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Department of Pharmacy
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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D· !1mperome·l7 /,i;ri. rr.in1m;~ bt¥n LMecl Of> ~ tne·J/1od .~;. loc.::•--lii~ ·/he -E't1A po;,,{6 4
·li~r~·licmG jrwQlvmfl an. ·.decl1,oadve <E>pec.>les ·The cu11renl· io di1·ec:'f7 1'roFr·)lontr..f 1C! #i-<!
corx~mll"''1-~i;~ cf dcc:"~/·oar·)i'.ve 1.;p{>.r>iQG ~11 ·/111." Go/u·lion e1nd jJ· dc Cl'r·a~e·i or j1·1C'l'fl:f5f':J JL;I fr,(J
lhe ·li~r~·liDh a.t; ·1~:? tr.inl'.'-<'nir"'1idn of Hie ele~l~.o~dlve- {;~(Oies c.-L1111tr'S. 'J]~e €nd ri11I· o{ an
tA.tnpl!POmeft.ie. 1i~r(1.Jjm j{ /oo.1ed 17 ex.1k•t1. 'fio-)()../iori of 1f1e 6}1:t1.t~}i/ - line por-lian~ v{ ·//,(! ~7~1·<it~:a11
.cor-ve. hefare and o.f/er ·(l1e r.'11J r~lnf·, ~o j11-le1>cPp)ion. a.+ Hi'< etid poj.nr I lhe 1J,:lr{'$ oF .
amr~on1ddc. ~iJ~~·/i<l11 <!UPVE?S t<rc: ·'i(Jen./i~ttf ·lo ih< ~J~r cf ~rec-·)1,opho/omeir•it'. ·)iJr•,,_·)i"11
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-feehprpVUe jl) w}i.1"c/, 1/~e . currenf ;$ tnea~ure~ .. be·/£>'~-t)i ·J~,_,D ]ndt e~/o,, e /e dnoJe~, wJ.u·J~
ah emf rs impo~d he{:-Je~ Jiu" ·}wo e/e.c/Pod~G. t)~u~17, .//,~ inJic~·Jo'r e/e.c/,.oc/ee,
-c a1,e iden}i coJ pft'A~mvm ..iileclrode6 t>J kfch ~re p/8rd!l field ~ .(;,,<ed di-~·/anc:te .[Porn
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'~tt<.Jh o·llier i11 1he ~ell.· 1rie emr "-pp lied beleveen .flie /,110 e}ec~rode$ {s nonnaly
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If il _tr;, atl~i.Jm~cl f'1o..f- ·1~e Ji/ro.~d i~ oriornc;1,/17 in f11e re.c:Ju~eJ fo11m
ra IJ1er H1an -Jhe. o~idi;.,eJ -~11m, ·Ii~ 6h~pe ~f -/he ~/11r~·)ian . curve. ]G /J.,e ~me .ezcepf ~
1J..ia.r ~h12 dii·ecfion o{ cu1·i·en-/ flow js pever~ed ·/hrouJl1 ./lie cell .
. . _- /H-i'1~ G·l<.1'.,,·1- .c~ ilie ~i{P~~im , on7 ~h12 o:xi~i.Jed ·form -of IJ1e 89J•-1
rrefen} 1~ ~lie ii~rP-~1iin ve~fle). O», CDVIJ 1:)¬ peduced a.+ or:« cf ·l/1~ i11 dr~tJor e lec--/roJ~6
i{ 5Dtne ofh~r !jpecies , ji1 !>ti)di'cn were 6imu/1~nec06!J ox)di~d ~+ 1Ji~ dl1e~. o/ec/rod~, ··
i.e., ele.e~roch:emrc~l rec::i.ckan5 mu5~ ocwr> 1'fr~u}fttneousJy af bc11' e}u/rodes it ~
c.ul'rent js ·lo -f'/irw /hro1~h ~he cell.
GJew'~,,~/~, ·P••' ·>>1·/i/ivi/7 f.'f J/,,,. ·/.-.cl1r1;ryu"' it1C"t1<'t ~-'.'; ,,,j/J, ·inr:'t'""' ,-,;,(} '2.rr1f
/I o·uk?wr. ,:ii ·/h<> c111f .1..-, /,..o /,':1/0<' ·//,,, ctccortt7 r{ -/Ii<:-' /;Jr~/ian c11n c)c(•1•<'n1c, (~1 • nwo/-
. p;1>p<><3ej I, "'n e.Yl'lf of.,,'bDu!- <G"O mY t-i'.JOPk-1 well·
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Hon ~F J<ed. inereMe1 . 1m/fl /l,-1... -fifr"'/i&YJ }6 hAlfwey ·Jo ~hL ~uy1.1Jv~lenee.: ptriht, A-I fh<-
~h,blf'~ ~mark, iJ-.e ~vh~en.f~<?.J1irnt} IJt 1h~ ,b~d1;9e.J .1L . ~~UC4?d ·f'ar1nd tf 1Jr~ /i{,-;<1(n,d .
a"e eqtutil Dl,.,J Hie ..· cpr,..ent t?e"'t:!hed ~ tna?t.f"tnum .. Af1e1· 1'1'! h°'lfw;y tnark, -/'1.(_
tor1cerrl;~~l11¥1 "f ·}i,12 o_~[d.i5eJ (orm · of- ilie ii~t"and b.eeo.rmv /f?~ ih~n 1h-e ~oneen/ro.J11m
of ,1h~ ,,educ-e.d ·f'oJ>tn ~~d (!onGE>cyuen1y litiiiJ, wrren/- flotv ·Jhroc,(J'' i~e. c~ll. A1 tT}ore..
fh · iG ~emovcad clui'il~ iii€. 1i1t-~/rm~ ·)~e curl"¬ n~ d~cNM5e6 un/i) it r>eqches · 5e1·0 a.J-
I),~ ecyuivo. /enc-e T'!)in-I .
The ClJPf'<:>n( f/ow, ~hrovUh ea.el1 ~k~lrod~ _i~ ,Jzpendenf UfOh ·fire.
eoncenlr"'k"nS ancl Hu' c}r.f(or,lon ~e.f'h'<JiA?/o flt·ihQ e/edroctc/,v~ !>pe=(!ie5 jn lhe !1v/u/iUYJ
Jn ~myerom~:lfl/ lt.'i /Ii (J.. ~in8/e. .irid~~/or e/edrt1de. If il1e. .fnrlic~·lor e/€cJ,,od~s ~re..
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J"O,l"'~ecl. tl1(. curreni· i!), oJGa d~Fnd~m~ upon ihe l•of~kon ~t?.fe.
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A6 ·f;J,.o.n~ .iS : °':JJed ~ ·k -{;J,..~lion ~6Se/, '5ome o·f- .fhQ oxidi;)ed ·lortn ,~f f/--;e
41h•~nd j<G l()l'W('Piecl ·Jo 1Jie t1educe.J .form (!<eJ). 1t -/h~ /i/Nmd ;6[ r~ve~~b)Y eleeJro-
t~~T-r7)'ihe o~di3ed ·fc1rtn of ·IJ,f! iil11~nd t"tt11 k ,.,~clu~eJ ~J one, ind;M·/o,, @feeJroJe.
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tvhile, 1h~1~~dl)eoed fo..,rr; ·of iJ1e /i~r-and ~4h be o:xiJ;3eal 0.-/ ·/lie o·/l1e11 !nrli<"<r/o~
: elec~rode. lhc Pe£>ul/ j: a l"Ol'lr>enl· .flew ~hrou(Jh ·/Ji'!. eircui.f .
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13ec~u1e nu i•e:Ylt.'<:'ed -;;Fe<!;e!> :i~ p····.:iotri/ ·in 11,~ (,o/vlic11. {An o:xldc1-1ion c~nrio- "-
occur ; .no ret-tc lhn Ocl'vh; ,(f· ""1 ·lf1<>r e/1?.<!·l1·od~ cn,J no (•1.11•t'enj {l6t11('), U1r<'/liJh ·f11.q. P?r'/<'t•1 •.,••
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/ ci l'cuit. EJ~clu~e.. 1he. To!en/to.J c.;/{lerenee heftMen 1h-e.. e]ed~ode!j i5 /'"'/~·/;veJ -:;m"-rt 1 7·1 i~
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{mros~;iJJle. fo (iimvl hm•cCL'ri_!i 1•edU~e. ~?!· ctl· ~fie <ll10de ,rJ/_;f<! ·{J,~ ~o/wn+ l'1• €:'lec:-~rv7Je
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-+ ,_?hr li"Jr(;lnd j-s r>eversihy el~c/road1v~
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Volum.- ·->- /ulumr -'>- Vt-lutn~ ->-
A B c.
Pru:.-11H? ~h"'f"~ l'F ·i/1,,""lt0>1 curves ob/o.in~d fo,, o.rnpei,omt!·/ric. .ftlro.~i°an5
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·l>ie. i;ut>rent j1,creat3e6 C~'1 111ore 1ilMnl~ ,i1 added' J.11· h-ecome6 c.<pproxtrnA~eJr on6f~nl-
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i.vhen 1~~ con<.>e11/r~I~ of _1J,o o!A'.idtyd form <{ ihe )ifr~nf-. ~r~·deG kotiu?.1 e'Vv"-1 ·/o or
. le~ ·Jlie11n -/he. col?~en/t:().Jrm of fhe.. red1J<'ed fwrri of IJ,e -/i-/ra.n/- ~ped~t; 3111'1e -/t/r~ ~,q.,
curr~11t fl~ i·hrootlh ~h€ ·~!?II if 71-ie. lil1·~n~ j5 f'e'ferGihJ efe~/roa~·/ive e- no currenf (/oliJ
;.f 1he /i~r"n~ jb ho- ,,eV~Y'!>ihy ele.drM.c.>kve . ff JJ.ie {:·/Mnf i~ re~P6ih!>' ·.ele~lro~c.Jt-ve.,
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V"l~n~e f'h-i/-, 1h~ red1.>C!~cl ;~rm tif iJie ./i·lr~nf is acfded ·lo ·IJ1e !)o)u/i cm. 'The re:su/·/ fj5 o;
c~em;c•~ P<"1c/.d je J1dd Jf,. 00<f d(5ed .f,,,,, ~f iJ.e 4;{.-~I sf"eies ', A f./er Ih• f'Vui'-
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co.n f/oc.) frfor {c .,h-e (''ljujv,~leM~ pomf. /hi!! redue,z,J form of -~,e Jilr~nf-
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€) ; · ctm11{an~ Penet.J1,J 1Lif'·~C'e (,.J/~,·d, .1r, C'l'•P<'<'•~'J' ur,l"·ft,f ·for
prec~r11tt.·l~crn_ ·liln~·lian c~nd i~ld6 rert>O(lue!il-1/fi CtJl'f'en/6' .
@ j~.... 1"'(]1~ Jyd)·ogen fM'rvolt~ae cf- frlET'<!u7 rermi(r; ·/lie ,...,,,Judt<!n ~f
mtt/ vuho/aoe'(t.s l1"1v.:i~10 ll'lt~r over-y Hooe§,
© . ~-·~eN·v7 1ot•m ~el1"d vO/umffltJ t~., rner('tr/ ama.~a.m Ni-/h tna/
met~lt> and .hence 1r1.~k~.6. tn~7 me/t?J .iono tnot>e ,.,~,, t"ecf'udble ,
@ ~fl7e. ~ur{tt~e ~/'!!'IR ct1.n be (!'"1eu/"'~J r..orn 1/,~ 11.•e~hl- bf fJ,-e +r•
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ADVAN'J/(.1f:"$:
'!)r"IJ: :·ro~<7G -$eve,,J tmicyue t1rid'. LJ£.e-{u/ acl~tlrrl(J'-'S. 7h~se are as
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-J/1e.. MOflf· frec:yue.nl7 l)5ecJ pclari~ jndi co.~or -<-'}f?c~1·oc/<l~ ~t>e ·J/1-e
· Dt>ofrir~ Mer<'t''j' flec /n1dc {!)Mf;} at1d 1<o/o./m8 Pl~/inon1 fledrcx/e (!_<r'!), OfJ1ers jncfuJe 1/,e
ro/i7-.~m8 'DME,. flrttph/1e c{nd ilie VjbrA·/1n9 f/i?--/;num 8.lec/rode. {yrsJ .
Tn HJ:s' iifr·~Jian -lechni:cyu~, ~ Ginol~- rolar{~"lb/e.
lm..ee 11611-polar~~~e eJe~1,.ode.
0 A1'T'1)J{iIU(J lndiccdun.. electla:le, lle.~l'enc:e. eeel:r>ode.,El~c..tr>1'<'..cJ equ.ip111~n:1-.
trlr<'ro- el"':~roe/ e :i:;
(D /hnrrotnefric Ji/n,,_.t;~n:;, wijJ., one. ?l~r>i,¥d ele('·f,.de .
€) 1t~~1r~om-dric ·li/ro.iian.1 ~I~ ·liuo 'ro~1·i~d ele~·~·odt> .

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At, A conGecyueYl~ 1&tP. l~mifi(j eurre_nt t<r-e ~~-_.much aa . 2.0 {r:nes /arff'2r iM-ri ..jfoS~
o1'1o.int.d tAJi~h ille 1JME. • ·ihAt I~ twppUeJ 7 J;ffu~;an on}!·· ~~, ihe RP£:· hai 1h~
pafen~110...I {br . enha-ncinJ .·. ~~nsi/,.vi)7,
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Jiame-/eri. I 6horf- lenfflh of f~ i,vjt>e l~ e')(./-enckl lo ~-Je mm
.frotn ~hQ. wo..lf ofih.z v/ti1~ ·/o!dz._, lhe eledl'ode .J~ h1trun-kd Oh (). )
~ho.ft. in"' mo/er ~ncl 1·0/,11-~eJ "'bout ~ (!t)nSt~YI~ (Jfeqd , f
or,,,boot eoo "t":
vpon ih~ J;.(f(.)~Oh C!)rrenl · •
/ @ ApplteA. -ro/en/,."'l!l. are l~t11TJ~cl ·lo thoGQ, ti,).;cl1 a.r>e {e-s5 1J0f,iltve ·lh.an
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.a.foouF -to•.1 v due ·Jo 1i,~· di~Mlulr"O"n .cf Iti~ mer>~o""/! dror el:f more ro~i·/tve p?fen/1W~.
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@ A ~ei~Jt?.i11 ambvn~ oF 'noiGe' n7 result- ·from ·(/,e c!~PY'flind dlt'ren +
c11&1.r~e il1e double (,,..!er q- ionG '1.11ou11c/ 1h~ DM)> be~(} 0uperJmpo!Jed
fo iho9e.. oh!}et-veJ tv'iih PMf.: ~1"4- oh-/N»eol w~ ll-i R.PE..
How~~, i~e. reac~ive ~re~feG is b.woht 1o 1he dedr>ode.
'DJ 6-" f.1'..'I, , ~~Y:.!!:~~
Q) 0:>irtrn ·muGt k removed j11;J;~17 from 11,e.. f;lr"'I'"- ,1n~ . .(oll~oJiu e'1d1 ~ilicri
. tf ii/rant when lhe polen.JiCI of iUB ~ledrode j5 tno.dc' mor-e Jiea(}..1,.ve iMn_e11bovf ~ o·JV.
·Time .i!i riet11u.ired ~a de~7o~m~le. 1J1e6e Gt>ll.)1~0')16 eJiJ-i 07rrn(t'<'e nil,,.o8en ./; pP(?v:n1 fh~
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·(0 SitlC'e ciiy t>dt:tlive wttvnt v~lue6 e<t1~ pe'Vuit>~J JtJ t'lmpei>0me/r>i.~
~i·lrt'.~im6, ihe )nhet'E1nf cliolldYetrrftt0e.s of 1~~ F?-rE j-s nof· v~ Sn [v11;Hrred] voHmndrt~ ·
tnet'SUre.men~, -Gueh OA 1iie..' uncerf~nfy of- ~h6olu1~ 7~/enli~~ anJ /e..se. rerrodu<!ihJ~
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diffuc,fon currenk· ,
@)1r1f' t·o·ltt liMJ of 1/-1e Rf'E rnust be )<epf l!.N1rJlnnl clLJ1;in0 111-t.. 1i1r~1t~,·
~nd iW'1 ne~":0'i 1~~Qt'1 ·1l1<? t•.1~ of "' ~11,;Jt1nt 1re~J '3/it•r-11v device.
©.'1<.i::Ff:~ENC'~ CLE<!TRODE: ~
Ifie tnCJe/ ·fi·ecyu~n1J- used t~efe~nt!e ef~t!frocles are -
. (!J G~/aM1ed c~lomd . Elec-lN1de &cE) '
@ 11J -pcol.
~3) Silvri· - Stlwt· C/1{n1~iclQ Flrr{r&le (A<7( Aoc I)
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~n~a~ Hie d;..f'fu6jan Ct1Pt>e11f- «s ,mt1<!l1 ~5 20.·l,.m~ fil?ea.br 1'1a~ it,ose ·found ih !>ME .
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Of:<'d ~J posilivt2. po·Jenft,,..1 tvt1eY'E'tUJ ~h~ J>ME: cM1 'I h~ u.se::l •
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$A f1rw: .dj frU9ion curreYi!J re~uHs from ~f;1,p~n0 Jl)e to· Gl. redue~cl
lt2)":;f?. · ]J6 o.~counfo ·for fh~. gre<7>/tir· ~enf>}/ivi'J' ,vJli~n tJ,~ RPE' .i1 . used.
~ ~~c/f!Y l""'duced re?iclwt ~orrenfl ret>u/:16 w~n iJ,<? r<PE ~ uSed,
/tid< of- iti~ r~re-fiJi''(e. chM'V1ri0 co1~renl- ob&erwd. fo,, 'lt1e. renew~ rn~,,<!07
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#/rtJ:/idr1 r<la/ foe ilh.JG·lr~·I<?~ 7 l'onsidf!1•i11fl .·11~
~ilre1:lirn of- f},2t io116 ~ecl-cib/e 4tJk.JanN'V
~(folnst Sflt9.- 1.<!16 ~)Oil- Pe clue ilA< v~:;re11~).
Lettd (rlt) im beh~ reclu~·ihl e, i;t/ !he c~ll1odt!
aj:w-l'b ~ d.iffu!Jio11 CLlf·r~1J, t•) j.,;/e iJ1e ~I) lpl1ttl..i
(.?o,/') )OYJ lien'O non-r+'ckr;Ll~ 1Jhot<JS no
ciiffLJ5~ ~Vt'l'en).
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Amperometry Manik

  • 1. Written By Department of Pharmacy University of Rajshahi Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
  • 2. ' . ~- _._.! ·................. . .. ·------- --- , .. .. . .. If( ·"J.)e?Cfibe_. lhe lhe~7 :of Amper.'?me_ri~ /ilt>a./io~_ l ·i D· !1mperome·l7 /,i;ri. rr.in1m;~ bt¥n LMecl Of> ~ tne·J/1od .~;. loc.::•--lii~ ·/he -E't1A po;,,{6 4 ·li~r~·licmG jrwQlvmfl an. ·.decl1,oadve <E>pec.>les ·The cu11renl· io di1·ec:'f7 1'roFr·)lontr..f 1C! #i-<! corx~mll"''1-~i;~ cf dcc:"~/·oar·)i'.ve 1.;p{>.r>iQG ~11 ·/111." Go/u·lion e1nd jJ· dc Cl'r·a~e·i or j1·1C'l'fl:f5f':J JL;I fr,(J lhe ·li~r~·liDh a.t; ·1~:? tr.inl'.'-<'nir"'1idn of Hie ele~l~.o~dlve- {;~(Oies c.-L1111tr'S. 'J]~e €nd ri11I· o{ an tA.tnpl!POmeft.ie. 1i~r(1.Jjm j{ /oo.1ed 17 ex.1k•t1. 'fio-)()../iori of 1f1e 6}1:t1.t~}i/ - line por-lian~ v{ ·//,(! ~7~1·<it~:a11 .cor-ve. hefare and o.f/er ·(l1e r.'11J r~lnf·, ~o j11-le1>cPp)ion. a.+ Hi'< etid poj.nr I lhe 1J,:lr{'$ oF . amr~on1ddc. ~iJ~~·/i<l11 <!UPVE?S t<rc: ·'i(Jen./i~ttf ·lo ih< ~J~r cf ~rec-·)1,opho/omeir•it'. ·)iJr•,,_·)i"11 c- ' c.":li•e c;111tt7~1~ of ~Ji~ elee-/toad1v"' ~l~ridard CA.clJHian ~echh}~ue. ~ 0r th@- lirru:/.in~ ~upren·/- al e: .(;xed ~ppliecl .i.e.1 J-1· i6 C<11aPoooufj ·(o, srecl1·opho/om~-lr~1~. P''- H)('t> ·/kn-1 ·l/1t· 1011v·clcng 1'1 , J-s mo.inf ""inp A i:;:ifJ1ot>b.:rnce, .]J J1101rilct•td, ')fie wrrenf lo J,·;.,..e-lfy t / ,lJ:lf'.;r ; indiccdCP e)e.c·/1,ode jlJ, c.~cfj'utJ•/<,>c/ ·Jo o; {i:xed V()./i)e Oh ~he rf~JecW o{ 1'1-e pclti.r>O- · ~:Cfp~-~~Jtiu-1}.~~r~;,·~me~;z~. ·@.. ·.,A-mpero~e/7 1a fhe e/ecJhJ o.n~}·/;c°'/ r;1:1Ar<,1P 'AMRMIJ t..Y 1TJJ ..l'i::AR, AN/LYSJS '-lL £.IO .t 1 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 3. ···.··'°" .... ' / .. ' . lrnpe11omeJ,.,; <!·.: Ji~r-a~rm to~d'1 /wiJ inclr-ct~}o,, elec/r'Vc/.,.5 ·i.G }J1e elec/1•ot::mt'tJr}1W -feehprpVUe jl) w}i.1"c/, 1/~e . currenf ;$ tnea~ure~ .. be·/£>'~-t)i ·J~,_,D ]ndt e~/o,, e /e dnoJe~, wJ.u·J~ ah emf rs impo~d he{:-Je~ Jiu" ·}wo e/e.c/Pod~G. t)~u~17, .//,~ inJic~·Jo'r e/e.c/,.oc/ee, -c a1,e iden}i coJ pft'A~mvm ..iileclrode6 t>J kfch ~re p/8rd!l field ~ .(;,,<ed di-~·/anc:te .[Porn '-, . .· ' .' . '~tt<.Jh o·llier i11 1he ~ell.· 1rie emr "-pp lied beleveen .flie /,110 e}ec~rode$ {s nonnaly . beh•ieen o·o1 tlnsGI ()·:(~' v. .•. t, . 'l;~l·ttnl ~o yielcl ,,n elr:~~~roa.<!·/!ve rp,,doel-. - ~ .. lf·/rtJ•/l'an c~ 11n ~lec/,.oa;/1v'2 /i.Jt,tAnd wl'il-i <' non- elec'/,.0a c/ive ·/(lrtlt'nf lo 7leld 1 e:t tnofi] fl'l~c}POa c};.~e -prodlX!t· I . . I ·r------ 1 . / J Cu~ve-B 1 11 IMli'ori tif ah elec/1-oo..cl1ve lilr>ttnd t>Jll/i an e/{'c/t-1Jac·J;ve .J;lr~n I {o y;.::ld o: non tel€.'-"1roc;;tc.-/r"ve yrod11cJ · . I . .. ~VRVE - ~ l l]li--tt·/iall or- a non- e}~clroadfve k/MnJ l<J0dh . an ef~dt>oa~ltve tiJ1~;qn f -lei y.i:ef,/ o (hon} .e lec·l1·0 c;t_c)r'Y"e rroducL . I . 1 : <:» ( ~u~ve -:b f . .l t ;' fir 1Tie.,J1~r'o of {J1e ~mpe,..omdrJ~ /ih~~lioh: <"Vr>Ve <]. r--r - lCvr..ve.-A] • t ,,~/,x'· <I~ I ' ' . ' I. I I l : .F11rl ~(,.;J- e- t • 2 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 4. .' ( 1 If il _tr;, atl~i.Jm~cl f'1o..f- ·1~e Ji/ro.~d i~ oriornc;1,/17 in f11e re.c:Ju~eJ fo11m ra IJ1er H1an -Jhe. o~idi;.,eJ -~11m, ·Ii~ 6h~pe ~f -/he ~/11r~·)ian . curve. ]G /J.,e ~me .ezcepf ~ 1J..ia.r ~h12 dii·ecfion o{ cu1·i·en-/ flow js pever~ed ·/hrouJl1 ./lie cell . . . _- /H-i'1~ G·l<.1'.,,·1- .c~ ilie ~i{P~~im , on7 ~h12 o:xi~i.Jed ·form -of IJ1e 89J•-1 rrefen} 1~ ~lie ii~rP-~1iin ve~fle). O», CDVIJ 1:)¬ peduced a.+ or:« cf ·l/1~ i11 dr~tJor e lec--/roJ~6 i{ 5Dtne ofh~r !jpecies , ji1 !>ti)di'cn were 6imu/1~nec06!J ox)di~d ~+ 1Ji~ dl1e~. o/ec/rod~, ·· i.e., ele.e~roch:emrc~l rec::i.ckan5 mu5~ ocwr> 1'fr~u}fttneousJy af bc11' e}u/rodes it ~ c.ul'rent js ·lo -f'/irw /hro1~h ~he cell. GJew'~,,~/~, ·P••' ·>>1·/i/ivi/7 f.'f J/,,,. ·/.-.cl1r1;ryu"' it1C"t1<'t ~-'.'; ,,,j/J, ·inr:'t'""' ,-,;,(} '2.rr1f /I o·uk?wr. ,:ii ·/h<> c111f .1..-, /,..o /,':1/0<' ·//,,, ctccortt7 r{ -/Ii<:-' /;Jr~/ian c11n c)c(•1•<'n1c, (~1 • nwo/- . p;1>p<><3ej I, "'n e.Yl'lf of.,,'bDu!- <G"O mY t-i'.JOPk-1 well· 2 3 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 5. Hon ~F J<ed. inereMe1 . 1m/fl /l,-1... -fifr"'/i&YJ }6 hAlfwey ·Jo ~hL ~uy1.1Jv~lenee.: ptriht, A-I fh<- ~h,blf'~ ~mark, iJ-.e ~vh~en.f~<?.J1irnt} IJt 1h~ ,b~d1;9e.J .1L . ~~UC4?d ·f'ar1nd tf 1Jr~ /i{,-;<1(n,d . a"e eqtutil Dl,.,J Hie ..· cpr,..ent t?e"'t:!hed ~ tna?t.f"tnum .. Af1e1· 1'1'! h°'lfw;y tnark, -/'1.(_ tor1cerrl;~~l11¥1 "f ·}i,12 o_~[d.i5eJ (orm · of- ilie ii~t"and b.eeo.rmv /f?~ ih~n 1h-e ~oneen/ro.J11m of ,1h~ ,,educ-e.d ·f'oJ>tn ~~d (!onGE>cyuen1y litiiiJ, wrren/- flotv ·Jhroc,(J'' i~e. c~ll. A1 tT}ore.. fh · iG ~emovcad clui'il~ iii€. 1i1t-~/rm~ ·)~e curl"¬ n~ d~cNM5e6 un/i) it r>eqches · 5e1·0 a.J- I),~ ecyuivo. /enc-e T'!)in-I . The ClJPf'<:>n( f/ow, ~hrovUh ea.el1 ~k~lrod~ _i~ ,Jzpendenf UfOh ·fire. eoncenlr"'k"nS ancl Hu' c}r.f(or,lon ~e.f'h'<JiA?/o flt·ihQ e/edroctc/,v~ !>pe=(!ie5 jn lhe !1v/u/iUYJ Jn ~myerom~:lfl/ lt.'i /Ii (J.. ~in8/e. .irid~~/or e/edrt1de. If il1e. .fnrlic~·lor e/€cJ,,od~s ~re.. , :· I . , ,- J"O,l"'~ecl. tl1(. curreni· i!), oJGa d~Fnd~m~ upon ihe l•of~kon ~t?.fe. ., .. . A6 ·f;J,.o.n~ .iS : °':JJed ~ ·k -{;J,..~lion ~6Se/, '5ome o·f- .fhQ oxidi;)ed ·lortn ,~f f/--;e 41h•~nd j<G l()l'W('Piecl ·Jo 1Jie t1educe.J .form (!<eJ). 1t -/h~ /i/Nmd ;6[ r~ve~~b)Y eleeJro- t~~T-r7)'ihe o~di3ed ·fc1rtn of ·IJ,f! iil11~nd t"tt11 k ,.,~clu~eJ ~J one, ind;M·/o,, @feeJroJe. . I tvhile, 1h~1~~dl)eoed fo..,rr; ·of iJ1e /i~r-and ~4h be o:xiJ;3eal 0.-/ ·/lie o·/l1e11 !nrli<"<r/o~ : elec~rode. lhc Pe£>ul/ j: a l"Ol'lr>enl· .flew ~hrou(Jh ·/Ji'!. eircui.f . ',,~ 13ec~u1e nu i•e:Ylt.'<:'ed -;;Fe<!;e!> :i~ p····.:iotri/ ·in 11,~ (,o/vlic11. {An o:xldc1-1ion c~nrio- "- occur ; .no ret-tc lhn Ocl'vh; ,(f· ""1 ·lf1<>r e/1?.<!·l1·od~ cn,J no (•1.11•t'enj {l6t11('), U1r<'/liJh ·f11.q. P?r'/<'t•1 •.,•• . I . u . / ci l'cuit. EJ~clu~e.. 1he. To!en/to.J c.;/{lerenee heftMen 1h-e.. e]ed~ode!j i5 /'"'/~·/;veJ -:;m"-rt 1 7·1 i~ ' . I {mros~;iJJle. fo (iimvl hm•cCL'ri_!i 1•edU~e. ~?!· ctl· ~fie <ll10de ,rJ/_;f<! ·{J,~ ~o/wn+ l'1• €:'lec:-~rv7Je . /: .. . ' / );, cy,xl~i;?ed o.r'11-ie. ccd/,cc~e , .. ;: ··: .;,_~·----· . 4 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 6. Curve~ -+ ,_?hr li"Jr(;lnd j-s r>eversihy el~c/road1v~ . ;, -+.-; 0ri7 N/t>aYJf- 1~ revet>6ihJ' el~elro~ef,~e . --9 .. Bo/h Htr~rnd "-r7d {r'/:,anl- o.r~ {leY<?r>&ib7 e!ec/t-otief1'-v"e · Ll>rve. A Volum.- ·->- /ulumr -'>- Vt-lutn~ ->- A B c. Pru:.-11H? ~h"'f"~ l'F ·i/1,,""lt0>1 curves ob/o.in~d fo,, o.rnpei,omt!·/ric. .ftlro.~i°an5 . l ! !).J]lh. :_/~o in di ~"'for e/.4! e {rodes , ------------·------- .1 1 / 1 ye~Ge • ·l>ie. i;ut>rent j1,creat3e6 C~'1 111ore 1ilMnl~ ,i1 added' J.11· h-ecome6 c.<pproxtrnA~eJr on6f~nl- / . . i.vhen 1~~ con<.>e11/r~I~ of _1J,o o!A'.idtyd form <{ ihe )ifr~nf-. ~r~·deG kotiu?.1 e'Vv"-1 ·/o or . le~ ·Jlie11n -/he. col?~en/t:().Jrm of fhe.. red1J<'ed fwrri of IJ,e -/i-/ra.n/- ~ped~t; 3111'1e -/t/r~ ~,q., curr~11t fl~ i·hrootlh ~h€ ·~!?II if 71-ie. lil1·~n~ j5 f'e'ferGihJ efe~/roa~·/ive e- no currenf (/oliJ ;.f 1he /i~r"n~ jb ho- ,,eV~Y'!>ihy ele.drM.c.>kve . ff JJ.ie {:·/Mnf i~ re~P6ih!>' ·.ele~lro~c.Jt-ve., ' i V"l~n~e f'h-i/-, 1h~ red1.>C!~cl ;~rm tif iJie ./i·lr~nf is acfded ·lo ·IJ1e !)o)u/i cm. 'The re:su/·/ fj5 o; c~em;c•~ P<"1c/.d je J1dd Jf,. 00<f d(5ed .f,,,,, ~f iJ.e 4;{.-~I sf"eies ', A f./er Ih• f'Vui'- ' Af/er /he. .'~,;tel' ·'ff ~I {,fl1·and .i~ """"'''11/1~:..~ 3<:1•0 ~r1A }10 ~Lll'1''1mf- £'-t()JnJ /o 1}1<' 01·iJ111<'-J co.n f/oc.) frfor {c .,h-e (''ljujv,~leM~ pomf. /hi!! redue,z,J form of -~,e Jilr~nf- 5 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 7. €) ; · ctm11{an~ Penet.J1,J 1Lif'·~C'e (,.J/~,·d, .1r, C'l'•P<'<'•~'J' ur,l"·ft,f ·for prec~r11tt.·l~crn_ ·liln~·lian c~nd i~ld6 rert>O(lue!il-1/fi CtJl'f'en/6' . @ j~.... 1"'(]1~ Jyd)·ogen fM'rvolt~ae cf- frlET'<!u7 rermi(r; ·/lie ,...,,,Judt<!n ~f mtt/ vuho/aoe'(t.s l1"1v.:i~10 ll'lt~r over-y Hooe§, © . ~-·~eN·v7 1ot•m ~el1"d vO/umffltJ t~., rner('tr/ ama.~a.m Ni-/h tna/ met~lt> and .hence 1r1.~k~.6. tn~7 me/t?J .iono tnot>e ,.,~,, t"ecf'udble , @ ~fl7e. ~ur{tt~e ~/'!!'IR ct1.n be (!'"1eu/"'~J r..orn 1/,~ 11.•e~hl- bf fJ,-e +r• -rC)lltrtm - ADVAN'J/(.1f:"$: '!)r"IJ: :·ro~<7G -$eve,,J tmicyue t1rid'. LJ£.e-{u/ acl~tlrrl(J'-'S. 7h~se are as I {:~~iG}. • '/pE! -J/1e.. MOflf· frec:yue.nl7 l)5ecJ pclari~ jndi co.~or -<-'}f?c~1·oc/<l~ ~t>e ·J/1-e · Dt>ofrir~ Mer<'t''j' flec /n1dc {!)Mf;} at1d 1<o/o./m8 Pl~/inon1 fledrcx/e (!_<r'!), OfJ1ers jncfuJe 1/,e ro/i7-.~m8 'DME,. flrttph/1e c{nd ilie VjbrA·/1n9 f/i?--/;num 8.lec/rode. {yrsJ . Tn HJ:s' iifr·~Jian -lechni:cyu~, ~ Ginol~- rolar{~"lb/e. lm..ee 11611-polar~~~e eJe~1,.ode. 0 A1'T'1)J{iIU(J lndiccdun.. electla:le, lle.~l'enc:e. eeel:r>ode.,El~c..tr>1'<'..cJ equ.ip111~n:1-. trlr<'ro- el"':~roe/ e :i:; (D /hnrrotnefric Ji/n,,_.t;~n:;, wijJ., one. ?l~r>i,¥d ele('·f,.de . €) 1t~~1r~om-dric ·li/ro.iian.1 ~I~ ·liuo 'ro~1·i~d ele~·~·odt> . •. 6 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 8. .:· . surfMe; nof onylo/ dtffu_{J!,an J,tr/- o..f~e by mec~n;~ttf meand, At, A conGecyueYl~ 1&tP. l~mifi(j eurre_nt t<r-e ~~-_.much aa . 2.0 {r:nes /arff'2r iM-ri ..jfoS~ o1'1o.int.d tAJi~h ille 1JME. • ·ihAt I~ twppUeJ 7 J;ffu~;an on}!·· ~~, ihe RP£:· hai 1h~ pafen~110...I {br . enha-ncinJ .·. ~~nsi/,.vi)7, ' ' i' 's , 15-:20CIT Qi I ~DTA1)~--PLl1TINUM fLEC.TfZ.ODf.: tRPt) t lk1o ele.-/t·.J, CJJMl•hf 3/a0< Job<> .f :.toui :!5-W""1 in [en3ih 'and .:Imm in Jiame-/eri. I 6horf- lenfflh of f~ i,vjt>e l~ e')(./-enckl lo ~-Je mm .frotn ~hQ. wo..lf ofih.z v/ti1~ ·/o!dz._, lhe eledl'ode .J~ h1trun-kd Oh (). ) ~ho.ft. in"' mo/er ~ncl 1·0/,11-~eJ "'bout ~ (!t)nSt~YI~ (Jfeqd , f or,,,boot eoo "t": vpon ih~ J;.(f(.)~Oh C!)rrenl · • / @ ApplteA. -ro/en/,."'l!l. are l~t11TJ~cl ·lo thoGQ, ti,).;cl1 a.r>e {e-s5 1J0f,iltve ·lh.an I 'I ' I .a.foouF -to•.1 v due ·Jo 1i,~· di~Mlulr"O"n .cf Iti~ mer>~o""/! dror el:f more ro~i·/tve p?fen/1W~. !' _, @ A ~ei~Jt?.i11 ambvn~ oF 'noiGe' n7 result- ·from ·(/,e c!~PY'flind dlt'ren + c11&1.r~e il1e double (,,..!er q- ionG '1.11ou11c/ 1h~ DM)> be~(} 0uperJmpo!Jed fo iho9e.. oh!}et-veJ tv'iih PMf.: ~1"4- oh-/N»eol w~ ll-i R.PE.. How~~, i~e. reac~ive ~re~feG is b.woht 1o 1he dedr>ode. 'DJ 6-" f.1'..'I, , ~~Y:.!!:~~ Q) 0:>irtrn ·muGt k removed j11;J;~17 from 11,e.. f;lr"'I'"- ,1n~ . .(oll~oJiu e'1d1 ~ilicri . tf ii/rant when lhe polen.JiCI of iUB ~ledrode j5 tno.dc' mor-e Jiea(}..1,.ve iMn_e11bovf ~ o·JV. ·Time .i!i riet11u.ired ~a de~7o~m~le. 1J1e6e Gt>ll.)1~0')16 eJiJ-i 07rrn(t'<'e nil,,.o8en ./; pP(?v:n1 fh~ ,. ~1 4 7 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 9. . I . L••• 1 'D!f>A1NANT1'~i:.; : ·(0 SitlC'e ciiy t>dt:tlive wttvnt v~lue6 e<t1~ pe'Vuit>~J JtJ t'lmpei>0me/r>i.~ ~i·lrt'.~im6, ihe )nhet'E1nf cliolldYetrrftt0e.s of 1~~ F?-rE j-s nof· v~ Sn [v11;Hrred] voHmndrt~ · tnet'SUre.men~, -Gueh OA 1iie..' uncerf~nfy of- ~h6olu1~ 7~/enli~~ anJ /e..se. rerrodu<!ihJ~ -- ' I diffuc,fon currenk· , @)1r1f' t·o·ltt liMJ of 1/-1e Rf'E rnust be )<epf l!.N1rJlnnl clLJ1;in0 111-t.. 1i1r~1t~,· ~nd iW'1 ne~":0'i 1~~Qt'1 ·1l1<? t•.1~ of "' ~11,;Jt1nt 1re~J '3/it•r-11v device. ©.'1<.i::Ff:~ENC'~ CLE<!TRODE: ~ Ifie tnCJe/ ·fi·ecyu~n1J- used t~efe~nt!e ef~t!frocles are - . (!J G~/aM1ed c~lomd . Elec-lN1de &cE) ' @ 11J -pcol. ~3) Silvri· - Stlwt· C/1{n1~iclQ Flrr{r&le (A<7( Aoc I) ' ~n~a~ Hie d;..f'fu6jan Ct1Pt>e11f- «s ,mt1<!l1 ~5 20.·l,.m~ fil?ea.br 1'1a~ it,ose ·found ih !>ME . .--. . ' . ~n~re.a~~ rlhe wor/<Ahle 1"1"-hffe on jj,(? j:c5i/iY~ · vof~ Gil~. up/o Of:<'d ~J posilivt2. po·Jenft,,..1 tvt1eY'E'tUJ ~h~ J>ME: cM1 'I h~ u.se::l • . . O• 9 V. lhut>, .51 ('t1n l,e r ·: $A f1rw: .dj frU9ion curreYi!J re~uHs from ~f;1,p~n0 Jl)e to· Gl. redue~cl lt2)":;f?. · ]J6 o.~counfo ·for fh~. gre<7>/tir· ~enf>}/ivi'J' ,vJli~n tJ,~ RPE' .i1 . used. ~ ~~c/f!Y l""'duced re?iclwt ~orrenfl ret>u/:16 w~n iJ,<? r<PE ~ uSed, /tid< of- iti~ r~re-fiJi''(e. chM'V1ri0 co1~renl- ob&erwd. fo,, 'lt1e. renew~ rn~,,<!07 -s / 8 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 10. l . -J:'D 1-,,1~ • L1~--+-t. I I 1· I.·,o .l)·'f -oa -n. · 1·r. f'~-J t;., vs f)CE ~ A 0 1110 ~e cl111itvv<' d': c?fl•rrume/dc #/rtJ:/idr1 r<la/ foe ilh.JG·lr~·I<?~ 7 l'onsidf!1•i11fl .·11~ ~ilre1:lirn of- f},2t io116 ~ecl-cib/e 4tJk.JanN'V ~(folnst Sflt9.- 1.<!16 ~)Oil- Pe clue ilA< v~:;re11~). Lettd (rlt) im beh~ reclu~·ihl e, i;t/ !he c~ll1odt! aj:w-l'b ~ d.iffu!Jio11 CLlf·r~1J, t•) j.,;/e iJ1e ~I) lpl1ttl..i (.?o,/') )OYJ lien'O non-r+'ckr;Ll~ 1Jhot<JS no ciiffLJ5~ ~Vt'l'en). ~NJ.QUI=(> e>r /lMl'F~OMfrn!I! 11-rr?.)lT!oN: ~('it)~ @ 0Nf 1.~~:!2~1i'"fH.E J't-rD.Je'AT0/4 .Et..Fl!TR.ot>E JN 11Mrf~t!Mf,.NIC lirwrf)ol'f ~ el~ch·~ci. ft>oviJe. le1r~e eneoah pn/iz.nl1W .in -!lie mrct>o i11ctict11·/or e/ech·c1d4. tJnder ·fl1e dr~utll!;f~n~t'$ no· ou~er potiUer ~t>ppy Jc; needed • lhL ~/wmomc/er tne'iGures ~lie. C'urren~ · and- a Ge~,ies t!(- : ' ', 1·J.eoGJtil- Jr¥'.'/ k L>Gec:l ·fr,1, cil1anDl'(1 ~lie ~n9ilivi·~ of flie . flJv~norne/"1"· li'.ie ~~~~i/tYt. 3~t~nomel•1- .' ' i ' indi~les ihe wlue of cl;ff~icm (!.lt'rel~ tti/er ecll'l1 ~di /in~ of il1e ~Nl'al')1 .j), Atnrt•omHl').C ·li~'l~,.Ol'J, rE?mo~ ef 07aen --~~ r11w''1!1'•/ 1( ·U1e e/t'c·l1•uy:1io i5 ~m·1ied oul ~+ "'n em[•; lh~ .i>/ec/,J (",;,/ etyLlipl'lli?nt- .[;... "'h ~tnF"ome·/dc ·/.-.J,.~{;'o.,, crt11 he o.;ui/e 9i1nple . JI ol/en .... ~on-51!>+ of ~ voHdfle divfrk1· 1~1~.1- froc/,JN. ""- !)C. ro·/en/~1 ioher'e.. ilu? . =r is b' 7 ± ~ y, 1hC:. . ' -. ' tna.0nHL>Cl'1 ~ f/,-.;G v-0/.rlioe , f1tJG~be kntt-~h .fo ~botJI,.. O •.1 V. ~r 6t'm~ ./;./,.,.Ji~·: 1h~ ,,ef~t¥rxJ<- .. ,•; .. ~-~------..--·--· .... ...... / ·;1 - ··- ·- ·- ·- ... - ~ -- -· 'oll"'fle Cenlrrl 6l,~fv"nomeler JI..__ __1r~"I j I . ::-_~ k-:.-: t:": =~--~...... - .. : - -· - . v: .... ./ 9 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 11. 0 ~·'":J u. h ~• I I~ I ; II . . :// ' ·-·-·-.··/·' ·. , ., I : I' .· [~If> I'1'/~1l VPLlll'lf (lf' ·11·-,., .. ,.,.,. I~ r« 1 !)J)! l' - '..· t VoLllME or. · hTrl:ANT APoE~ -...,: f'r"<J : 2.( ' "~': (J ...x: , ?,t-~Jl}t)/f, ('ni·!I~! tf'I ---- ! _ 'i'l l:I r: Gi . ~ ,( ~v< J;ffu•io•' 101·renl ··I I~~, •ppL-..J vo ll•cf d.,,-•j, lhe. Ct.)t>Y'e. tt:1il drop ·lo ·IJ,~'. end rein·. ·fhm jncr- e~!'.J<.'tl «~rill -lo o;v<' ( 'v' l}l1T<' ·/i·l1·0.·fi~n Clll'V'C. i-~Pch 1!> e.i)0tLm .in ·l;J 11, - _-Nor.J, i.f '""' rl~I. !he cliffi>~lon Clll'l'enl o.ac<lnGI v:olpme 1,1f- ~i·lr·a11t. ·/I,,·• -~re of ·11i~ cut-v~ ,,.,.e. ael· lh .fl()$... wl,en ~o lh ·ll1e ,'.li·lr(,1·1<!!d ;i011 tll')t:' .p,e_ ·li/P~Ylt .. ion ell'f? ,,..,c:Juelble. · ~·f :H1e e,.:IJ1c~llQ.~., t,,,1J.1 1:< ~h!, c:>Ul'r~nl yi: lue... r~rne?i116 11111l1 hin·~ a.:9 j/& rc~,iclueJ wue... cl--arcu·1e,.,1~di~· of ·IJ,,,. ~upr()1~-f;,0 eleci1~7-1~ t;J,oi.,n iri ·f.0 2 • . @ l~e, ,i,,,~,..~ jn -''rr•n~ wi /h J,.rea•~ in "'""1~r•·I~" ·f.1·rn JJ,e I.<,;. of ·li·li1~·licm . @lh• vdl"(j' of fhe fl•ie•O Oh vull"IJ'- 0>rV< jffuof.,.j, ·lh• <0l1iJe '""fl"'" ,JJcl, en il1" Ctt!'.'.c . t>f, ·lil1·~·liCr1 of p&,' t jcn.'9 w.J-/11 t,ci,f- jtin:S , @ Cufl""' ·u,,,J -/I,, ,;n;-J;.J ,,,,-.nl:•t.•"' of 1<""1 ;.,,. be_co •.,d 1he ,,..../u« -f Ii,,,jf;n~ C""""'I co r1'•"!"",I• -I> ·/IUo ct.,,.,," 1•"'1;,. · i,.._· io . lke. j;1r<'·/,;,., ex/.Jb b no J;ff..,.;""' c•r""1'1 "i' lh<.. // fl~~4~ ' .. ' / "ff;,d e.m.f. ]nCr<?"""l .J "'c/,j; 1ron 0 I s•r ;.,,... l>e1noW~ ,;orne ofl~ ,,i_,Jeoad;v._ /•a:ri""6 '"'' C"'1<>''/"e11J7 0<6 ·lhe. co~rerilr~·licri of /ectccf !cn6 d£'et•ea6'eA .fi-wn ~ i0 air..d I ·1 ,· r ·1 .. ·. c1, e2 4 c~ lhe corren 11 <o ceo""'' < •J"'m 10 · o 11 , 12. ,1, anJ -1''"1'17, ip .J- <')iUch t'~'~lhe J,ad. i""' I.ave '""fie-I•!)- .,,;i,.,,./..d • l-lh'1i /IJ'< ""JjjO,,,, i:> ,....d,d, ,,..Jd"' l . I) pu/•r'O'"'" ,,r "' ,,.,Ju1;,n 'm /ai,.;"" '"'"'I j.m< .i; ,J. ",,.,,.'I .),7 '" ""'· A ·ih r.·u J .· I v ; 10 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 12. ·Jl,e, cli·Hl)l)jt'I)' Wl·l~Y"' Pe1r1t1l11n ')>l'1li'''it11,~ ''" '(f l'CJ, L111Jil .~11 Lc11JL1111 1··~1.1 tllo(' 111'<'''~rl-f,.-h·I. on7 ·Ihm ~~ Jhe ciffu~·ro11 ~vl'l:c1;I clue ·lo d1rOtno.:le .:l:M :in~11ec?~ lfneat'Jv, VOLUME or; 1ilAANT-> ' . ': .,·,,·~ ",.·l_t· .J . ') ., ·; -. .r-~ - ~ - ·- - - --- ----..• .~~ :". : ' ··i ·--·---··-i.' e.url"~nt doe. io 'Pb2·1 .ian~ .~.e;c1w1!1eG 1r~c·/i"ce1IJ ·/o 3e,.o. /lt}czr: lh~ «id 'J'"mt, ~hf! ~i~·"'·l1~ :of phH Jces :f.~e.~d,ler.( ~hrom,.t. P"'ecipil.,Je s-"ian~ . Bec"t11e. lh<! ~~/jfi~y prodvet till.~ l"'nf' {tit· Larillrn d1rorna1~ .is Gm~ll, hm~e. 1 cot~c"~nlrti1h1 "( lo~nfl1m t_ ch1•01nt1.~e jonei .111 ·I/~ {;~li1it1n 1·.,1nctins fow .,£ co~se~ue.rd7 ~he ~nd toiht Al lhi' 'Finl ,,r/'' Joh6 i,~Y't' C't11nrl~·l~r read~d. rl!!Ju<?·licm 6)'!.·~m. iol1e1•e b~/k. ~~{cli~i11t] ~aenJ- 1 c. pac/ucw3 aaenl [Ji~·e. c1,·.rr.J~l£1)J ('1..'trt>enf-, lhe Mr~~··an l~f'V't! can loe oh./,~i11eol ·C·o111 1JH~ ·f'l/cL<-'tn[f ·~- .. / .·· ' 1Ji1ca~e. of- fe9 I· ;,,.'I ·{i11·~·lecl (.l.ac.tl'1i·cJ 1i "'. H1~ cliffv~on corren~ ck-C'f'ea!je. /.intw•lt t.o.J;lh ·fhe ·~Jdi./ic-n of 1l1'' i0h ·lo ·lhe f~9~ ic-tl. un-1:1 jl ~11a.i11:> 3ero t:{f- ~: . .. Jv It jfj a.l6o ro.~~1il.,I~ ·lu de~et'lrlfh<?.. ·lwo ~v~~cfn('ie5 Vowmi: ~ TirRAm- liVPEl.)4 r(J.. Gi;1fl!e.''·[i·h·11·llon u5iu ~Myerometric 1ne/J1ocl. rt Cl rtlix-Ju~ o{ p~71 i;ll1cf Bit' ]ttn[j '.i.!i ' • 't ! . . •.. ' -lilr"1ed rMf- chronvde 1P/uli'¢>1 tt-f .tn appL·ed f'°/en}i'tll c>{ -J·o VoJt.1 ·~ ct•l•Vt' t•( ·/lie ·lpe ~~ !n f~ ~A k o.blA;n~~t. /lI 1Ji/, Vl-/l~<-/ ,Ph"+ "-- C.l'Os- i'n6 gire . ' . ta ;o~o.:lJiodi~· ciiifoeijon <!"t'Ni1I·, e..)J~~ eroma.~e (cro3} 1~ adde,/ t ''Ul'.j ~0··'~1,~ 16~/~H(Tl1-"cohfain~. f~11t .:J.. &i2t i~s, -/he dif(o6rm-i 1· 1- 2': ~· ';:i, 0 ,, b .-: /--;- out o/ ~rerome·lrje! tne·!f,:~A. Jn a~ ~ida·lk.>n · n ~· ,, / ': .-Th~ // f't! of ·/;·1,hdlcn .~ o/c.~~hed /,, . . '/#; ,(!n 1'h-i·I· J<111 CAI'<~ ·J;.J,.....J•.d ,,.j /11 C.r!J..Ol-.i('o)) ( ~Hd 1h~ 4;/~·/;.,,, .i5 F"for.,.,.d ..:I lhe vol/a0'- •-0•8 Y. ·j : uil< L'< d 11 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 13. -- ........ f.!., .:•l'i ' ~;~I .;;,' i. 1.~. 1·~· '..~n.~ .!~'i ':'.~ #I 2:''!_~¥~"'f:;c~ 'I ~·· j • r -- ~;_,._: !! ~ ·, .. / 1h .~ Ji~r""~icrn w'dh ·/L"~ indicg,·pro ;,/ec)t'ocl('.~. t?.nc1 wi1('n ·/11 e rP.M·/t.1n1- ·I11VL'/ves . ~ rewrisible '·{}J!>'1em, (). rn:if;uJe ek><-/i·oy ::>i~ . tJ~c>u1·G. U11ch ·Jl1er.c concli-/ia11{3, ·)h<.' cm1run] t>r (1;x1CJi'[jecl t1·m reduced a:/·i'1e 'et1:l/1ode i~ ec:yv~/ ·/o lh.:tt {orrr7ed k;' t~Jd'11lor, of ·/J,e t~""du«ed {orni Al i/1' anlde. lh~ore I bo·IJ.i ~a~l1od.e_ arid l/l:~,'~t' at>e ccvw'y clarlaviaecl e-l~ 1~u a~ bD'/h ·lh( !)'):tel~ ~ reduced -~1>tr:G of ·lhe.. jcn co - c:i:io/', Jn u/~~ ~o,,J~, ele.~~t'ock& are c/eFlari&:>cf lm·/i/ eill1e11 ··/he o;tl"~.' t?r,recloced .fot'Tll' oj'~~I€ r/em ,,.,:}: k-en to/1(}"'meJ 7 A ·lt/rani· Af.J~,.. or"'., 1/ie E'':'J yemt, ,vl;el1 one. of-fh-e.~1~fc1·110 ha? ken «>mpleler eJ"'1u6~d 7 ·/Hre:dFan, C»?l on-e e/(·<.'l1·c>cl.e_ 1)eyn~~ depolari-1ed.' itlliet•<?t'I'~ ·lJ1e o·lher .J'!} . romplele7 po/ttt'ised · '1f,e Solu)ioY) t:1.-f- iJ-U!} rjvndtt1YJ reMrnblt1~ "he elec·l1•oc/.,. rne-/l1t'CI tor1nE?'-'·~cf ·I"' ~ d"'F lar~d ..~{eren<.":12. e(~eJ1•ocle • Curren~t f/tivG unHI ihe ehd. p"in~ Io l"='ad.~d: Ar ~11d. ~f/e,.. ·11,e encl rin-r/ u- rt'l'/?t·n~ "'1/iMM ~ v111/ve ; l ' ~ivuo..l ./o ~~~- or v~7 c/0:%• )o ;Tl'O. 1fet'e'tor€, ·IJ,e me:llwcl ie co.lle..d clea.ci !'.I/of' el?'l, peh.f-, me1f1~ • !~e l!:ZV~t·~.e. of HJ{; 11~ cf (''.ncl • pl'inI .t1' Cel l/ed "gid( -o rr,, ehd rh1I aonrl r<:'1emhles H" ~Wt'5<?cl L,-,-s~re :~mpe1-orn~·lr>i<'- ·lil1,..,f?n ,, ...... ,i•. t • . lh"e ~NO ~/.e.cJ,.od'!.1 Jceh~1i'V(.,ie is a ,..,,o,Ji·f,Mliqn of ·IJ1-e LJ(L''d 01• dtH~.ie"I t1.rnft?rorn<+ie. I / /,.,/'(i~al•'an o/;Jem. 1wo ?ih1:1.:ir> pl~·li1wrn e/e,·~rocl~ cw1 be ih1mersed jn ·/J1e ·li},,~/tc11 ee{I nnJ tl ~mo.11 r. ttnd ~anei/~I voll(Je j? cippli'eJ .{o 1~ .. Pl- e/ee"/rocl~s c1~ :U) vj!juJ a"Terome.J,,;~ ·11/ro.~icrn. 11v·5 I ,. I method 16 e11pfli"'a6le 011r .it1>Jhe. r>e!jefl~ ~{ ~ , revera:ih/e. !>?ticlo.{;ori n~clvc/i<.'rJ s ~(l:'m idll(-r be·(cfE' t>t- afkr ihe' ~noi roinl, . ) , ,{-Ti'n.?.1rr10N W1w Two Jim1<=Aro~ E1-Ec riwr~~ . OJ<J ~ ..~A~;r-E·;:;-;-··r~-:w;,;;m;J·· ! l I { 12 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 14. ( ., 'i3 t ' - ' ,-~ z+ e +e ----}- e 13efor<> a1;/ ·Ji-lri:nf J,~ he-en odc/ed, {/1e ·anode ('t:li) o,;t.idr~e. re.:2+ I w}-Jle. oril7 ll t Mn b e 1->edLt'.'~ci c:iJ ~J1e co..lhtde. £,i'11c'<' )tie ~pplreo~ p0Jerrl10.( ;i~ muc~ ~~I/er ~han 7Jie po/e_n/1<.~J di.ff4Z.t'e~Q 1e/weeri ihe 8° valu:i:s •.. ·· ·. . . '· I Jn ·llu"6 e?-4rnrle, .f;1~r~u(1 :iN1 (re2-t) 1c. ~;~,,~Je,I t.<-•;·IJ, " t;J,~11c~<11cl .· ~@ liTRArro~ 1NvoLVJNr,, 'rwtJ REvE-~f;J0Lf? ~<:Dox <.!ourLES: 'l'he tJ1l;GI t.,.j,de/y U6ed e~~mplt i~ iW 11he /i/r,:l'/im e~ ~t·rouG [on wijJ-1 .:eric. I I I li~e /;),.,,./1~•11 <'Ut·ve !j/"'l'E' ~pend1 on ihe )'e.ver~ibiltJ' llr J1>1'(''VC1''>il);l~/J of '/J1f" rede1~ cJuple~ :involved .itJ ·lhe ./i/rA~iMI /"etlc-liiJY , 11Jfu1ch Jelermine5 1'1e reae~irn ~/- ~""h ........• _., ' .. ·•··· '-'"--~- ._ 13 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 15. I Tf jd1.·11/1'('(',! 'r'.oJa1'tJ'<Lfe f'/o.·/1'11ot11 d~t·~rode:> have>· a ~m~ll c•Mf5 }anl ·r11J;,.I 0·0J-0•1v) JmrreiVil!<I ,Qt'1•0(;<; '}/1em,, ·/11(.' <'Vl'Vt'. .1/,,-~1'<' ·/Ji,~·l 1n;uJ/:.; fC'111 ·)ht> -/i·J,-t>./i'on of line {,L)J')1'i 'fJ,.:o(,u)~1}e -17 d1olvl' in f(Jur~ ([): ]f}Jv'IJ!iul/~(1? ' .i~ /i11·,.rf-cJ t..iilh jocline. '·fti. e ,1har(! jij,.1>--/it1l'l Cill'Ve ~Pl'l1::'/,f'1'1~!:> )ri. fi·<)l'/'I:'. 0( :'.'..··,I. n.~do> 131/IMPMOl"J E Tr<ir ~ TrrRATI ON : ·• j n 'oj .• o"YY)pena-1'U..hii.... :,h..Ji'UI a-nil,, c.G<.{>te. ,·~ • ru11.u~·.,., e, ctr.d Qno-tc.A>.. ls irui1?vePsi1ale. TU mo"1t .f,n....uwi. '11-a""P-f'"' ; . . -I' .......>nA.i. h°~'•"I OClMo1·;,'.,.._ Ainc.~1u l/1e. 11105i ~111it~·",, Lr'''"r:1·0111c:/,,ic. -J;J,.t:>./1~11e • .i11 1d1t('J1 one ""uiA-c +11......, (li... I1•rewr.1ible ~l'e ··Jliur;e j 1wof v1i'J - efUv~.. l~lr··~l1im of tlrSen;/e tvi/!1 i_oJiM . ~),,, /;·J1.':'1}ic)1 tf jocll11c Lt'i·lf, ·IJ,:r.1t;o/f,~Jc ·~1j~-~ii~~~-;-;;,'.l~~ic.10D1Nr- i,•111-1 Tl11<:JwLF'ATt ij ". ··f"bli~l1i11D. f-- new r•cwpt;jl,/<' J·ec·lo~. t!l.1Urle., Ce~f(e-1'~. J~1111;ecl1'c~ff''; afln· I/re -<-=iytt1,./nt•<! l'n~, 1/1P llri;Nnp-' {~c."hr l't>r1J1·oll/1U <'Vl'l·enl· flaw .fr} ih~ C12.,.,,. )<:11. 'Jinc:-c t:1. l"1~da·lt'w7 [a.r9er h<";n/~J1m "t C~~I ;inri :11 p·-'!.l~·,,f-, ~!1 ·/11<? <'t>t1~01/rc11/r'm ~r te..f+ J;vi/c/~ "l': jJ,~ "WM/I leel1·~de. t"e.~c·Ji'an-s jlJ<:!l'('t~4e i'.e.:, Ce1't r<"due/r't'Y1 o../ 11,~ ~1111n°cle. (117<~ l°<::' 91 tl!Xt"cl.....Ji'tm m.{- -+ ' r-'0•7(.. Ao ·tli~ lil1·,.·/k:-n 1·1·oe.w.l:1 l>t:Ml ·Jlt!ti I'();,,/·, ·llie c•v11c•e11/r·A/fc•I) o( ~e~t- l.ori .i1icveu.se .1al C'o11ctc>n/r"'lion of' ftbllt-jon ',/,,c·~'C'<f:1t>6, l"101...1/11'11fl· .1i1 c. ,l'-'C'l't-'<1!1<',( ·lo/.,I w1•1·,·11f flN1 . •e t~ iJ,.e d~n~enl11"'lfo1 tf le~' j1)n ltm;i~/icm Jmpwed "-/iii~ cwoc:I~. A mi111'1num Wl't'' ' 9t ·~1.1r$ '.i:o.:l 1hQ. e'fCJ.i~}enc<e roh1f, ,5ir~e. (:/I ·lh~ J"e:;1 itin~ (,o.ve t,(:"'11 ci:~·i'di3-cc[ ·le 11·~ le I. I •;,. 14 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 16. Srre.- 1he .'1nn~i~ ~ ""~l1oclJc l"~t•renJG ''"~ ccyu~/ ·(~,, ,, l"e'r1'r~iLI~ re-.clo~ coorle, iJ.1e tru.Jffl' /ucle tf ·//,,; CLJl't•en f 15 ('()''~hf;vlwcl 17 f11e mett11W/> of 11,~ ('.{l(.Jple. .rreaenl- in lhe ociX?6~ ~oneoen/ro./i0111 l·~~' [t~] Utr}Y in ilie il-JM·lfm. As mor>e l/iio!iulf;de ]5 a.dde.J, -/he. jodid~ eoh("el1~Mlicn inl't"l!'et-0e6 r a!) rl<0e!j ·flie ~urr~I- flocL/hro1~h /11~ all. 'TTu'!1 Cohltnoey +o l'1e rru"<lpoint of tl1e ~i1ran~. A}- :u,~ one lw.lf ecvv..tvV1/enC'.e pot~/-, ·IJ1-e cvnc...nJrt).•/1~11 of ioclme is c2cyuo.l .fo flie. co~nl1·a·li01 of .iocltcle. "1nd 111e curref1T· r;eMlma r~~clies " rna-:x;murr1 , Anew ihe. tni cl f6i11t :iti 1he ~i·h~"Aiao, it.i~ riern(l..ininO .iodin~ Cflntf'nfr~1im fo le~~ ·lhcm ii~~ of iJ1e. iod~cle ·formeJ. t1ncl fhe <!t'--/hod-ic 1-.eclu<!iitl'(I hecorneo ·/he wrr~ri·I lirrJl-Tn0 -~dor, .in ~olu·l(an jn ~he fn!JoWing miln~r - ~k + 2N'!L~o:3 ---+2..NAl+ N~G,,1ot; . A·l _ 1'1'2 be~innin~ • ho CJJt'rerd F/owG belt.Jeen ..I/,~ e/ec:lrocles 1.m)e'J~ l!?ere Jo . I • • J. f"e~til jhjh~ dokrlrdl1 ~ -0vLc,},ince 1vlJ"h cen be o,xldia-«.l ~I ll1e Ci'nocle c~nd cmoil1A" ~ub~·/anc~ · · evf.Jch ("lln bt! recked ~J 1fu,· co.U1ode.. Tni/1'tJ.1J, on7 .ioJihe etlo/E Sn vofu/ion J..·fhere'(or~ t·,' o~rc/G1.~0n -·~tinof ocrur ~J 1f,~ C?t'locle. Afl"r £l ~mAJ/ a.JdNrcrn · v{~ UJosul(i?.le., imdicle ~r~~; '· Anodic.! o~fc-1,di<.,., ~ 21- -+ !.2- + 2e- Ct::1.111od;(! t'f?dlJc'.firn 1:.Z. + J(f!- ~ .2.I~ / •··---..!....·-----·-- ' : .. l' i'-"' 1 ! ., ' t l t ( ··:·.!~.··'... ' .: . :,... er'------··- : - ..- -- ••- -1' __ ,.. ® •/ .. ! : ··T.v 15 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 17. ~ti ""02. tJ~ + 6!2_ :~) ~l'i::·ne n•1•t•lt'lr'l'l1 ,.f Lr·m11i11<' cloe~ 110/ ('!('('(If' ;h ·i11e l1£'U~l'cd lJl'Otntl.l(l or b1·01nid(' ~/iii~t-1rn1Je1·0111·d••it• ~n<.J 1'c:l11I· tui-111 Oil(' .i!¥~i<'<,/c,.. ic·lc·c·l1·c,/e /¥16 J;el'11 l~rDe7 ~onfrn~d /o ·li/ra.~lan i11 t... 1/u"<'I, pr•ecil'i/eA/ic11 011 ,~ ';f,~1,1<! Cl,11ple·x.. .Jr, ·/I.-<! f'J..oclud. '-'"3 ./;.Jp,,../,",,n c{ 7rs Y. lne1h~hol -!Joll.J"{ic11 of ~!;i·c?ne.. wjll, lm·on1t.·I~ &1•l~} ·i1111 ..f11 pr-c•!i<'n<'e i1r hi·c111~"c/e ([~,.-) ~<L l17clru3en Qlt-) JoYJ, ~he ~nJ poin) 1{ )(wl F'16d~·t> /iJi•it'}ion-J ~ 11<!. UGL~ly ~01•t>.·!"c1f U~1in3 eil/.i"'ri ctrnpero • me·l1J wi1h -/iiJo inclic~dor ele,drodetl OP ('onltiol/ecJ c0rrerr/· ro/en-/t'o~el7 ~vi'lh ·/L1Jo mJte~/or> e/e~lrode$. f<ttrl -f'iuJ,f::,. ·li"/dme:l7 i~ fhe ·liir·~·ltori o{- L"'tt1ar in Cl :no11 - ~yueou6 ~ofvenf-, u~u"IJ rn~·lhM1011._.~~co~'1) !' the.. ··foll11wi1 V1€~Jim-. fi + -so.2. + ·3 C5 lly t'1 + Ol30H + 1-12.o ~ ~C5H~NH! +c5U'SN-S09 OCH3 ' . 1f o: 6olL>/im of ·IJ,toculf~JQ.. 50 /;fi,11/etl 1uUl1 joc/·ine, ·ll1t> cut'ren'I- remAins neC-lt' ~era r:·ior ·fo u," ecy~i~Jen('.e._ pClinl c~rxl :in~/1<."C~~f'(j 61.611upl !r ·Jl-,eJ><!({Flb oivftiff ri~ fo /lt.e. i ,, ,, : d ~1an Jian f<icK-oU encl fX'rnf- , · / - · "'"".'"'" ..•.. , . · -.·--····--·-··-·--. · - . i:,vff) · l)epcri~ 1~~ ~ li~~-~~-1 of..a_,;;p~~~~d7_~J ~i; . ~I 1J;e ~rrL~~dr"a-n •f c-u11pc.1•chn<'.'l•y J!i cM -~llocL•D - "Hit ·lnl.,-.1 <?tlt'l'f'tr/ {lntu cot1fh1u•::-:• ·/o d,..,.,.,.,1'1~: v11)i} )/ /·ni<·/,,.~ ,,-1 i'd/dr• h« !f!•·'o .· a.l {hf' encl poi11f· , 1tJlv·c·I~ ·.iG l~ llecf ~J1e "~lettd !>~or~ .encl pt-{n~. lfic (t1PIY1,/ Jo..Yi ti ;intr~aoe etije:U~ ~(1e.t' J/ie en...l ;T"lnl- due. io lhe :it•rever~ihlUro{ •/he ·/e/1~dNon"'le/1JJoaulf~,. covple. &1 o/j 6.iJ>:i) m-1rl 111~ tJ'l'Yl"'-/1 ~prlted' po1'3ntittl t0lv'eJ, fr; ]hDu{f,·cirmf- ·/o tJXidi5e. ).odide ~ -lhe. ~node t:=tn(I l'ecluce IJ + iam; c-1J He C't- Jl10cle , / / ·'' .· ..·.·'·:.·;, -·· .. 16 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 18. -.-:,__ '';:'i:(~~·:l'.'!'r''.i~~~.·i ·.;,;. o-; • ,-:.•,,; ,.. "".· . ··-· /ltNllNT/lt.'11::'1 : •· · 1. /1•'f<~1·p11 ....!·/1·.i~ ·/jj, ....j,'011.~ c~~') u1Uo.l,Y b(• CCl1•1:i~ol ('uj J.->,~fidly be<""u.Se. 0e11e,.."'lll 11.,0 mee1ilLJt>(>mcnfo btd;.,,~ .c, ·fi"o af/er ·/11<' '<-·nrl ft'f.ni- tlr<'el k J,.kcn. MN>eowt-, H•.,. ptii1,·f j~ -c;u11J ~r·arh.ic~ly . vai~18 " ~i•11rl·; .~'Vu.i1:ii11cHl • a, lhe. re')i,.' I/:; 11f -/he ·l;f,.,,,·Ji,m tl)?e. incl~ro1d"nt~ c-F e"r111(i7 cf.at,~derifo~~s , 3, ·1u1 I;j,.<,.,,"011 .i5 mOre a~(!ura·)-e ihttn rolc•ro31·,~.rtilc ·/tlt>(il~011 . 1. l~•1(je .!<'.. 6en!li/iv1'7 .i6 mo11.e ·Jl1t1n po/en/10111e·h'c. .-9- condu~/crne[ric M,...o..)icn1 , -S: No nt!cl :lo ~1t)n{Cl.in ·lhe ·l·enpE't'i?lc·re l'ons/"1111· • • c;.. Ii · (',~, 1... ,~rrl~t><I tdw1't' l'ol,,11·oo1·,~rJu·<' f,·cJ111i',vu·· i~ ""·/ "'l'f'[,·""J.1, .. 7 · f1r~i(f'1.. ,;v0~la~("ef3 clo noi Jti.mrer -ll1e ~1npcroi11R~11ie ·}i}M·l•d>1, 111A!ID1 + 2.e- + 2t(1- ..2.J- ~. ~ -t 2e - /1'T'~'.'rorne~1·ic ·li/r·~·flOll ,,,,j·/h ·kin 'rfo..}iHL1111 111i<'1•0 ··t·l1·i-·/1•"rl<.' J-{I~ "ho l,~.·n ~ppi·ecl 1o ~j.j,,~·lr'On in cdaic/'1 jocline Dr> t)rorniM! is ·IJ1e. ·lilre1nl'. r~,.. ~'X""'yle; -flu:) (..c/,,'l{'Vo<e L'.1 t)'npl7ed ·for lhe HJrt'·)ic:,1' of cni6cmiu6 aC'rcl. ·tJ,e l•t·tlclia)) .r~ as ·~·l/ru~-:- / V.-"i·H,"11,<.· ~{(~<"( of /I'[/ i1111r,, po/111·1l:;ea.·Ji(,11 ctt111 o<" N•1· t._ '1/1-c c1..:•1·r..•til 10c-l'/~ t'-pp••MCh ·J, 3-ero "-i ·I~<! e1-1d pc-h-d • .tJ+;-e-~ 110 Aa· _..Al+e" o/J~<:'.l·V<di('11 f <.'HI {'ri11/ c; yeu·il'U5 AaN~ of silv(>t' ;&1 0ot), c...•i-J), " &/riric/.,..c-l -/Z..,'." '.i·ilv•'I" 111.in•o · t•lec{1urle pe1•1lli16 ·)J,e ~1t1t1d.111.J r.>e~aenl. ~a .i11 f/,e .f;/,.o.UoYl ' ~ bt•otrude im1 (Hr-) r Curren~ jt; -rroror/fmo.J Jo, fJ,e J ll ' fJolu~icn ~4 ~okdtm cf d r,~l ·11·11Mllt'N C•I' Ur~oMIDl: JOl-l 1.....in11 c;_;)l.V{"f:O:, Jc•N: -'---- - -- -·-- ·- 9 17 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik
  • 19. I ! • p ~ NEVf.r', RiEAC.H A PEAi< LEVEL .. lke.. pt'ccecJure: ·{~t' an ttmperornelrir ·lih,,,./1~~1 ls ttlrr1t'6! :>i1nilai1 -Jo ·11-u;.I- -f'C'I· p0Je1fl1.onwl1•1'.~ . 'ii~rt~T~6, fn po·Jenlto1M~1:i~ Hk~~i<n, a. 1udden ~km(J12. jn f)o·len}ieo.J o<!('V~ V€PJ he~,., /o iti~ end point o.YIJ. J·~ re~orcfed .. lT1061 j~ j!> ne<.'e"~m/ ·/o add ftie ·Jl/r~r?~ ~bwjr anJ ~/olur g_ ln ~h'lto.11 Frlic111). JI, a1nr(;~OtY)e1ric. 1ilredim~, jj- .i~ 0117 wff1'c>iv11~ ·I ti ... ~·('or.~ (l>cm poin/6 befc.r-e. ,_'J., a{kt- H'JC ~cyu.ivo.l<'nt·"~ piuf· CH'7cf ·ft,~h ·lhe. t:11d pct,,1· io cl~l1?1·111itK!'I Jr ·/J1e. jri/"r5f'<'/icf'YI ,,f · h-io dr"'W't- nne.S ·G,om ·/I,~ W'.ripl,. . • /YYlr~··o111eh·ll~ li·lp,~li(710 Cipe. ,1,lvcn1/tlfff'dl18 than roier;/,£,me.lr·i~ ·}i-/ro"'Fon~, e~rx('h~ in pr·'""ipi1~~i0t1 ·I i·/,.."'1i1mr... ,,:l_tt>.'~e ·I lie end pbinf- l"fln n ul be de/"1'tr7ined ro4~·riltome-fr; C'11.17 eit· visuo.ly ·tor t'1"ad·rn~ jn NlJ~h 1),;?, f''oduc!t l~. Gome.t~heiJ- ... <3oluh}~ • . • ' - 1. lf -!he (,d1.dicm ~c:n~Nn lS3h amol.lnt- of ·fc•l'f';J" ~uL~·}c111<'1:'!i, ihe11 ·it rn~( ~",F -lhe +;lro.·lie'l,. 2. on7 011~ ~ub~1~nc.e. c~n be ~t1"·}c9ed. i j -0. -u;e .:H..ilJ~l·l,uu••·6 wlJch •tu<L "-'"'u/d- like ·IC) m'"r;'.)c', .ils' e/ulroc-14!. poh:-11!1~1 ,,,u5f- L<? !(110t01J. .•,,•,;p 1... /if,.,,.J,.,/, j(' /l..• ,.,.,, II£. ~1)iJ~' l1H•'i·:i ·11..:d (.?f•(' 11til l·(·.l1;c.,,I t.tl' e>:'<i··l~r< I yidcltJ ~ ,-i-f{t1~io11 <-'Lll'l•ml. l"'oy:·1·li""'' ·lo 111" tt'11<Yn/:·11/ion. - 9. Encl r11h1·I l'tr1 be cle lt!.1•11ii11ed ~1ri:ir/tlc"'~ r JD. ~lid117 clik··le 4olu f;0115 ~ttti k ~;./,.,l·h~rJ ttii/li. ~ f'V~' <lea''Pe "f cH''C'utn7, 18 / 18 Md. Imran Nur Manik