)ul pMe ~(l/ll/tm . e11Jd;~j SA.'Jul'a-/i~
. OfMer odv~n~0es ~re-
/.. r~ ~ r~l(litwir. chet1-[ .
. ~-·~~I}- r<: ('t) )nr>Qr eleclrocle ' ~o cl'nit.1min~Arm j~ /e-69 •
/r~dE(J " rokn~i~ telJl!hj~ reprodu4bk in rel~Ji'm ~ ~Jrtnde:,,,J
~ rea<!/ w"dli ~1J'1r $Mn~"- ~om~nen1-
Din let1.d .Jo plu0oi~ of 1h~ J'undimi beP" '~n
Nerrne1ly. llJG el~lriode i.., fl~par·ed e0Hh o: 6~/uri~~d e.,., ~JM -so/u/it.n .,L
l<CI • The voH(ll!e cf ilva'> el.;. drcd~ i1 Cl •2 22 V t?..t g.;-!!.c,·. Gil'({?r. ,,,;/wr c/1/e11rde ht1"le. Jh.,, ,
--- (} ---- I <
ttd·.,m1f~.e e.f 1~~ 1ky CA.~ be tJGe~ oJ tempu~/l!r>eG · 8fMt~ 1l-tin ~Ore1 wh~t'eas aJonel
electrtde. G?tn1t ·----···--· -· ·-----......
=: ~ Cln fk o1J.e" k.nd. 1ilver ·
e·D froleiri in tJ,~ ~olu~0on .• ti-ch re~cltm
1he elec1rad~ tmd ihe t1nClyle -sdvli'on.
- I
@~ilver-~ilwr Chlorid~ fl~·"lrcde:
'' -· -...-- ,
. J]X'1re.{errn~Q elf<dnck ,-sJern j'i ~nJotfl.6 1o IJ-ie cti..lornel el~(!Jrod~
~rri4i~~h1~ &F « ~1lv'2r elec~K'd{ in,mzre.;eJ rin ~ ..,olu~im {IF kci ,1 Jhtt+ ~.':> be~n 611./.u.-.~L<=l
t~i 1)1 A(&'lhe ~If e!ell rn/ be ~eptiefJen/ed t:I: -
11 l Aac1 cs~+a;> l k~t ~1 ll
1
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 24 of 51

26. . I
II
. I
II
Disll~vr. n/ttqe : ·,;;_;;.-----'--{}-
. ,Jli'- jvndi<m of lhe c.Jomel elec:lrod.e. m.i~J I,< c/MneJ 7·runn~
]n ~d*l'TIJ ~I ~rn fJ,~ 1oe5epvoiP, JJ,u5 JisplQch~ ~Ju/tun ilirc~h 7'1< cen5~jc~ec{ .µp ~n
11-e 5tde .Jvh~ ·
'3 S~1i·r"'1"cl fo{cM~ium Su)p~/~ f /.·ri,,cJ<' :
. li:J!> "'J<.'.~IHJ~ js u~d '1~ o. re{ere;.<Z dee lrod~ wl1ere tl.h!S~n~e- .l)F
chlo;;i,Jt: im i~ nec~<;<)t'l !)i..-ch ~5 jn 11it c/<Z/ermin"'·/1~ tif httUde 5m iri pr~c.ipit1../;tTfl
rec;'l.e~ion&. 1Fie pokn11;t/ ~· J),~ -st~nd~rJ· refr.1.;t.rum ~vlpb.f~ e/Edrode i~ ~·C,ft;'V. i11
c.emf'~ri·~on lo 111-E 61ti11d'11·d h!dro9en el~drrdt:. .
,1
A/vMl~J €£ ~,
Yif i'l llie rnoril NiJe7 usec/_==r ~~nc-e e/.ec!~t7J~ '.
2. Jr .i6 r:f ,,./tv€1/ cl~p .
2. JI- CllY1 L~ eet1clily pre~red .I
y.naiv•s " pofen/i,J ••{v'</, i6 ~~•oclU'ih/e in Pe/a}1'm~ ik~ SH~.•
Sr I] htis hiah ie11lrMtL1re.. coef!ie1enl-(-o·n; mv/°c) /<.1/11ch 15 ~1,11u-
~·c'.tlnCe. in tl CCL~r"'t l.'C1P/<. •
lJiLY.>. ·f/1t> polt'n)i'eJ developed 1J' Ihe cAIome/ e/ecJr.ex/~-~d~pends. on Iii€..
-:mc~nlro.·~C'11 oF 1ne ~cf 5oldtrn . /he m09t er mmm CNrenf,,~lion ernfloye.cl ffi " ~~·r>~fed
·~-ol·.rtfm. ')he r+mlt~I of (:>. nti-lur~ ltd cll/omel el~ro:-le ccrn1N-nin0 ~hit-nfec{ !!]_~f)lo/tm is
+ o~24_1_V t,_,~.j/,, re?p~ct ·~ i/1e · 6t~rJatYI lyJ~,~)~n elec./1'0rle · 'T~e. ro-fm/t(tl ~f"' noi7ma.f
~0-lomel eleatrcck t::cmict.in'niB '' norrri;fN/10~ri!Lr/,'c<ri of k.~I
1!-.1
t~V. . . .
r .
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 25 of 51

27. .v :
I' ·1
. I
'.·
t • i'
! ii
; '
'1
; t'
; I'.
;,
' /' ·..
' i ;·'
! '.
l' .,
. .·,,1, .:.·
I '
,,..
Nohle. Me-1.:1 ff~c/tiocle :
'W> h lk 6;mrJ-•I !/f'e •f ln.f<.,,Jt... ~k./POJ. ' n l< "'""7· A .,;re .,,
.f~l<k •r z!iYl~ •f-• me/•I tdvd, ~·ill noI £,,fu,. ini• .J/re reoc/l"I -,,VIJ, t~e ••lu.P"" ir;
.,JJch j~ ib immersed , ·!Ji, nm~ "'"'"'°"} vs~;/ rn•t~I i~~i in ~'""' in•/;,,,..., ,
~iher> or o4fifr tne ht/ ~/ L~-LJ{ie.cl•..-
:Z. 61./'2.4'.> Ele<'/rod~ , .
!J~ {)vin~drime. Elu·Jr.od~
"1. AnJtmo7 £/ec-/rod~ ..
· · ~ R~do:ic.. t/eC'lroJ11_ •
ID • lon ~('/ecl1•'.f2.. Eledrode
~ lNt>ICATD~ .[LFcrnopE~
lndicJ.,,, e/•drode is - wl.lehcle..loF • rohr/,'e./ fh..~ .is d.~ 011 lh....
tyL~nF~ o.f Jh• ~ub./•rt'• in 1h• ~o)uh"m oi)Je/, tee. <c:i<>h /u rne.~ure . 'Iii< eommunly
LJ~ed jndi"oJo,., elec.ftiode~ at>e - .
J. Noble.. MeJ~I F/u./rcdc
:3, JI< pa1<m/;;.,1 rJ,.u{J relvrtd·;f5 in;//./ v.Jue a~"",~-n ':''rl'<n/s ere: '
r~.;~eJ throirt~e.. ~Jec.~l"od<..
. 1. If i~ is .r1 e/,,.J,,,Je. ,p5eeml r;nd ~V Ag /119c~, j/,q0/Jd pk· m» /-
not he. t:Appre~r"'~J60/u~li .ih fhe e}e'1rolylc. .
S: ff 6/.w!d G~ /l'N 7/erfoix, loor 1,•iH1 +.,,,F-1'"'- 'V"lhrJ,
, /,~ ..~~Z~~~~~'""''{'·::;;;:·:.~~::::.:.;;;,l~.,1':~~~6:~2~;!'~1;~'"'-"k'::;iffy'.fuo+;':t,,.,::::.,,·:··'''~'";;:,,,::,:~zt~5i.0:<'ff-·L!l"ii>;-?2·i•c"i'··''""-crtii,iliAfa
''
.....((f'',: '
_/,:··' ' /'
' ,• I
I'.r' , · 'Ifie f""perffe5 1 "h ;d.,._/ re{"""''' ,,J,.fmJ~ ape M .(ol10i<15 ,
:1. n4oulJ be "'wr<ih{•• .,./ ok;· /h, N,.,... / ,,,r.Jim ,,.;11, =r! I• SM'
<
jn 1J1e... e/E'clro!y/(•
z , J~~ po/~nltetl ~h{l(.,Yc/ ~e d/11Lie ~11Jt, Hr»e .
l_t- -
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 26 of 51

28. ~; ·.>..
~ ~-
~~c·D;t=:?:~?~~
i
i
/
/
I
/
. '
' II., I
. I .
' . '
;
-·-------1
. , II
•
r-,
I .. I
· 1 . '
l._ ~f . ·.
- r
•/
/
ecl11 + H(~ + :ie.. ~ cd Qin)
·.HO~+ t 2e... ~ 2H0
1
1
' ,J (l I 1~mp::1.,~L'l'.(.1 I 1d12r~ V.;fN'~ c7~1().1~ ~r CdS01, gh fkO ~ pyre~nf- in hofh .a:,m~-.. -
of ·l11t: II - ~vb-e ·
/
Fr.
AdYtYllntJ! :·
1. 11- .i-6 ~m~i!f r~r-r(.d ~rd re~ ~/aM~ f~ ltr1W F,.;"d . of lime
nnd ~l' r~~c1;7 r~rrodt.('ib~..: ·
~. Nl' rcrm~nenl dtanui.d-~---~, P"$5mg ~n ;el<'c.trt~ CCJl'rf'nt.
'Di6(tdvt'.nJA.V-'~!) ~
. . I~.:")hN--~S ('111?.ndLl!i_ 'C"11e .rrodi·r.<rl tL•}lh VA)·i~ir'rn jn JemperA./ucg.
t lh~ me1xi'nurn vo/J1toe hl JM6 ('r::l/]6 J-rJ9v nem.. 3'c. ~nrl 1'1; vo}l1f0e (lf<'~a~fr,~ 11-:S
~,l11f- tc•i~h iti<."!"fti6t!. !!:r J(c>t·co.Gt: in ./emrzP~/v~ . Gr, f11e C!rnirol ~{1et!1pera/£Jr~ i,G q;ui/42..
}rnp111,~1·f ~ti c~cn·rJ p1r(· 7£·,, r.r;1 h~ f7({'try71flr'it1r~ hy a J"al4ke/ed e/¥'lwkr ,•.·i/J, ~ f'1frrni1vf"J.
I
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 27 of 51

29. ';!(; .
iii>·,':~ : • i ,, • I.
j.•·
,..
i:
·i·
I 1·:...I•"
.,.
;;
:·
''
5~Jurl(led lftlomel
ele~'lmlt
.,
:
! '·.
51Jeh "' ~r,}er>'I c~n be '''T'w~~cl-
_,_,
lh• ""8niJud< •f 1~ yoier¥.l Jil~1>11'e .J- :i1·~. :ii Ji""n r-
t:~~. e;, - o·o5~J I~ fr].".. ·
= E~ + o··~"l r" / .
t,v~ere , e6. :: fo:l"-n~ittl c[ 11·1(' <'lt'('lrcrle
c; ~ UnsJ..n- {,~ " U'."'.' al.o• eJ,,/11J<k cJpend'n~ "F""lh<- n•i·· '<-
of ·~~E' 8'~5~ · ../ . .
lli- lyl"' •f 51•"6 """'bwne t>SJ in .,,,;I 91•" ,J~drod• &J,."'5 "'.~,,..hi·- ""',' 17'e.1 i
OYV' lh• r" """lj~J.... 3 J, 9! o~~id• I),;. "'"if'lk 3111•6 .,e;nbran~ "1+ sobj·d Jo i!.l'r•r' If3"'" .,i '
.,..J, "'7 IV9h 1ieJ,.," ru of "~.ut 3 •"" "'7 '"" •bov< a r" 'f ..bovr9' lli• erl'Ol'S a"'-. !i
JT""'•nf J• a .,...,,;J;._I.le e.<lenf Vf"n of~<r j~6 ,,f,;of, ""'/ b<. r'"°'f. 1j;, mo~ ~ ll'Onwll_!<c:J l1
in 1he f""""" ·~ sodium i~6. 'I:H: .,,
: j
r E/~lrcnll I
.---r-1"'-,1.~'""'~''''. ---lr
~',~d...i. "1" (1' %'•-. ~·~ ,,,.-~,,.....a~.,----1 ,rr·n ~
F:; :=--~~--_C:_-1-H r
~lolMw cf unlu•~n r"
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 28 of 51

30. I '.
I
· 1.
'
'
. l
i.
i!
I
I
... .
JnlernJ
:t;:~~.. I II
6e ec11ve. ~ <,
~(M~ membr'C(ne··< __ . /
Aa/A9Cl
in1ernJ
l"e~nce.
el~ll"r1dt..
Conne(!~"oti
bef~e~n wire6
K f1150/.f"' ,,,;,..
~ .---- -·--
~ faEc.~OD~ -2.61>'5'@.- :z_001-©.
,·r ..
~/.>""dedrod. i< ~ ln eonjun<f,,, «it~ a re[.,.,_ e/.c/r.de. f,r j),.,_ i.'.'
deler l1·1~~j'm 4'f ~JrDaen JOn CC'(lCe.nJr~li'on • 'nl'f nlri~Jicri ~r 7"l"ooen jiff)~'1. be Shewn itJ t :
LJ:r.,~ of- •lecM,e..l rhrll~~ or'1!>./-r1111> •F 10. r! St.le.) I:' .
· ~ruc~r(frl ;· _ '1-£?l I ; . . ·
A /)laM eledr~e CllM~~cf· "' bulb Ot' w~in8 of-g, /hiri pIt £n6ip~e. : ,·.
s'a'lb "'·"'""' ne ' ,.,; l),;.,, tohi,h o- ref."'""~ elw·lrode )4 ~nle". lhe coniuneJ re~ren•"- i
.l.~1~"1' "' IX'-"'7 A 4j/ver .;,j[wr -'~"";d' ./,,/rode yr " cabm~I ,,f,c/,..de ;,, rJ~h/ori< I
a~lq 'Jr. hvf~r<'d eh/orid·e r,o/o1hn ·
~ j~ ~= - 2-t(a>@
(µ ~<?n (A. af1.~S elec{r>ode j~ 111111ie1·~eJ
l~±li.n1 coni.,'ni".(l}Z:drofl•n ions, "pJm/:·,J i> se/up
beliveer ·he jf1~1de fJ. ~v/t;;;cle_~?_/1Y~·ons_5e[X?r~ie,I 17 ·/t,.e_
eH t;;en):~_.B!~t;S _'_Ylemkyi(~~ . ~[hi? ro1en/1'J G~-lup ;s drn-
~~-~~t--L~fL ~ J~~ pH CJ f -/~ 50/u/1~1 ~vl~ide '/'1-e 3/a';)~ mrmbt'tlne .
Jji:i ro!e~1l1~I c'a.n be m.ea')u>?ed, ~ef1-11.eeri Jh-e ri("terenr""-
elec/,,J1. 5E'~led Jn1idt 1J.ie al~lj5 e}eclrode (,'nJ ~ CA/Orne
~e[e,.,,YX'e e/eelrode itMnct·S<'d ~' •/h;~~tit,~. ' . £i~.o ,.,,/
-~
'ca . rt.}--
.
. ',.,...__...,_.fr'!':i -ii
f ,_#
' ~· . ,p-V~
I i : ) 0.
_y-- . .
I . ~
J l~(J: fj:Jlf
(
i-..·... ·· . r , •..eJjl ___...WIA w <J.J'v
1f· ~! I c.:_. ·
,,~ 0 r-r') __..q--'t7 .
4.--V' i.
(.)
'"'11"PL H fo employed }n l"!'tJJhirMlini 1.0iJ'1 ~ ('t1./(lm1d t}(e/rvA-e.. a~ ~ ref~1?('n(''2 e)e(!.J,,ode.
e·v rit, u2J H+ repr~~enl5 ihe. f;yd~o<7~n ~J~ct/r(!ldt 13-lh Pl- Adr'n,1 "~ ~ noble me/A.l ·.
ej"dr~Q ·
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 29 of 51

31. i .;,
.. ,
' '
1;
'
! .
,? •
- ! '.
. I'
0
OH
Q + '- '
~
Q ;: ()tM-ti"ne+ 2H +2e ~
QI~ z: ~Ji-oeyalnone
0 0/1
t;r, p + 2..H-+ + 2 e - ~
Ql-!J.~
Aner {he!j-e ·/re"'·lmen~, (he e/~C"·lrode ~hou/cl b"' 1h~r0Ui1h1J dn5·ecl 1n "' ~J,.e&' rn
. u ~~&~
of i"P t"o1r anJ dipped momen/arib-' iri 5N H~I a~rd ./o remove (/uo~ldeG. All~"" PmJ
r'~e Jn r1ri{i~d Wlilt.er-, }'1e ~l<'clrode ~l1ould b~ S-~?t'e~ j,, 0·.1N Hcl ~cid,
a, ~v;c:y.;...;T'7~~&.1 'ble.~ f-t.._...._ ~~·rJ"iJ .P_
~,7~ ~-i--oo'i)('Hf) ·
l:C(UJNHYD/WNE Ei..ecTMoe-'2-~os- ® _ s: 0"2-~~fJ
~Lthihrfticme l'b ~ ~mpovnd of qflfr)1t?l'l-t' 9- l7dNq.tWruin~ and, }11 tio/viilTrl i~1~ a'e-
cotripo?e.d jn~o etyt.tim~lnciftA.I" cv[l~Yl~;//e6 cf ihe6e- t1ubeh1nC'~$,] f j ~ U~<!J fcl' ·/he c/e_/~1"111ina.~~
of fII wltu5 c( t>-. so/vlion .'
lhe. ~u.in~c~rone elfc~t·ocle t? l"ompoc.:x2cJ af" p/i;,~inum 1t-~fpe dip~d inlo ~ '5D/LJt., ··
~0 "'kich q;w1)~yd11on-e L17~l·d ~v(: btm ,).cfd~I , ~viy,lt/r'1."H' fo v-. ~c./trl <!ol71j>wnd tvn<:>rt;·/trl . i
ot i mole vf lydrocyu.ir,on~ ~o J mole 4 'fW110nE' . H js ony ~~rh-~y 60/L)hle in '4)Jq.. i !_
]t inva/ve!J /he. re-olo:x: /"eei.clirn he-/w('en cv~CJ()-(' ariJ l7droiy~rY/~1H' . ' ··.:':
'
"'· 2°/. ~mmoru"vm {htr.Pidll <3o}u/i~ ·{~r 3 triin ,
b. ioy, IJCI for 15- 'j·ee,
of !he bulb }n -
1. 17 mcmen}u1viy jrntne~in0 ·/lie hvlh i11 ~·-11-.J 9~Jr~c ~<!id .
Q.. ~ ""I lern.;,J,~ [mmer>5icn jq acid IL tilKtJlin-e 60/u/(~s to Pedu<!~ 1¥~r-
Remedy ~I
~uch l<incfo of cle/e1•roro./Qd glo.% elec/1,ocle
~,~ fol/olllroa w;!J--:
-~)vt'~ c( 111€ «')<:>c/rcx/€ io d1eC'/< a<rim·/ ,z 'ftt;r cf }J1;{(er .sdv/l~n, /
4. Jn~b;/;~ tll G~i:<nc/a,,dJ9e ·in fJ,e n;zn3~ of P" rnefe,.,16 MJrnmel7 r;l~nlraJ ct.Jio},
/
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 30 of 51

32. rr1t1y. dt/~riJornle, I . ·
I I
.-,l
t:.: (;,
', .] .: .,
i . -~ i
. '! '
1H·k:-41 ,:1 /~(la f1Cr1,i11Jrl of u!i~ I H11' !}(ll·1C~t'c? of Ifie alM~
";() lhi~ one c11 more of 1)-,~ .foJlbW'inQ ?Jm~l(J11JG rr7 "'P~,., -
1. ~)c-ro e[.edrod~ re~pons~ ·
. ~
. I
'
S: lh< -, e~Ubt'Lutn j~ ~~ct1('d '1/tti0d<ly, V--
t, ) t CAn be uG-e~ jn ~oored, ·Jl'rLicl Ii. epl/cicl".1 ofJltJ/ian ·~
7· ff )t>n~7 ift>e/( r>ei'.~i!f ·lo '11-t" mt'a{)tJl"-ernen~ of r jn tJ. .f;w ml of ~~/JT6rl. '
~etdvarl~tl~: '2-~lJ d)
~;!..
J. Jn -/]v"6 eleclf'ode, ih.t' bL1/h .i':'i .v"f'Y'( .fraaul_ $-- ·fftcre{M-e hafJ fo i: !.>6.ed.
t>Jj~h ():~ CP.fe • / . "'
R. At. ik O~"*' tne:1?1htM!.4. htw (.~ w7l11vti f!l~c:lrtcA.l ~,fo~nt'o(.; '1h~ .
ordin~·;; rf~m~•omeler c~n'~ b~ v-Sed Icrr rnetiauri1 ·)he. pol€n/1"t,.,I of ~las'j elec;lrtxl-( ,1hv~
i)," .e t ,. jronie polan1orn~e.r «re tlb<'d ../
9, .G Jitn~~t'di,?P-~"an J~~ io l,~ ~rr-ied tiuf- f'r::_~uenf7 , ~
4, 1} on't Le. .ern~~x~~ jn pt'.~~JlyL ial~hDL_e5'."°I'~ t1dd~/Jin I
..- • ' -c: ...
fZEJtJVe:NATIO.N .OF ~ws £L~CT/t.ODE~ ~
,~V"ff1il.0E'6 : z.()t)~ 2-07'1 . . '.
1. H m7 he u6-ed )rt lh~ rre~ente vf ~·~n~ O?t_i°'dbfriJ arid.r:eduC!ir;ft .
,<0e1•~ _lri viscaub IYJed!a iincl pre~t:nce. of f''c}d!2. t,vlu"c.J, jn/e,,,[12J•o{..S wHh ·Iii~ 0~191AttOY1
;f oH}'?r e)e(·/rock 1 /
.<. r- csn be U<!id for ~c/utian ho.vm3 pll 2 -JO, ,_,,j'/J-1 13lWH'- ~rec.i't.J
~!t.t?i m~a~1.n1~rnen~6 ~t'.ln be ex1£>nd~c:I ..J~ pH Vt.,fu~ upf~ J~.
./
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 31 of 51

33. i.. ~
I
.. . · ...
..
: '',
; I •,111,
' I
I.
. ·' i..
., ''
'!.
' [:
~ ; > ;
·:i
.. 1:
; 1
I
-I
!
/ ·I
'
.
..,
. ;
!
' ! '
Ad'rttJa~~ ~
j. l(ohvsl s. ttvn be l)~d as"- Fok .,f v.i~v/u/im.
Q. H C!tt,, be uGed ~r deie1~m:ni'0 114 jn 1he r~11{l cJ F 1_:!3:. .
ANTIMONY fc.EtT~ODF.
An .,,/imon; ,J,./,,.d. ccn5[6~ ·f A po,.! or 1""' ""k""7 .,f,;,), is &urr#cl·IJ'
fi".ud . ~e rf.zn~J ls ~tZwlord Lt 1f1e t1.·nlr1na7 J._ /Jie Cot:11l•~o t>f ankmonbUb D.:xtJ~ "':"'
,:::' Sb20_, + <OH+ + Ge- ~ 2_6b + S~J.zO
111"'~, ~h-e po~en~i"'1 P.J !<~eic j5 ·/Jieo pe·/,·cAly i.>rJH~n <15 -
ba~ r'E = E~ .. /08 L111Jp/L,;t'~~-
e -
::: E ·:+ o·0?9J r"
ii;~ a.c~urt?.7 D f 6DUd £b, 51o.<03 etncl lkO 'ki113 ·l~~e.n ~ uruy. Tn F"l!}1ce I it
~s Lee11 ob~rV€',i ihPJ r" of~· ~oluHan ~~iJ~, -/).11'!1 el(1('/1°oc~ j:i 1.,,:(t"11r.A.te.J '11·;/Ji~ ~hciv.e.
<?~1wJian .
1)[17aJve'.nt~ ~
e
1 , ~Of 6/Ab/t ty, e 14~7 ·l1m-e r1~/;cv/"-Y"r ~~ 3~;'
Q.. Jt ~Her5 ·/he_ e~~lihr)L!!..'l he/iJe~n cvlkcn.e S.. h;drcey~'nan-t> ;"rn 1h"' rr~~nce :
. of !7/ron0 o~;d~f'U s. reduc.'r~ ~rJ, ·
!?, A~ 'p.. rH of <i5 or o"(l2r.it re'1('1·~ tidh cJ~l.i' ~mre ~ ;6 ~ WetA.k ac;c:i ,t..._
J;,.;ociAfe inl-o -/}ie corre!'.>pot~cf'(1 j;lrt?otl, 1(v6 at1lc<11 i.'.i t"e~J ~vLfd ·/o ~,.. o:Jdttl;a11 •
~. __11-i~ !~~i~~lJ~ 60.ft errors )n ·lhe -'Fr.~~11~~ l'f fJgh "onrenJrAh".m!. 11f-
~~~!ili~ Si-nc< ·JJ-J~ ckmn( ·/he t',rlr'vjy {))e{flcien~ &f t!'w'nene J_.. 7c/11~~1m~ Metyt.t~·1 .'
<Jt 1'~ l'J1i7 ~ccopJe ;Jn tnea&urernenl.
c. ~n ]6 11r.l ~r tie>r-1J:y j,,L"~pMilv-l{'cl 'i~ 7drvg(·tt e/e,/1,ocle, .
J. J~ c~n be IJ6ed ~r rrJcro c}efei·tnin":/imJ ,
. 'I
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 32 of 51

34. ~Jf DM t'"'ptcl re5pons~ ,
.:1. 1rG l)S( J; nvr til ((€c1ecl Ly Ais~llrv?J ~-
/ -
.----- ·····-----
;
It
l .I .
I·. ,i·.· ,: . i -,
i.'. I
f.
! r
[i~vanh 311s ~
....-1.'11 ~ ~i"'plr ~o VG< S.. "'""" -/o e1y1U/ih"j""1 {.;")l 1->•piJfr ,
, a. 11 hAS /b,,) }n/ern~f resi&/e'.nce
I.
'! ' ~
i
i
'
. '
i
: O·G~98-1''059jfH -0'2.122
::: 0 '15 7~ -0 ·O '39JpJI
'-. iJ • 117b - F<HI, ·1)/1 -
' I
/ 0'01'9'1
::. (E-0-o·05~jpH )- 0'-2:1/~2.
~ .
~-J,u•d ~JUt!Jr'drl~kn/i,J
of '1tu~h;'J7',me o/fc/rode
is ttJ',998 r]
£Cell :: E . 1•.,,1 - E .Qum 7-1>an<' <'o.lvm"I
!
I
i
f!5 / HoA. "; / iw~u" 1111~ .... ;J) . ll. llHi. I n
l'n Jl.6 CA•<, .,,;d.,jr,~ J,l<e& pl"''· in c,Jome/ ef,,/,..J, IL ,..,Joof,., l•k.s ~-
;n l~~7drl1'()~ e{ec./t'od12. LIG~ redLJ~/-ian e/ec{Nde po1enJ1PJ · v11.lu"'· u)e have -
'
f .·
~ ·'
1Tie Nern s/ e lyr.ui./i(Tn -[o,. Hu!J r>ea c/Im l)t.-'crll!;7lf'S -
t == E0 + ~()~9.f /cc J~J~~]L -··- @ .
2 'J [~ .
,,,,,.. :.in 'Y'''mhi.J'""'' j J,. mo/." rpoP""i"'i• •f 'VL<in one: £.. rc'V'""""4'u "'Y"""'
f,~,.'J.u.l1ntJ .G) simpl;(i,5 .f,, ·-
E z: E ct 0~'*)1
Ioff fr1i} z,
r
!
~J•',
I i:
I r .
'
i j
j
f
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 33 of 51

35. ~ ;.
! I
. ; ~· ; i
TY'/ (
pol;vi1 ~I ch/o,.itle
c. L;,vtJc/:; ~-in G-2. ~1111ohil'5'2c:l jn~ rl/f'd porme,,: ev
rncdrt?< ·~r c,/~ !1. NO:~- ' ~
I! w_j .}71 cJ.-u_,Je J
~.~oleculttr s~lec:ple. f/t~}rode5 ! t:;:lJ ~ cf- (tfr>,,.,_ .
/I. C;a~ . Se miriJ. f"_'rl,.~ . -e 'D ~,/,"'p/10/,iC tnemh~aM ~r Cflij_.. g, ri'.·i !< .
. ·r:
t!
:.
'i
;
- I
I
.l
I,
Qrt!.~nctt~t":/line MeinlJ!~TJ~Gt
a. 6j/a'5~e9 . e a "Jili'e(._fe r={~I". Nv.+ fl /{,..
' L" . l t. ' I• l . I s: 2-I- A
~'.). rcyitt q6. . (} . '°'II)} a, I~~ esrlia not?rs 'jOY' Ca ' an~
-~~ry~/v.l/ine Membra1H'9
I ----·-- -
a · ~inoJe c7~-/al . .efJ LP-F3 f!o.,. F....
. .
b. Po}i'c76/t?.l/;ne or> mf~ed c76J~I .-¬ 0·Af].25 {~r- G:z-&.11·.-
'j
.•-Aivhd~men/~1~ d;ffer~1-d It~ {If ,,,etnh1,,m.e ,A<'drorle l1a-s been develot."(i'
[o-r lhe delermin~~/i'm "F cePJ~in me/ewlcir
(§) C. 1 1ca/lm rF Memht>an*' t:l~('.J,,~ic/e :
./
I
Mc::rnbrc:rn~ e lec·{1·0<.~e5 .f~II :in/o ·{1v o P·1tttn t"'-l~(J°rj<>s. /li~se ll1a.f '~r~. ~espo~h-..
sr~c.i(J6 el~d llrns"' lh.ti.f a1~12 appli12cl ·lo ·H1e cle·J~Frnin~kC'n ~f 1i1olfc.ul~,.,
/
r
~ ~~;....;,.::i:~& -J..l~"-"'-.:,·~~•i"~,,.~~ •...1':~~--.:.:.:_.."""-"-z: ;.,_7 ~ t ~·. , ~~::.~.... ·-.. • ~. "1:..r. ' --- .:"-~"'- =r~•n- ..~-"""·- -···~.:.:X,.'f:l!':;;.:a.~_;j;i-11.:~"'1'!~N9,-~~tY!~'l:A,:;~!i.r:Si'.'...;'..;.,,'>.t;r,-~4~ ·~·
' (6 '.
.
MEM0RttNE fLECTRtODE
../~'j
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 34 of 51

36. ·...,,,
-r c .
' ·-J ~ .,.
,··;t:,.
' ." ; ·'. ~- 1~ •
'__LJf ,,,,,., /,., ~~·;o r~:ne•d :i;.~olv;."l:,..;·""r)'.,;~~~~8..;,,.
1-125. i. '""! rn~f,:1 ·16ns .~· J,,0ii7 d~ictc· ~·-~1ki!'7w ·oolulioli. _.. · ·
:z. cA/;L)r~l·~~_.tG'ri::edeJ;,~-:~p:,/tr-i- J~tt~u~;~lm ,._""
.9- JI ,iL; -:Jen~~·J1~e -~t>.,/e,t6.~r~1ure c)i~n1f- · ,··.·.- ...
~
v· j~ hlA6 /ot-0 r.e5r6l~n(''-e .
1· Jl c~n be U6€J .i~ il·1e, 'Pf!~:~~ll'~'·?'bf~~A~~lib;ml
e- ·v
"]))6aclv111;~: ... ,;
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 35 of 51

37. j .. I
I. I
r '·.··.. jf .. '
: > , r
.; :
I
I . , ·~.'t:
i
I
.· .!
1· I
i
!
i. i
'
Ii'
I
lhe p.boV€ ·H'sl)r: j~ 6-SChe~* J,~·urVlll1 4(). tnembr~r>~ eel/ {oti f~ defer1·~ '... ·
n•lfm •f A"'. J~ c•Miot ~F " re.(eren<!-< o/eo/mcle ~ef.,,.ne~ _~Jec/r.cl~ 1) a_.,J •
mernbr~ne declrade 1 h(!)·lh o~ tv/,/cJ, t:<re Jmme~ecl In tJ.. }es/- so[u·/rm 111 N1'leh /li-e
~divir o~ ano.bl~ is ~ . 'IT1e. rnembran~ e/<?c./rtde corJtSio/~ e>f c:i..ri ~dtv~ ~mb,-~~?e
?e~)eJ ~o fJt'l~ e'nd of (!.. ofag$ Ot> p/Mfie! /t;be. 1~ 4vh-e f,,ofc/~ tJ.. fil~rJ~t>J- -so/u/iari'
~e inler.nol Go(ulian) .of An+ will1 ~n MIFvl/y of '~ · Tmmer-5ecJ in flv(, 6/~ndeird.
si{v~ian :b 11c{et·•'.11c<? d·rl1·n1I( 2 : ,,1l1o~c po((,,,,/,;~I J; ~{l"'n di!kn;11' -fi'.0~11 ,,eferene(.
elecJ1-«le I.· 1ne j.,o ref:.renre e/e.J,ocles are oonneded lo an eJ,,/,,onie v•/JmeJ,,,. hov1~
, /vjl1 in/e1•i1"l. r>e-sis/a1we. I !er«, 1} ~J101Jld l:ie.. nd""d }Jt,,J. 1ne_1nJJl'tMe elec·}c()de t,
}111:lde up "f I/wee Cf)mf)onen.Js -
r. /;cm '6e}u·J/ve mt:mbrcrn'<. ·
/ Re{~renr e el"c /t-ode .
~n ]n/el"na.l Gfl/u·,i~n.
Ex/e1·t1A/ s/4ntLr>ol
6~/u/1"1
Refer«.n~e
--- _ / -- - eh/r,Je 1
- ,-__.:_- I
• I
I
: :J
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 36 of 51

38. I ...,
I
...
Ii
.:1 .. 't
I
!I
I
,)
;
'!
I
i .
I
I•
i
!· '!
: ..
r@) lvrile drmn fJie. 1rore11/ie.s o{ ion ?elec.}1ve rnembr().nes . ·
~ . AII of Jh• ion 5€ fe~/ivc 1nemb,..,,,eo #hc. re 5et"e "'17'tnOh pr';f",.J,;,5 "'J,,•,'h leaJ''-. .111. ;,· 5<n';/,v;7 •nd ,;eh J;vi(r ·lo""'J <' r [tu'n ,.._/1ffls or ant01,is . Ifie prof"Pli•s in</~e . ·
(i). Mini,,,,.J so/uh;/,'~~ I
I ..A 11-e('~-;s"'" fY>0 ?et~, ()F t1n ic17J se/edtve tn~dium ;~ 1h"1 ifs . ! · · · 1
GO~'Gil!y Jn "'naf,rle ?o/v/,."116 (Vsu~Jr "''V'"""'V awo•<h.s ;;;"""°. .. lhus' ma nl mem- : ..
~~~nee ayie .fo~tnecl ·fr.om laP9e rno{ecvles (Jf'l mo(E>eu/ar "'8ffrelr1Qs ~rx/1 PIS ~;lrt!"- '
' .
oL~7.;e:, ot"> po7mer;c re~fns . fori.ic ino1~8~nic eomfouncls . a>{ /etv ~o(vl,ill'J 1u~h ~~
./f1e 1i/ver /1a(;deG can o-foo be conver/f?cl Jnlo membranes .
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 37 of 51

39. '
[;
:J . tii:J, j' ' ·i
,L,. ~ ·j
.-'!. _,)......... - -- .· ...:.---""·''"
t;
i
i•. l1
., r
l
··;. L
. , jI
i
, r
, 1. ·;::
nJi
~ , ' I
·., i: 11
:1
' .,
'
I
'1hi5 i!3 lhe r-ela1mi~lup he/ween
poJenhM J. P.'Y-
:= ~ t ~r J/:' Ot- ..... a ....Ref etv1X'" r " II"'
u~·J110 H1e ;ame }"e{iZJ'ence eleclrodll. (.!!Jc/ ·IAk, ~fepG ~lo ~nder 1h€ junclim ro1en~~ I
11"ljl~ible e" »e ~CtJ)d -r-'}Ju$ €iyvCl.·l1:m ··~ tinw~i~ .Jo - ' '
"" E ~ t:. + f ·----@Rerc~ll('~ Jndieti./c-r
lft !,en~i·/1'v·e e}eclr•ode /]Re.f.zt''2tX''c? t?/e('~rode
LA)~et'e, /he H+ ~·e.n$i}t've e):el!lrode tf6! t,~' t;-JN~en e{edrode op msoe f'"CJ£.er :
"'0!1:1".-; ~lf'C'J1r1cle r1° l~ tjtli117J,.,~;,f;. or an/1~1•1w( r::/~,cl1•t:>d~ c:1ml 'IJ,~ re~Nn<te e}-ec-/PDde 1·;
LrSLttt~ ,,. !>i:>-~vrnt~J eJ"niel ef.ecfr<'JcJe_ .
n hO? ket1 -ol~/ecf 1'1ttf IJierv AY'f A hl.'mlJe.r> tf ~·6~c1·1l?nt"O~~ -/o jhe rotrlti•e. .
u~e. ti[ ~ hrchoo[fn dedrock -1..o ~h"l 1t ·. i~ L'!Jtnmon)r rep/a('c:'cl hJ llie Dlher t~s 1f ~(1•
~n~i-live e/ec:~rod~. /lou.'cv.er, 1~e~e e;11/ ~Av~ ~c111<'Lt1hoJ itnrzr?ct re&;,ron~ io a(.!l1vi7 of .
l;dr-rgm j1111. H ~hi(!, re~po~e tt-'et·e nol 1rnrr&('L t.J e ~t1()vld con~1c1e,, rflie folloruinz rart:tmdir,~.
E== E + f: + t: -CVRefenm~~ . fnJic:i:1lcr Yunelit1n . .
. I
, /~.""'"2"74;ik'>"."-•o."""~'-=-~···~·~~=·.~"··"-"''""-'"'""" '"'"'°"""'~~,;=---~-·~"
/P~•--' ll/J. / /•' · Jr J I I/ d £ i'vj_f_'· ·./</ o: ,__. /IC(}. 10116 up Jt:.]tv€'21J r ~ll ,/·!.:f~ '
::'.: . A lin...~t' re/alion~tu'r e-xi~,/,_; Jxh,!('(')1 ll·1e t" {!( ~ f1r1lu/1·tSTJ and llie pa/en1ritl of fhe.£.M.f. bf"'
(. :.. <?lel"11·ocheniJ0c"'-l .c>cll, coh·/o.[n;,U l/1~ t'e(e1·<'nce elec/1·0Je ti11cl a ~iti/~lile .jhdi<'P../llr fi'/PC!./i.ode, MoGf
praclie~ f II d12ferrninahcY'6 ll)1e ~t:l~~ en IJie )l1fQflL're1>ien/fJ Dt ine eleC'·/1,)'r'ti..l po/~11/iA[ Jeve/oped m
"' ('~·II of l/u6 ·7fI
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 38 of 51

40. i/·
i
/- '
!
'.'. ;..: .'·,-•, I
.. :~..
- r:
' .
1· ..
I;; ';.''.''-~"' ··- . ,·,·.
r·
. I, .//.I
I· ..,..., .· ...·1. . .,,.,,
I
'/ ,;.i•,
·. . }.;, I
Porov!> mem bMne
M~mbranoe 01., 6A// h11dg~·
LicyLU'cJ iirn ~chanaer,
A9,A9el re (erent•;(• eltc·l1'(1de
.fn·le11no.l ~tu1et'W{;Jlinr/ fJe/u/tmT~ (
Iii ,
···- -·--- 11,119~I re~t.>ehee
., e/~d~ .''·
~ Tnfunpj {;JD,1 ~!{oJ,:m
------r-·--
r:~~ P~clpifitt~d ft>_'f1'(Jiln(deJ
merrihatne e/,clt>od-e
FIWi ~olu/1~1 kr
A8,Agf re~'lln<'e
eltc/r~de
I ,I
For --~,,,,'fk. Ihe. in}ern.J sr/,,/;,,, 0f <'/' e/~,/,..Je. i,; ucu~Jr~ ! f , : .
.!i/,,,,d,',,d 6 "I"~"" •f c,,C!z_ IW i:G ..ko ~/v"" f.cl ,,,;IA /JOCl. /,.!hen ~ <1>i/ve, "'lr-e' /
fo ri;;;,-e1,,s,d Jn th~ so/u·/1'"", o ~e{et'<nee eleeiode .i~ f,,...,.J, In addi'/ra.i,
1he ('1.. l- j n ihe inJ...nJ Gol,,/t"'1 eJ<r- /he j »ner memhr.ne, /o • CDrl$/..nt- eoneen-
~p~"OY of Hie o.nAyle 1on "' ~
can}~rmfl ~y:x.e.cl. eDn~r~-/l'm cif ~7'/J;Je.. tt'lM .
<f]J '6eeond, iJ serves ?l!i "' f..Cir>I <'If. t?e&renc~ el~deode. ..
rf) FrrG!". }/ l.:,/f,e$ !he 'nler...J 1urf.,__ of ll•e "'"-"•hr~ne id{/, "' ~•/u/1"o-r)
'
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 39 of 51

41. --··-- "--·-· -· ········
A11lomA~c.,..sJ1rreP ruhn°1j ·
cJ low ~pted - ..
r~1= Ap~~fv~ L>6'.>d -{o~ ~(';J baM ·/iJ,.al1Cr6 '
. i
'!
_' _·_· :I.. '
-- ·1·--_..~I : ,
. i
1·:1
: I f;,,
:·:·
:'
-r~··'.
l
. . : ... - '4 •••
.. ).
. , .·
.. ·
I;
. '
·',,
' .
·. i
CJ ...
. ;11~--
Acfd ~~l~1, · LI . · ·-. -· ""'' . -
.J. be #lNled :.
.· ····:·-- ,._.... ,!'.'....
I ; '
I •
j; Aci~ ba0e ·Ij/1"1./ionf:i ·
? Co1·n1Jl~xome}ri<! II.....
3. O)id~lion- redue~M 11
~. i•eci.pi l~)i011 . II
··- --/- ·- - -
~~1"411~~
l<el
~·
. ·l, y
. )
f:
. r
! ' . 1 •.
i . i
~ ... 11Jr.h011S : ' . ~..
Tl- ie kno"'n l!i-f Ji,. tie1J/r•l~&l1h1 of ~Ms nril l;.4'6 I; ~i.../6 aa.Dtof-•ni.J . • . '.!
o/ 11.• •h•"fl'" ln !he ccncerrh>•/;.., •f H+ Ii Of( ion6 , Jf jo eVide11f Ihot "" ek<J,,J,
m7 j,, ""'floyed .in Ii.- IiI"'./;i>ns' ·rr... re~M.... el.. J,,..-k_ IJGeJ jn I1,.,.. J,1.. 111111 • (6
norm~I .l!t1-lomel el~dr>Ode ·
r-
i
'
l-!
f
'
~cHLt' ~he rpeG of poJ~1J1ome/rfr HJri?./to115.
I;.• .fo/enh'v1ne~•ic •/ilr"~lion5 ITTl be '~pplied •/o {J, a,,f,. of srl{'hJs jndudina -·
I~
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 40 of 51

42. I • I 1 1·· r ·· ·
20 10 ~o 80 Joo
. v~lurne. 1( Ii11-~nl -;
Hyi ·n/r11.{rb-n curve o( G1tlrlu. c-:
fyi,V 7~~d,:..~ rJ'/ri'I·~ ~r/u}i~?J .
...
c~I
·•·· -tno ·~
--·....
·:i
. ~)
0 •
1
,~ 200·
:.~::
An 6'(1t'mrle "{ ·lr1ro,·Jr~ evwe is
sh~'l1 . wl1er~ th.e. potqn·J1b-.l of A so}u/,'m. t>f a
sulplto. J,~ j6 rloi/-e& ~otu~,,,J fhe hvmhe'"' cf
irJllilif1,,5 of M/£0 ~~JuNan cf -r;od.t~m rJ/t?ife,
P. l0W is po}-cn~ome·lt>i~ J;/r>a.h~n ? . · .
>~-'t.. 11ie. ro1:...i.i..1 .p'" eke/nJ• dipped ;tJ, • 5o/,,f~,, •F~n ekc!tv/yte ~· "rn th. "I.
!2:ii a•nrenlr.Jt,,, &1' more r~eeio' fhe aelivi~ •F jf,e i"I will, w!v•h ;I i6 ;. e"loilihrium, L •
~ J·,~ '1>ea_s_vremen/__!{_f!1e1,/en-f,;.I •F ttrJ "l'~f"·l.J. indic+ ~k~lrode ""~. te ""J ~ I ,
Jelec~~ fhunJ po1nl cF" v<l'ie/y •l_~!e./(en. lfu, Jo d~do th. j:.cl /J...I1ilu. r·~,,Ji.J ! ,
ct t {J1tif~ble ind·;~~fcll· ~l(c-lrocle :he.rt m1?11svr(ld i11 ~omhintfr'a'I wi{h iJ... re(e11en!'e e/ec rod(
;,
1•
/..ted l• !he.._""""'"j,.,,.J,hn clw.nO-J ·in 1h, <e/vi1~n b.!~ fi!rni.J uO /ype •f /i/"":/1"1 ~ . ; ,
. ; . I' I r.. ,., /I . /: ot-e. h'~ctr) (fl· w /,JL~ ·~ ~ P7)1'J I() '. ;
)j f'1N•n a,; roknrome nc 11 P•11<n>4: · ,,,-n-Jn.J) ~,it. fie N_Lp., t ~,,) : /
d,,e hl ~ r•len/.:.melric Iip,.1; t.1JV_u11.~{il·k~< det._r_~ »; ~!he ~n~.
.i:_:_~__rWeJ-fri~ f/ie c~r__±__roferr/1~1. 1f 1h~ :Jn0reJi~nf k1<J determl~, proJac!~S tlJ1 .t . •
eld·i<>I p•l<nJ10.f e.iilh • 0ttil•ble ;nd;,.,,b,. e),,J,..Je , J/,e =-{/J,. film~.., ""'! k {ol/~J
~y no!'1 lhe /AU ;,, r!m),!J •• !he in3~n~ is w<ed up :in !he filra/1,, · ,,,ac!J,,, foJI,,,,,
ilie 0-rlcL;~~ of i11cremenl€> of +i]rAnf • i
.~W"'i~ 1W jni/i'•lf IJ,-,., j~ / re/a!i'vejr~~..Ji'f;.JJjf F/en/,)J wi/~
"'1dilin 'f ;"'"'"'"'f •f -Iil•ant, H'""'"'· ,,. Th<. j;J,,J•"1 P""'""d', Jh""" £;/ 6•tnw/,,J 4/""lf" '
f<U in J'•knl1W wHJ, ..Jd;J;a,, •f Ihe ,,.,,. ~eJncremenr,~~{:;n/t'~"'•f end F'~/-
-/i-e cc~)- t'f(
11-er< 1,~I/ be "' hw<h !aroer /:JI in pu/e,,.J,;,1 .,,ifh a v.7~in.JI ;;,i,,,.,,,.,,,1- •F li/ranf. f•fl...,,~
. i~e "'~id po1'n~ of-f/"'1 r~~Htn..,..jtie {All 111 p{leri/1t,j de<!reas~6 tt'Jain ~r an 1ncremenf- 4f-
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 41 of 51

43. ." ~ . :
I
I ..
'''I
: ·1
Ii
: j
i
!
! !
. '
:In 1tu. """'.'· s•IU .illwr 7•n;J, kj,,. I• 11"1 r:f /abl '''"'" • ft•r 11i._ ..
"'!''''"'"'" poinf. lh• F•"IJ~r a<ldi/inn of •il»r mi'JJ.u, ,h."ff'~ ·!he cone•nl"'/;,,, ~f /},,
. c•mp/.'- "'" chan/j"5 Ile oif.er i0>1 1o "/ ex/e,,/, ~· IJ...i //,, J;'J,•./;',,, """"" hap ~"../""'<l/-
f»rj3~n/.U f""Jra>J 1h"'f7 .a{+,,, /he euyW.,,,J,11r. prinf,
rr11c/1on /1'/r,,/ed -j.
Fib: /Il~Han of 0·1N 7ea.nide
.. wHh O•JN ~ilvtr> dcluhlri
---~··-·----
:zf11il+J ~@Nj .. ~:
UJ
1A} }lie ~iu.va./er('-e pcfn},
7hus. 1~e etytlJ10n (!) bf'comes
~t ~#r~~J1
At+ 2..CN- ~r11(l'N)2r ~@
1:, ,, 0o<1 ~~s ~
[Ao ~N}2-]
:___ __ - --' I I +--1...:..._.4
20 10 GO 'iO JO'>
Vo/11me. tJf ./,'/r""'4~
f .1 1._4·-l
?. 0 ·1'1 ,;., PD .1~0 .
./o/vII•(. ~/ /;{N,,·{ -4-
~/1"11 cut-ve of de~l'-
.mln.t·/1¢.n f)f oia~on
GfJ/u/iirn 7 NA0 NttO}I ·
7.~-~ '···- .... ' 1--
, 20 '10 (;I) ~,., _,,,,
. Volutnt. o{ /1{1'(11•/ • .)
fi'3: TIJr;..41hi cutve of det~r-
mma:l1~n of N~o11 :So/ul~.
b)' %0 He/ acid·
'I' e .
:1.: 6 .
..
-1 .
I
/
J'.
.1'1.
,,.. .fr,.
/' f.
I ·r r;.J'
-{'.
·1
)
JJ '
10 ·
I G -
J.
G -~
1
2
·;,:I.. c;,,,,r/exomek 7lJr~lions : /·;· ·, :',
C.mpkzome/r;,, J;!r•JkmG """ b<- .f;//1t<J .,j·Jh "" e/te/rocl~ o{ {!,., 1>1e/,.J .sf,;,,., ' ·... :
j,., iG .jnvo/v,,/ ;n cvmpL" -forma/i,,,, f.,, ex.nip/e, • si{vep e/,d,,,J, ""'/ k used ~fol/,,., /he /
~i·lr,JWn of 7arUde iM '"jj/, • ~J.ndar>J ;;./u/;,.,, of si/wr , 'Jh, si/wr ;,,, ,,,,11,,.,,J,,./,:,,, «>;'./I '
lie 3owmed rlhe ''ViJ/;briorn ~o"sl•nt j;,, j/,. compl.. .i;,rrna~'.m rea-/;.,, . .
/,
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 42 of 51

44. . •·
I
Ii
'i
·1
.: ·' ;
,
'.' .· 1
I '. I.
I I
·1 l, I
I I
I
' i
j .
;
;
· · eo =- 0't%9I / K ~
i:.: n c8.1o ( ·
~0i1ere, n if>. ihe numher of etyidw/enfo of e/edril.!i7
mol~i· lrM of re~c·~·an ·
lhe. epyv1lib1,fom conG~n~, K. or ,;H1l y>ea.c.Fori
folltnim0 .formul~ :
1+ - St D
Ce. f e -4 Ce . £ =: f Gj V
Ce-tt + p/t ---? Ce~'t-~if,.. ---f~:. +-~:f?-?V
F ~t- ~ C' H -
e. ~ ' re + e ..
Tt i~ 5enerv.l7 coMiJer-oed JJ.i~~ ~t:eh ~ 1~e~e/iltrl ~vtr5io·l6 ·of ·/wo ~I( re"'c-/tonS
tJ'1ow :>IQ.ndeird po·lenli~b 11101 k UG~ ·lo (!~b1l<Ale H1e. ~/andapd rlen/itJ of fhe1 l"~aC!lions.
• ~ >·, ~ -.
J3o,.;Jafim,-ReJu,li.m ![J1..,/1,,,,, :·. . ·· '
, R<>cloz rea<!·/lanG om bt:: ·/~llN~eJ 7 ctn ine1Jf :indic;i?.·/or ef~c:~ock . 0}he.
el··c ,.,c<le a~ume~ .~ poh/;11! prorr~~J ~o Ilie 1(7"''j Ihm o·f ·lhe tmr'"n/ra./1011 rttllo of fhe -{tPo
oxHoAian !il~le6 of jhe re~~hm~ OP Jhe.ii·Jr,,.n~ i0lvci1 ever J? c~pah/e or P"orr't risi11 fhe:
elec lrode. Th~ 1i/,.,~·/ims 111volve ~lie ·/riansfe1' of el~c/t'on {rotn lht? 6vhti/~nc'l kirc; ()Xidi'5eJ ·~
lhe <?t-•b6Ja~e. beina 1,JL('('d ' tor e:xAmr'~ I
4+ 2+ '3t
C!.e + Fe --4- Ce + F'e3-1·
l] ~n a.t!ldic_ ·ferroU6 ~oluflan j;? J;/t-a~d ti'iJh an 6Jancla,..cl eerj~ ~o/ulian 'J ~~c,
·llie 1r,x-!errlft.l ~ela.}ive ·lo }he t'JOt°')71a.( rt"Oaen e/~c·lrode) oF A pftA./inVlll e/(!c./11od.f.. PJ ~n1ac~ /
w1h 1he ~0!tdio11 cJill be r: ~ ei/lier O{ 111e {ol/l!c<Ji-,B e°V(Ja:/ion5 ~ , .
o·O'?!J ''V [r·.,"Jit~_ 6)
.l Jo [ce11 ]-....
i:: ==- !'.I o-o'>~'.31 [re2t·1 ~ ~
I- E feHlfl' . ~ 1 /oq . - --
/ (} - [Fe~1J - .ru._ .
I
~~ ~;·.·.~.:c;z;~;,.~""'""~Jij~~~~~~¥1"~~~~~
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 43 of 51

45. -@
';
·I
I
i .
i
! ·.
-@
I'
'j
i
,..
,.
'I
'
! :.No-(.1),
,.
I
!
i
'
I
~- [r/tl - [ce.1·•J
[r~st] [c~9t]
[Pe21][ce.3'] ·
Kl:'- -
~
Al- etywvzileYX'e point,
'i
//
1
1t J..!duld be 111c11>e co11v€nienf J" u~e ·lh~ e'luer/ian® k.f~re ihe ecyw~~c..·
,' ·;f,in~. ~~!! lhe r,iuli~ h~nd ~erm 0 f ·/!vs ecvWJ./11!11 awld be e~~i~ ·found ·fr1om /he. k;1own eJenf-
,, of lhe ·lilrt~ron .. !f- et/u.albn @ i; u£.ed, IJ.ian lli.e., PA ~h1 Cee/ce."1+ I~ ·/o k ce11/{u/a/ed ,. 1ne(mG
llf th~ ecyu.ilibrju~ c.ol16ttR.n~. A((er. ih.-! e"!Wvti.kne.<?. pDin~, ~"J,u/a-/rrns 1-lt>e Jor1¬ J; m~r16 , f
eoyua.lion (D. trorn e~uei.·lion ®· H i5 evrden·~ -l~f f'1e J'°·/en}i.J o.Hh-e ~·lli!t3J of 1he ·liJr'1~1a.7
~kold be. i11Pn'1·live(oe), btr•AflGe F'e21 ~ns a~ /lie cinf .ioro fl':r>~tit .and iliel"e a11e ho p.?5i frln~.:
Al -11~ mrd point cf ·lhe H·lrerlims. td1et1e ~e2t] :[rest]. €".VuJki <?) hel'Omee-
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 44 of 51

46. ' ..::. i
.. ····..·.· I. ·~ .
i'
-··--·-·· ·---··-·---""""
t
w
~;·1milar7. haI( tvNll #irot'[Jh ·[f!e. ··li.f1,,ffi~r1
,Jill be 1d-.en ihe e!l1lor}de .ion.S eon~errlrt>.k<!YJ J-.a0 be~n
l'¬ doc~d fo o•o9.3N.
End Paint
/ ,
A') ?Mh as enol(}h ~jlwrni·/pal~ -5()h/ron +l!I pt>el!;fr}a.fe Cl a» 1f' hi!t~ '1ee11 aA:lecl, :
·lh~ f('l1.·:-'i1tj ~uyuWbrfom i~ e~t~ba~hed,
. AaC1 ? A3t -t et- -@
, I
,,
! !
-,
6) F~~e~ipi/P-l~n lJlrnl1'irr~~- ! , ', .
. . Any 1"'"ipi/A lion /i/rali0>1 ·If~I )nvo/ws in:ofuhle 6A!Is •f m./•~ ~ud, .ii
tr1t?1~cu7, ~1/ve.r,.1~"J t'lnrl c'D/7~t' (Yr)Y bt.' .follotu<!cl polm·{iomelr-.cc-a~. Tk indicAhr ld!lec/,.J~ 7: ..
~e lr!tl ~e · cf l1'e me/o.l }11Y1llve,:I in ilie re4c·l1~ Of' m7 be an e/('clt'c1J~ ivhMe ~p'a.J fo Ii
3ovc:rr.ec: b( /J,e ~oncf'n/ro./ir,,.1 of f/1e GltVlJn ki)18 prc('tpi{(A/ed · 1Tie ~ni/ucle. op fh.(2 rferr/W r :".
dw13e ,~I /lie .enA roint- ckr:~r6 on ne ~u/ubili·~ ~.r ll1e -JubG/~nc.e bi'l~ 01e{'tpil~led (it~ welt ii : i' :·I
a? ·lhe ~onc.•errlrcdfon ]hvolved• 1he.. iifr"'~·t>tl of alilwicle ·.ton~ £P1fh ~ ~·~nJm,tj .,o/uh~ of- . ~...
<?·Jve"" ,;jr"'le uriir(J CJ. ?i}wtJ me~l indJ~~o1; e/eci,,0cle. .1s an f!~nrpe vf "' preclpifP-~~
· ·~rlrtAim. ~fhe /;>oler:i/t"'-l ef 1ilvt:r eledrode toi/l b< ,rvernecl 1 lhe ~pprop,,tah Nernsr ~, ·
. lhe ~r,U/:briutn ~on@/~nf- ./W flie 11.~o ve ri12~cfion j6 -
I
K1c1 " [Al][l'J-J " Jo-Jo - @ . i
Jt o•Jl'I NaCl ·.,; f;Ir.~J "ffoir-6/ o·1N A8NDJ , /he Att ian ">n<len /n.Jl.n / 1 · , ·i
be eon ;1dei-ocl ~o .b• Jll~9N M ~- "' ·few dr•p; •~ AgNOB h.ve heen ..dd..J. f?a_;wJ'ort$ 1 · . i
(•'" br Ll')«l io c~lev/..i /he v,J;CAJ,.. eltej •.de riml1".tl. I I
1 •
. -9 ....-....
f.)i'Aa =- o·Rnv ·t o·05"9J loDJv 10 .
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 45 of 51

47. [1 I
r:.-·:t- ~l
i ;' I
•;
i, i
I ;
i ;
~ .
I
r
'
. i• I
i i
I
~
i
'·•
I -5"
• I El~'iAa ::. O· eo v+ q·o'6'0J log.ID Jo
~~ ::.O•oOV
. ~~ ~~efenni11e ·fl1e. end o(nl- of~. 1i!t·1'.lhn b ofenlr"omeb·ic_ tnelhod ~ -~~ © . ,~
-4 to pv, ? ·?07t-: -1r -ro -d1u,.., Ut!l
~. 1};1" end Fi?"(~~ntJ. fX'~n~orne·)rtl ¥Jrah"{l1],..'8 111~ t9lu'.At>p t't5€ DY' .(al/bwh/c'.!h o~<!Ul"5j·n1'1e QOt'n~~
J 1,"'-~J-r,ul)ol~ • • ~dccO'YZ>
procltted C ~ti._,}rlct~rrc--e'ft'l:c~d~~edJn jh~ ·/ifri?-/itm W~se/ • rr {f..e t;hal"l ri~.e Or> r~ J~> 5tf{t-
cferi11 ~~re1:_{:ir~l~IC4) if~l"da1t'veJ "'MJ 1° ~e/i:-cl ·/ht /nJJ p~inf .1YJ jhe ~feep par·f ,,pt.~~
ii!r>A~ian c.'urW ttrid iJJr, rint is ci>..l/d encl ptrmt e] fl,~ ti'1ri~~-m. HovJever, if 1he rr~e. (JI> f,.11
,J~Vi . Jtel:rrv) '
/hrooVh ih~ e.iyu.ivale1K'.c pcin~ J$ tnl1)•e ~1,<Ad11a.l,>.l· ~--L~ J.i·{f,·<!uU-1o ~e/e"f /he end ?cfn~'
r~·i·Jl' CJv'Yll dc~ree "~ <!('r·loJn7. ln $V<!h ('MeS' )t r~ Use{ul io. l'-eSot>'I (:i_ciPt (,if~ q,~v+o· "' 1!rs/-
clerivci/lve wwe ct> even ·/o a. 5econd del"i~·#1< oirw ./o ~:X- f'1e end pmni. ).e.,,e.fore, 1h(. r-nJ
pcini .3n (lo -poienH'ome~ri-~ ~f,.,.~'oti c~n b~ ohtd ne,J 7 {lie tollNOF1~ 1hree w76 ,
1 . /-N>tri ?he re0v/tVr poien~'orneJ,.· ~?~--~v~~;~
:2. · /ticrrn }h~ ~fe {/r~·~~~Ul'V~ ·.
3. fliorn 1he ((~nd d~~ cu~-
~ rrom 1he r~801~r .t29~"'~1~i'omelrrc ·Hl1wl1m ~ ! .~~~
J n1i~ elu~rode Y'·ea e ~ill71 re peve~·ible I t:<'r1d '·lht> iitMi·/icm pe~e·ITcn J1
~lni11e~l'l('iJ j,e., 011-°- ))'J~k('td~ Or llln or ·li·l1,~n1- l1e~cl- t._1j), ~I~ 1110 f'~Or ion of fb-e_
Sl).n1p/~ iJ,e. flknJ1al ·/r·l1·111Jid11 cut•w tt1i:ll b.e. s·· r11md1·1~eJ wi'/h ~ ·/rii Jic~ 5f( moro/ sl-iA . [~!'
-5LI~ -~~r.ve' llie ~~ pd?nf CDpreeroncfo ·lo HH~ }n{1eC'iian ririi" w/11'0.h ~Ml i: Jeterml-n-etl
'7 Jn>f"');.,, of!he 1ilr~Hi<n pl_{)!·· ~,{il:~e/hod is /'«fi-<I ku/- 5uloj<!liv'1.,.
);- Den<iU 'e-e- lol'J.~ ~ +l~d'<'1 U'-''"'l;v'¬ ..)) 1 p61<.f(..·kn"'.P-7 . uAv.J- ;,., 1'1.tu..}
<)~'> ~ yN o"ll 1 z,C) 0 "~ © ~M ~ 'Yl.9~,
~ 0 '80 V + 0'0591 /f(}Jo&110-9)
:;;:. 0·30V
Ar .,he e~l).iv~lerK'(' pDill'~; Lllvt] ~~N -J = Jo-~·,j
-- -- ~- ~- ----"~:~):i_·~::--.~:<;~.~~--,.,...;,-~-=.......·-=""·--""""_.~_=~-:._-'-.=;.__ ·_-:::=-_-r, ~ ~-- - ...~~~~
.
. '
i,',.
l
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 46 of 51

48. " I ,. !'" .,;' !
!I .
!.j
: ,,
'
;
i
.1I
!
.I
·'. i
I
. !
Ij,
II
' i ..
1 ·
I ·,.:
I.
'i
•I
AV
- -©
.Ld:.
Voh.11n,. ,,f ~·/,.,,,,J --4
FI9: 1 &er;e{; ."f pDlenli~rne~i-e. ~ilr"'1i~ curvt. C1Jrve /1, t'efff..r
·JtJbnH'oin~lri-cArlrp;~ cur~, tvrY~ e, ~}15f deri~~'ve. Ff(n-
·i1'amelr1c ·lrlr"'·/1~ cv11 ve, Cvrv( C, 5-E>cmi d~r1'vJ1ve. .
. · pofM~1htndri·c Wr~~ ·c.ut'V{'.•
{:trr: f~• f;"'/ der.i...-1/~ ji/,>;Jlon eow• : . . .
---- -~ .,, . --- ~ .
·To JJ'~ a Jtr>5/ Jeviw/1~'::lij,,.J1ffl '°""".:iJ..c"J,.1' in f'~.,;~. AEk
cirn~eculiv~ a.JJJ.JiorY.? 0 and ntf) of Hf,.iilnt ct~;J~J r1j,, cl,a!.'3e if! 'ffJ[ut11<2llV .fr, ih~
5~m~ acldilian5 je pl~d "-Jtr11JGI fhe yt1/ume lit /ilrtt.nf.
~ I .i -;
I I
I .
: I
l
.. }·
! ..j
···1 .
".... -··
·"'
A
r
..
.
I
~.'r-f.-r;l(l·-.po~JF .
.c.
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 47 of 51

49. ! _...... -.
'.
!JV ~ Tnc1ie111e~I bf 11·/,..ani',
ty1.,,~1~~~17 6~.:1l<in3, L1'%_x_:~6_ r_~·I~~~~c1-~~!.l_v1· o~ /he f,r£f cleriwrb~
1
e.f re~en~itti w1ih reBre·I ·lo volvm~ ;s plot led as /he. ordiml~ ~D~·n&l tJie volume t:t91k
b • 1r• • ~'f('O'. J-Lc--{- ,,.!~ I - / 1 /' I t .
(). ~"' j6~. M l!lll"'Ve g1ve9 ~- ~~~I' c.t>N1e!>pci1~""tf 1o fl1"" vo L'meJ a:.T · 11~ ena pofri ,
1 ~ rru)'l'l iJ-i~ ~<'l'tmJ deriv~·/ivt? fi/MJtan ~ ; . __ _
.. _Ire ce~ ..+-i:fo-et:d1o: .
~~me:/i'lm5. if iff-nece~1a7 {o -preFrie ?.¬ wnclderiv":/lve,..,_~urY~ cf;rJe.te,..-
tn-mhi8 11'e <mJ pef'rlf hf~ttUBf' ,P,,s ~ der;v,,_·~'ve Cl)t1ve ~tve6 ~ f?Vik 1Jw..f d~() mape oP [e~~
fiharp7 ·1(7"' /(1~~8wvm and ·lJ.ien ¥11~ ~ff. 1f1e ·lanoenl ~f fJiJ5.frrsr de,..;~·l1'v-e ~vrv.e (i.t:.,
· lhe. ,ecrnd deriv,,/r-~ of /he fr/rei1}11QrJ <!Vt'Vt') i!kM1U~j (rcrrn dopTn0 up ·/o Jhe. r.18/J~o~;f ·ve
Vt.lu1 ihr°1Vh A hori~on1al ro~·rH'uri &1gpe ::o) fo ~1.~p~ doitrn ·lo the rr8hl(n"8""Jive v~lotj
(15 ih" ~}vme j~r>eC1&$. Th.oJIG, }h-e ~econcl c/eriwl1'ye of1he Jtifl~-lhn C!Ut'W ~01/1 tJ.Vf n€
~.er· ~r·ae!ierttl ~J~re of lhf!' ~lJt"~~"nd /he'~~J_ 0_1!~~. b_1iU_b_:: /Jie vc/vme e<)~'r<l ih't' curiv-e rt:t~~G
fh_rc((oh Jtro/,ji charitg.. ,;,6}(C). po~i·/1've yalue -JC')(>. (1<'8t')t'v-e Vtl~U~ , I·~:, ~.i.e~v"- :ro,
LIE ::. ..,ri(' d1M1ge Jr1 pc~n~,.,i.f wlu'CJJ, ~ot-s FoUo(A}i"o a.ddi'~lat1
of tn1 jrct>€1111211f ~f ii·/re;inr.
v ~ 'lblurne C)f 1i/Mnf-.
/I
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 48 of 51

50. ------ -·- ------~--------
j
~"~"/ ·Iii"' -rnJ rll~>t_· I .
(/0 .· I
~ lhi'~ me..1~od l'll'YI ~e u5J ~ lhe ~4f6 af £/u~ ~nl2limJ.. V<'/Y / t _
ct1~1~ ~r1u~1~ tJi th J~h deare.e t9f a~l'urtt~ , -. j. ·
} . b__4""!f<-1Mi~ ~1 k :Bft~t~•. ,.._P°*'~'"'!',, 9 -HtJ-.kn " . I +e
~~~~r~!;-1Wnapp}T•ht1w1rr-_,i'Wi<etfrry-'-Gkt -~-.
~~~··_!!ir..j1.n~eo " n~11e~ !ilrimde~' • • 'H
'---:) (.VVY' be, c;ltt-~·
t·
( •, ..· J·~n~1m l~e tl.dvzni t~0e~ bf pt>/en-l1omd7. ..- 9.9 6)
~. ··.rie r·~nhomelt>i(! .Jjfli~lrbn eifferf7 o number of t<clvitnt'~es jn 'IJ,~ detnv"'-ri(l.t'an af-
e-nJ Fi1'r - tf"~(Uf)~ ~k;
~ 11i!> mdhvd cM-1 he. /heJfo<-~fl/clrr~ol fjo)/urbi-dl'Gvb.·~~ ~ u--rtPnWJ - !
'~~~;;;FirtilJ(~tir w&a/A be u?;~ f
lI
I
f. "The. Ulj lla.f 0~_11../r&n rediw/1~1 /-;fr"'./r:n1, p·ecipi ~.f1~11 toeac.f1~ '1(lolJ!fr~-
lion ~volv1J ccrlnrfe-,_ {or f'M·Jim are u1e.d ~lab~ra.tijr, · !.:;:·.
1.
3/f;~~i,:mof H. "411 i<i! Jeir~m/n.ecf 7- 1~~ ~e.fh~ · !:
8 Ad'cl LM~ Hfr,,.~:m :h1 no-ri -~~fli.qi:o..( me.d1'oi can~" r+:' 'I' '. ·
fl~~ rned~~··{v - , : -:
. n"&~ c1.1'"'"'~"1.:..., b ~"' n,,,ie.- ,,,,~h.d. j,; f,.,,.J ..,, P"1.nJiome7 I.. .
G' J+ _15 U4ed Jri 11'e Ar~si' i:( c.uc:;fu f~~fmen} fed1no/~J and c},,7r1~ , .
"~/;~"" lh< •rrV"J,a,,, ,f r!•nlio~el;,. , ~9@ · ... · . ·· · .; .
7~1,1/i/r~/,·~n c~n. be yer{ormecl 7 pofet1liliri1cll'i~ Ptl"an~ proviJ{,r{ ·l~1~f- ·)h~ ch~VE' 1i .
r:I, ·, 'l1'e1( ('/lYl Le, {cl/C1wed 7 " ~Lti(ab/e_ incl1~·ti.11~ e/ec• lrocle w/uri used in con j1..111c/1&i u ith '
P./'Pl'-'f>'lafe' rc.{~Yl('~ "-kdt<)rle . 1h~ Arpl.1(P.i1~ o( '}xil•'h'/1D/"f)drl(· lnr--~/,~ .,.)!.(_ a$ tji,/Jl5WS
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 49 of 51

51. i'
I
iI
I .
' l ::~.- ~
I
I ;
t ·:..
' .,
~A0)b.
Jt>.0~.01.
- ~
~:~:...~................~~~---{;~~1~_--2;±2';;i:.';;.',:6;i:_s;.:;:'C-;,:::0'.;:c:; '. ~ '4
~ ;,
..
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 50 of 51

52. ,
...-i-.,. ·••
Md.
Imran
Nur
Manik
Page 51 of 51