ihsanullah shareefi Master Degree in the field of (plant pathology) at University of Agriculture I am glad to share that I have completed my msc(hons)plant pathology with research focussed on public sector reforms, policy and performance management systems from…

1. Cucumber
Cucumis sativus L.

2. Classification
• English Name
Cucumber
• Botanical Name
Cucumis sativus L.
• Family
Cucurbitaceae
• Chromosome No.
2n=14

3. Origin
• Cucumber is an indigenous vegetable to India.
• Pursglove (1969) has suggested that the cultivated
cucumis sativus originated in northern India where the
related C. hardwicki Royle occurs wild, although this
might be a “weedy” form of C. sativus, which has
escaped cultivation.
• In Egypt at the time of the XIIth Dynasty, the Greeks
and the Romans knew it.
• In China, it was known by the 6 century A.D.
• Cucumber has been cultivated in India for at least three
thousand years.
• From India, rapidly to China and even earlier and more
rapidly to the west.
• It has now spread through out the world.

4. Area and Production in the World
Top Ten Producing Countries
China, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, USA, Spain, Egypt, Japan,
Indonesia.
•

5. Area and Production in Pakistan
• It is an important salad crop and cultivated in
Pakistan in almost all provinces.
• According to the official figures, the country
produced 15,949 tons of cucumber from 1,251
hectares in 2010-11.

6. Cucumber, with peel, raw Nutritional value per 100 g
• Energy 65 kJ (16 kcal)
• Carbohydrates 3.63 g
• Sugars 1.67 g
• Dietary fiber 0.5 g
• Fat 0.11 g
• Protein 0.65 g
• Water 95.23 g
• Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.027 mg (2%)
• Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.033 mg (3%)
• Niacin (vit. B3) 0.098 mg (1%)
• Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.259 mg (5%)
• Vitamin B6 0.040 mg (3%)
• Folate (vit. B9) 7 μg (2%)
• Vitamin C 2.8 mg (3%)
• Calcium 16 mg (2%)
• Iron 0.28 mg (2%)
• Magnesium 13 mg (4%)
• Phosphorus 24 mg (3%)
• Potassium 147 mg (3%)
• Zinc 0.20 mg (2%)

7. Plant Description
• Plant is annual, tendril bearing, creeping or climbing, sparingly
branched and scabrous plant.
• Stem is robust, obtusely quinquangular, densely hispidulous,
yellowish green, and 50-250 cm long.
• Tendrils inserted beside the leaves, robust, patent, peduncled,
simple, hispid, yellowish green and 10-30 cm long.
• Leaves are distichous, long petioled, simple, in outline broadly
ovate and angular.
• Flowers are axillary, shortly stalked, unisexual, monoecious, rather
large, densely hispid, 3-4 cm diameter, for the greater part male, the
female ones solitary, the male ones in fascicles of 3-7.
• Fruits are pendulous on robust stalk, very variable as to shape and
size, usually oblong or linear cylindrical, small or large, straight or
curved at first green or whitish green, when ripe, succulent, many
seeded, 10-20 cm long or longer and 3-7 cm diameter.
• Flesh is pale green.
• Root system is extensive.

8. Leaves
Fruit
Seeds
FlowerRoots

9. Varieties
• The varieties of cucumber vary by color, size and
appropriate uses.
• Following are mostly cultivated varieties of cucumber in
Pakistan and India.
 Pusa Sanyog
 Straight eight
 Swarna poorna
 Poinsette
 Sheetal
 Peshawer local
 Baby long
 Ashly
 Albeit
 Swat local
 Market more

10. Climatic Requirements
• It is a warm season crop.
• It can not tolerate high cold and frost.
• High humidity and short day length promote
female flower production.
• It requires 18°C minimum temperature for
seed germination and 20-30°C for growth and
development of plant.

11. Soil conditions
• It requires sandy to sandy loam soil for early
and good crop, whereas, heavy soils are good
for high yield.
• It can be grown successfully on slightly acidic
soils.
• The soil pH should be 5.5 to 6.7.
• For high production, the soil should be rich in
organic manure with proper drainage facility.

12. Sowing Time
• Sowing time varies from place to place.
• Regions Optimum sowing time
Plains February to March
Hills April to May
Summer Crop March to April
Rainy Crop June to July

13. Seed Rate and Sowing Method
• 3 to 5 kg seed will be sufficient for sowing in one
hectare.
• Sowing can be done on raised beds, in furrows or in
pits, according to the system followed.
• 2 seeds per hill are generally sown on both sides of the
bed.
• In case of pit system, prepare pits of size 45 × 45 cm
about 60 cm deep and filled with FYM, cattle manure
and soil in equal proportion up to 30 cm above ground
level.
• 3 to 4 seeds are sown per pit.
• Plant spacing should be kept 150 cm row to row and 60
to 90 cm plant to plant.
• For taking early crop of cucumber, seed can also be
sown in plastic bags in the month of December, in spite
of directly sowing to the main field.

14. Fertilizer Requirement
• Manures and fertilizers in cucumber should be given as
per availability of nutrients in the soil after soil testing.
• Nath et al. (1987) recommended 37,000 to 49,000 kg
per hectare FRM which may be mixed with the soil or
applied to each pit.
• The quantity of NPK varies from place to place.
• Usually a combination of 100:50:50 kg NPK per
hectare are used for cucumber production.
• Half quantity of nitrogen and full quantity of each
phosphorus and potash is applied in the pits or furrows
at the time of sowing.
• Remaining quantity of nitrogen may apply 30 days after
sowing or just before flowering.

15. Intercultural Practices
• For higher production and increasing the quality of fruit,
vines are trained on bamboo with rope or wire.
• Cucumber can also be trained in bower system.
• It is helpful in increasing the production and carrying the
plants.
• It does not allow the fruits to touch the ground, hence,
increase the fruit quality.
• Weeding:
• The field should be free from weeds throughout cropping
season.
• First weeding may be given 15-20 days after sowing.
• Two more weeding are given at 25-30 days interval.
• Weeds can also be control by the application of any contact
weedicides.

16. Irrigation
• Over irrigation should be avoided, as cucumber can not
withstand under water logging conditions.
• In dry weather, the crop is irrigated fourth or fifth day but
during raining season, the interval may be increased
depending on rainfall distribution.
• Irrigations from start of start of flowering and full bloom
are beneficial.
• Fruit enlargement also requires ample supply of water.
• Drought during flowering results in deformed, non viable
pollen grains, leading to poor yield.
• During irrigation care is taken to see that water from the
basin or furrows do not overflow and inundate the plants,
because if they stand in water for any length of time, the
foliage become chlorotic or yellow and the growth is
retarded.

17. Harvesting
• The crop become for harvesting in about 60 to 70
days after sowing.
• The fruit takes about 7 to 10 days from setting to
reach marketable stage.
• The fruit is harvested when it is still green and
tender.
• The over mature fruit will fetch less price in the
market.
• The fruit is picked at an interval of 2 days.
• Yield:
• The fruit yield varies from 8000 to 12000 kg per
hectare.

18. Storage
• Generally cucumber is not stored for longer
periods because it’s a perishable commodity.
• Storage of cucumber is generally less than 14
days as visual and sensory quality deteriorate
rapidly.
• Shriveling, yellowing, and decay are likely to
increase following storage beyond two weeks,
especially after removal to typical retail
conditions.
• Short term storage or transit temperatures below
this range such as 7.2°C are commonly used but
will result in chilling injury after 2-3 days.

19. Uses
• Fat busting + Wrinkle Releasing: The photochemical in
cucumbers makes the collagen in your skin tighten.
• Headaches + Hangovers: Cucumbers are high in B
vitamins, sugar, and electrolytes (things that help you avoid
headaches and hangovers).
• Bad Breath Be Gone: Hold a slice of cucumber on the roof
of your mouth with your tongue for 30 seconds. The
photochemical kills the bacteria that causes bad breath.
• Sunburn: Cucumber, like aloe, soothes skin and especially
sunburn.
• Energy Boost: There are just enough carbohydrates and B
vitamins to give you a longer-lasting and healthier boost of
energy than soda, coffee, or those health hazard energy
drinks.
• Blood Pressure + Cholesterol: Adding cucumbers to daily
diet regulates blood pressure. There is also ongoing research
into the use of cucumbers for lowering cholesterol.

21. Insects
• Cucumber beetles
• Squash bug
• Aphids

22. Cucumber beetles
• The adults feed on the cotyledons, leaves, vines,
blossoms, and the rind of fruits.
• The beetles are vectors of the bacterium that causes
bacterial wilt of muskmelons and cucumbers.
• The larvae feed on roots and tunnel in underground
stems, although this damage is usually not very
important.
• Control:
• Be aware that large numbers of beetles may invade
your fields over a short period of time.
• Beetles will usually congregate on plants near the field
edges first.
• If the population reaches the economic threshold, treat
the whole field with suitable insecticide.

23. Squash bug
• Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap from leaves
and vines.
• The leaves become black and crisp, and the plant wilts
and eventually dies.
• In the late season, squash bugs may feed on the fruit,
and may make them unmarketable.
• Squash bugs are also suspected of transmitting the
casual agent of a disease, yellow vine.
• Control:
• After the crop is harvested, vines should be removed
from the field and burned or destroyed by cultivation.
• Field margins should be as free as possible of rubbish,
piles of leaves, boards, and other shelters.

24. Aphids
• Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap from
underside of the leaves, weakening the plants and
reducing the quantity and quality of the fruit.
• Leaves damaged by aphids have a distorted,
cupped appearance.
• Plants with heavy infestation have a mottled
appearance or necrotic spots on leaves and
stunting of the plants.
• The “honeydew” secreted from the aphids may
cause the growth of a sooty, black mold.
• Control:
• Scout the field for aphids and natural enemies.
• Use recommended foliar insecticides

25. Diseases
• Fusarium wilt
• Powdery mildew
• Pythium root rot

26. Fusarium wilt
• If very young plants are attacked the seedlings
may rot before or after emergence or the plants
may become stunted.
• When mature plants are attacked, the tips of the
runners wilt, and gradually the entire plant wilts
and dies.
• The woody part of the stem is discolored brown.
• The roots may exhibit cankers.
• Management:
• Remove dead and decaying plant debris from the
growing field.
• In severe case proper fungicide spray should use.

27. Powdery Mildew
• This disease is favored by high humidity and tends to occur
on older leaves first.
• Symptoms first appear as white powdery residue primarily
on the upper leaf surface.
• On the lower surface of the leaves circular patches or spots
appear.
• In severe cases, these spread, coalesce and cover both the
surfaces of the leaves and spread also to the petioles, stem,
etc.
• Severely attacked leaves become brown and shriveled and
defoliation may occur.
• Fruits of the affected plants do not develop fully and remain
small.
• Control: Carbendazim (1ml/litre of water) is sprayed
immediately after the appearance of the disease.
• 2-3 sprays are taken at an interval of 15 days.

28. Pythium root rot
• Pythium root rot may affect all cultivated
cucurbits, but the disease becomes important only
in certain seasons on particular crops.
• The first symptoms are usually stunting,
production of small and somewhat yellowish
leaves, wilting, failure of fruit to set and mature,
and sometimes collapse and death of the plants.
• The roots of affected plants may appear water-
soaked and flaccid, with some sunken, darkened
lesions on the larger, fleshy roots.
• Management:
• Use of good quality seed and crop rotation are
important.