Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients. 2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs. Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.

1. http://www.ijcmsdr.com 1
International Journal of Current Medical Science and Dental Research
Volume 1 Issue 3 ǁ September-October 2019 ǁ PP 01-05
ISSN: 2581-866X || www.ijcmsdr.com
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors
associated with phthisis in patient reporting
Prof. Hyacinth E. O.
Department of Nursing Science, University of Nigeria, Nigeria.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT:
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient
infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young
and economically productive one. The social factors
include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding,
population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education,
and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of
illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in
patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at
selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur
Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the
selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into
consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using
direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday,
Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105
registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained
from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age
group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases
were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of
patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with
expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were
tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Key words: Tuberculosis, risk factors, designated microscopic centre, DOTS.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. It is a medical disease with
social aspects. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population
explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of
illness.
Tuberculosis is predominantly spread through the air by a person suffering from it. A single
patient can infect 10 or more people in a year. It is a worldwide public health problem despite the fact
that the causative organism was discovered more than 100 years ago and highly effective drugs and
Corresponding Author:
Prof. Hyacinth E. O, Department of Nursing
Science, University of Nigeria, Nigeria
Orcid Id:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-506X
How to cite this article:
Prof. Hyacinth E. O, A study on clinical
presentation and various risk factors
associated with phthisis in patient reporting,
Int. Jour. Curr. Med. Scie. Dent. Res. 2019;
1(3): 1-5.
Date of Submission: 2019-09-24
Date of Acceptance: 2019-10-05

2. Prof. Hyacinth E. O
http://www.ijcmsdr.com 2
vaccines are available making tuberculosis a preventable and curable disease. It was a major killer in the
past and it still contributes a lot to morbidity and mortality in India. Today, the effective drugs and
appropriate regimens are available but it is still a challenge due to its social aspects.
Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa where it
is being fuelled by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1993, WHO declared it as a global emergency.Globally,9.27
million new cases including 4.1 million new smear positive cases(44%) of the total and 1.77 million deaths
from TB occurred in 2007 (WHO Global TB Control Report 2009).
The South East Asia region carries the highest burden of tuberculosis amongst all WHO Regions.
One in every three cases of tuberculosis in the world is from this region. This represents a case burden of
nearly six million cases of TB to which approximately three million new cases are added every year. In
addition, it is estimated that over half a million people continue to die from TB each year in the region.
The disease accounts for (6.7%) of all deaths in the developing world and (26%) of avoidable deaths in
adults.
India is one of the most populous countries in the world, contributing the major share of TB cases
in the world and accounts for one third of the global burden of TB. Around 2.2million people develop TB
every year out of which one million are new sputum smear positive highly infectious cases and about 5 lac
people die of TB. Thus, India has more cases of TB than any country in the world.
Patients of tuberculosis presents with different clinical features and many risk factors related
with TB which are responsible for the TB directly or indirectly. For proper and detailed study of these risk
and associated factors this study “A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated
with Tuberculosis in patients attending tertiary care hospital in district Kanpur” was proposed.
2. OBJECTIVES
 To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
 To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
3. MATERIAL AND METHOD
This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a
population of 45.73lakh (Census 2011). The district has been divided in 9 Tuberculosis Units (T.U) for
implementing the Revised National Tuberculosis control programme and there are 37 DMCs working
under the 9 Tuberculosis Units. For present study we have selected chubeypur.
STUDY PERIOD: April 2016 to May 2016
STUDY POPULATION: Population covered by selected DMCs under DOTS.
STUDY DESIGN: Designated Microscopy Centre based study.
STUDY SUBJECTS: All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the
year 2016 (between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was
collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients
at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study
subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and
also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
4. RESULT
Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group
between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%), about (4%) cases were also belong to less than 10 years of age
group. Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%)
belongs to Other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%) and
upto primary education (23.8%) while in graduates and above qualification were only (5.7%) of the total
cases. Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was
reported in (61.9%) of cases , weight loss was reported in (31.4%) of cases, breathlessness was present in

3. Prof. Hyacinth E. O
http://www.ijcmsdr.com 3
(21%) cases, hemoptysis was present in (16.2%) cases, lethargy was present in (21%) cases, and chest was
present in only (8.6%) of cases.
Out of 105 subjects (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, (60%) were tobacco chewer , about (32%) patient
were alcoholic, (15.2%) cases had a previous history of contact with pulmonary TB case. Diabetes was
reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
5. OBSERVATIONS
Table: - 1. Socio - demographic profile of the respondents-
Variables/Characterstics No. %
Age ( in years)
<10
11 – 20
21 – 30
31 – 40
41 – 50
>50
4
13
29
32
18
9
3.8
12.4
27.6
30.4
17.1
8.6
Marital status
Unmarried
Married
36
69
34.3
65.7
Religion
Hindu
Muslim
65
40
61.9
38.1
Caste
General
Other backward caste
Schedule caste
28
61
16
26.7
58.1
15.2
Education
Illiterate
Primary
Middle school
High school
Intermediate
Graduate and above
36
25
17
10
11
6
34.3
23.8
16.2
9.5
10.5
5.7
Table:2 Clinical presentation of cases
Symptoms No. %
Cough 96 91.4
Expectoration 80 76.2
Fever 93 88.6
Anorexia 65 61.9
Weight loss 33 31.4
Breathlessness 42 40.0
Lethargy 22 21
hemoptysis 17 16.2
Chest pain 9 8.6

4. Prof. Hyacinth E. O
http://www.ijcmsdr.com 4
Table: 3- Risk factors associated with TB
VARIABLES NO. %
Cigarette/Bidi 81 77.1
Tobacco chewer 63 60
Alcohol 34 32.4
Any h/o of close contact with pul. TB 16 15.2
Diabetes 13 12.4
HIV/AIDS 6 5.7
6. DISCUSSION
The present study shows that the maximum number of study subjects (58.00%) belonged to 21-40 yrs of
age group followed by 41-50 yrs age group (17.10%). In a study in Lucknow by Mahesh et al (2007),
majority of the patients (81.00%) belonged to age group of 15 – 44 yrs and only (18.10%) were aged
more than 45 years.
(61.9%) patients were Hindus and (38.1%) were muslims similar results were shown by Sanjay Gupta et al
(2002) reported (60.50%) Hindus and (39.50%) Muslims in his study at Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh .
In this study (34.3%) patient were illiterate and (23.4%) patient were educated up to primary N.Pandit et
al (2006) found that (23.00%) of patients were illiterate and almost (50.00%) were educated up to primary
school.
Most common clinical presentation was found to be Fever, Cough and Expectoration which were (88.6%),
(91.4%) and (76.2%) respectively; weight loss was reported by (31.4%) of cases. (77%) of patients were
smokers. Smoking was the major risk factor similar results were also shown by Raj kumar et al (2012). HIV
positive cases with tuberculosis were (5.7%) Bharat bhushan et al (2013) found similar findings in his
study.
In this study (12.4%) patient were of diabetes mellitus with tuberculosis Bachti Alisjabana et al (2007)
found that diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in (14.8%) of patients with TB and was associated with old age
and a greater body weight.
7. REFERENCES
1. Oh KH, Kim HJ, Kim MH. Non-communicable diseases and risk of tuberculosis in Korea. Int J Tuberc Lung
Dis. 2016 Jul;20(7):973-7
2. Fujita T, Endo M, Gu Y, Sato T, Ohmagari N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cancer patients at a
tertiary care cancer center in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2014 Mar;
3. Bharat bhushan, N.C.Kajal, Anil maske, Nadia, Heena bharti and Jaswant singh. Tuberculosis in HIV co-
infected patient a study at tertiary care hospital, Amritsar(India).Indian journal of tuberculosis
2013;60:202-207.
4. Avutha Sindhuri , Vinay Mahishale impact of poor glycemic control on severerity of pulmonary TB in new
smear positive with type 2 diabetes mellitus
5. Yatin N. Dholakia. TB/HIV co-ordination through public private partnership,lesson from the field. Inidian
journal of tuberculosis 2013;60:23-29.
6. Anand K. Patel , Kiran C. Rami and feroz D.Ghanch radiological presentation of patient of pulmonary TB
with diabetes mellitus. Lung India 2011.
7. John R. Tobacco consumption pattern and its helath implication in India. Health policy 2005;71: 213-22
8. Kolappan C, Subramani R, Kumaraswami V, Santha T, Narayanan PR, Excess mortality and risk factors for
mortality among a cohort of TB patients from rural south India.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008 Jan;12(1):81-6
9. Alisjahbana B, Sahiratmadja E, Nelwan EJ. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the presentation and
treatment response of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:428-35. [PubMed: 17638189]
10. Gothi, G.D. et al 1997, TUBERCULOSIS-AN OVERVIEW -Influence of HIV and MDR, The New Diagnostic
Tools And Their application in NTP, Ind J Tub 1997, 44-107

5. Prof. Hyacinth E. O
http://www.ijcmsdr.com 5
11. Govt of India (2007) Annual Report 2006-07, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan,
New Delhi
12. Lertmaharit S, Kamol-Ratankul P, Sawert H, Jittimanee S, Wangmanee S. Factors associated with
compliance among tuberculosis patients in Thailand, J Med Assoc Thai. 2005 Sep; 88 Suppl 4:S149-56.