The challenge of improving air quality in Sheffield
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Presentation by Dr James Tate, February 2015. www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate www.ciht.org.uk/en/events/events-listing.cfm/the-challenge-of-improving-sheffields-air-quality
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The challenge of improving air quality in Sheffield
- 1. Future work Assessing emissions across networks to aid Policy design 1 Collaboration with SYSTRA – Sheffield Low Emission Zone feasibility study (2013)
- 2. Outline Traffic & Air Quality trends The source of the urban air quality problem Road transport vehicles Emission legislation Research surveying the Sheffield vehicle fleet 1 Fleet composition & trends Emission performance Passenger cars Taxis Buses The challenge of improving Sheffield’s air quality Outlook Future work 2 1 Project report https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/dms/scc/management/corporate-communications/documents/environment/pollution/air/Vehicle- Emission-Measurement-and-Analysis-2013/Vehicle%20Emission%20Measurement%20and%20Analysis%202013.pdf.
- 3. Traffic Flow Trends Sheffield Central Area Screen-line Surveys 3 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 020000400006000080000 Year VehicleTripsperDay
- 4. Air Quality Trends Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in Sheffield 4 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 020406080100120 Year RollingAnnualMean:NO2(gm 3 ) UK Air Quality Standard
- 5. Air Quality Trends Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in Sheffield & London 5 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 020406080100120 Year RollingAnnualMean:NO2(gm 3 ) UK Air Quality Standard
- 6. EUROPEAN AIR QUALITY Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011). Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf
- 7. Latest EU directive for Euro 5 and 6 - 2007/715/EC 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0.00.10.20.30.40.50.6 Year of registration NOX(grams.km 1 ) VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS Passenger cars EuroVIEuroVEuro IVEuro III
- 8. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 020406080120 NEDC - Speed Profile Time (seconds) Speed(kmh 1 ) Fig. Speed profile used for type approval purposes (New EU Drive-Cycle) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0102030405060 ARTEMIS Urban - Speed Profile Time (seconds) Speed(kmh 1 ) Fig. Real-world driving: The Common ARTEMIS Drive Cycle (Andre, 2004). ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS Vehicle operation
- 9. Assessing Vehicle Emissions THE LABORATORY Fig. Chassis dynamometer and exhaust analysing equipment Technical University of Graz (Austria): Light-duty Heavy-duty Engine & Chassis dynos.
- 10. MANIPULATING THE TESTS Significance Dings, J. 2013. Mind the Gap! Why official car fuel economy figures don’t match up to reality. Transport and Environment, March 2013. 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 100105110115120125130 Year of first registration Spritmonitor.de/TypeapprovalCO2Emissions(%) Spritmonitor.de • Record mileages and fuel purchased • 300,000 vehicles • 4.5 billion vehicle kms
- 11. MANIPULATING THE TESTS Significance Ligterink, N., Eijk,A. Update analysis of real-world fuel consumption of business passenger cars based on Travelcard Nederland fuelpass data.TNO report 2014 R11063, July 2014
- 12. MANUFACTRER’S CO2 TARGETS Average car 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Emissions(gramsCO2.km-1) Vehicle Model Year 80% reduction (DfT) 90% reduction (DfT) 100% reduction (DfT) NE DC figures (S MMT New C ar report) S pritmonitor.de (Germany) On-road, ~5000/year Travel card (Netherlands) On-road, ~15000/year Honestjohn.co.uk (UK ) On-road, ~3000 / year F uture Targets (IC C T & DfT)
- 13. TAX LANDSCAPE Company cars – Benefit In Kind (BIK) tax 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1-75 76-94 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 BenefitinKind(BIK)tax[%oflistprice] Type Approval CO2 (grams.km-1)
- 14. SURVEYING THE VEHICLE FLEET Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions 14 Sheffield, May 2013
- 15. SHEFFIELD SURVEY SITES Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions
- 16. SHEFFIELD SURVEY SITES Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions 1.ASLINE ROAD 2. EYRE STREET
- 17. SHEFFIELD SURVEY SITES Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions 3.WESTERN BANK 4.ATTERCLIFFE CENTRE
- 18. Camera (Number plate) Vehicle Detector (Speed andAcceleration) Source/Detector Mirror Box Source Detector Emissions Analyser (Common Configurations) Camera (Number plate) Vehicle Detector (Speed andAcceleration) Source/Detector Mirror Box Source Detector Emissions Analyser (Common Configurations) Method Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com) UV IR
- 19. Camera (Number plate) Vehicle Detector (Speed andAcceleration) Source/Detector Mirror Box Source Detector Emissions Analyser (Common Configurations) Camera (Number plate) Vehicle Detector (Speed andAcceleration) Source/Detector Mirror Box Source Detector Emissions Analyser (Common Configurations) Emission ratios From peak exhaust plume conc. NO / CO2 Estimate from NO2 / NOX fractions NO2 / CO2 & NOX / CO2 CO / CO2 HC / CO2 & PM10 Baseline condition taken from front of the vehicle Valid measurement 5 – 60 km/h Sufficient CO2 plume Number plate record Method Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions Vehicle Fleet Information Number plate record ANPR → Detailed vehicle registration info. → Annoymised DVLA type data • vehicle type & euro category • fuel type and engine capacity • manufacturer & model • CO2 performance etc. 19
- 20. Method Remote Sensing Vehicle Emissions PROS: “Real-world” or “on road” or “RDE” Understand the emission performance of the vehicle fleet Trends Degradation/ ageing technologies High-emitters Detailed knowledge of the vehicle fleet composition Fast turn-round (one month) Survey emerging technologies e.g. EuroVI compliant vehicles Rich research resource CONS: “Snap-shot” or “single-point” measurement Vehicle operating condition unknown Loading Cold-start or Hot-running Elevated exhausts – NULL Lorries “open” chassis Practical limitations Dry weather conditions Relatively labour intensive Suitable survey locations limited 20
- 21. REMOTE SENSING VEHICLE EMISSIONS Passenger car fleet – Sheffield 2013 0 10 20 30 40 50 Euro 0 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6 Passengercarshare(%) Euro standard Hybrid (diesel) Hybrid Diesel Petrol Diesel share 31.9% Diesel share 63.6% Diesel share 60.8% Diesel share 48.8% Diesel share 32.4% Diesel share 14.1% Hybrid share 1.73%
- 24. NOX EMISSIONS Passenger car fleet Predicted NOX (grams.km-1 ) Petrol Diesel 1973 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Year of first registration NOX(grams.km 1 ) 1991 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Year of first registration NOX(grams.km 1 )
- 25. Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011). Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf NOX emission factors Observed vs. UK / EU models
- 26. NO2 EMISSIONS Passenger car fleet Predicted NO2 (grams.km-1 ) Petrol Diesel 1973 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Year of first registration NO2(grams.km 1 ) 1991 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Year of first registration NO2(grams.km 1 )
- 31. cR136JYG cR137JYG cR138JYG cR139JYG cR634CVR cR636CVR cR637CVR cR638CVR cR639CVR cR640CVR cR901BOU cR913BOU cR914BOU cR919BOU cS811RWG cS812RWG cS813RWG cS814RWG cT815MAK cT823MAK cT824MAK cT825MAK cT826MAK cT828MAK cT829MAK cT830MAK cT831MAK cT832MAK cT833MAK cT835MAK cT836MAK cT837MAK cT838MAK cT839MAK cT840MAK cT841MAK cT842MAK cT843MAK cT844MAK cT850MAK cT852MAK cT857MAK cT859MAK cT869ODT cT872ODT cT879ODT cT881ODT cT882ODT cT883ODT cT884ODT cX840HHE dSF55UAK dSF55UAL dSF55UAR dSF55UAT dSF55UAU dSF55UAW dSF55UAX dSF55UAY dSF55UAZ dYG52DHC dYL02FKV dYN05XOA dYN05XOB dYN06WCG dYN06WCJ dYN06WCL dYN06WCM dYN06WCP dYN06WCR dYN53PAO eYN07KPR eYN07KPX eYN07KPY eYN07KRF eYN07KRG eYN07KRJ eYN07KRK eYN07KRV eYN07KRX eYN07KRZ eYN07KSE eYN07KSF eYN07KSJ eYN07KSV eYN08JBZ eYN08JFJ eYN08JFX eYN08JFY eYN08JGF eYN08JGU eYN08JGX eYN08JGY eYN57MYC eYN57MYD fLK62FUJ fYN62BDU fYN62BHF fYN62BMY fYN62BNA fYN62BNE fYX11HNW fYX11HNY fYX11HNZ 0 5 10 15 20 NOX(grams.km 1 ) Vehicle specific measurements (individual vehicles) The boxes are colour coded according to the vehicles’ Euro standard: • Red = Euro 2 • Orange = Euro 3 • Yellow = Euro 4 • Blue = Euro 5 SINGLE-DECKER BUSES NOX emissions ( > 5 pass-bys)
- 32. cW716CWR cX358VWT dLK03NHH dLK03NHJ dLK03NHL dLK03NHM dLT02ZCY dLT02ZDH dLT02ZDJ dLT52WTY dLT52WTZ dLT52WUA dLT52WUB dLT52WUC dLT52WUD dWU02KVE dWU02KVH dWU02KVJ dWU02KVK dWU02KVL dWU02KVM dWU02KVO dWU02KVP dYN54VKA dYN54VKC dYN54VKE dYN54VKF eYN08LCJ eYN08NLL eYN08NLM eYN08NLO eYN08NLP eYN08NLR eYN08NLV eYN08NLX eYN08NLY eYN08NMA eYN08NME eYN58ESG eYN58ESO eYN58ESU eYN58ESV eYN58ESY eYN58ETA eYN58ETD eYN58ETE eYN58ETF eYN58ETX eYN58ETY fYN12GYO fYN12GYR fYN12GYS fYN60CJY fYN60CJZ fYN60CKC fYN60CKD fYN60CKE fYN60CKF fYN60CKG fYN60CKJ fYN60CKK fYN60CKL fYN60CKO fYN60CKP fYN60CKV hYN62BBE hYN62BCY hYN62BEY hYN62BFP hYN62BTV hYN62BXO hYN62BXS hYN62BXX hYN62BYA hYN62BYS hYN62BYU hYN62BZG hYN62BZK 0 5 10 15 20 NOX(grams.km 1 ) Vehicle specific measurements (individual vehicles) The boxes are colour coded according to the vehicles’ Euro standard: • Red = Euro 2 • Orange = Euro 3 • Yellow = Euro 4 • Blue = Euro 5 • Green = Euro 5 EEVs, Hybrid Buses DOUBLE-DECKER BUSES NOX emissions ( > 5 pass-bys)
- 34. NEW passenger car results Leeds Autumn/ Winter 2014 Diesel_E0 Diesel_E1 Diesel_E2 Diesel_E3 Diesel_E4 Diesel_E5 Diesel_E6 Petrol_E0 Petrol_E1 Petrol_E2 Petrol_E3 Petrol_E4 Petrol_E5 Petrol_E6 PetrolHybrid_E3 PetrolHybrid_E4 PetrolHybrid_E5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 NOX(grams.km 1 ) [2] [2] [24] [299] [970] [1108] [39] [14] [26] [156] [868] [1131] [694] [32] [2] [0] [24] 34
- 35. NEW passenger car results Zurich Remote Sensing Site 35 Zurich, July 2014 82m elevation gain 1.2 km Av. gradient 6.8 %
- 37. The Air Quality Challenge Europe High background concentrations for key pollutants Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Particulate Mass (PM10) Complicated by atmospheric chemistry Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and secondary particle formation Photochemical smog Strongly influenced by meteorology Worst episodes during winter | stable weather conditions Out-dated vehicle emission legislation and standards Drive-cycle Operating conditions temperature, pressure, rolling resistance, GRADIENT… Newer diesel vehicles not necessarily cleaner Until recently, EuroVI Implications for Low Emission Zones ▶ Air quality is acknowledged to be holding back major road building schemes 37
- 38. Outlook Euro VI diesel vehicles Assessment very positive for heavy-duty vehicles (Buses, Coaches, HDVs): Significantly cleaner in most ‘normal’ operating conditions Concern for low engine power demand / urban driving e.g. empty running of HDVs Initial assessment of light-duty EuroVI diesel promising Good improvement over EuroV diesel RDE far in excess of emission standard limits NOX still only comparable with Euro 2 / 3 petrol cars ( > 10 years old ) Low Emission Zones / pricing expected to differentiate petrol & diesel e.g. ULEZ Worst performance expected in congested, urban driving conditions Demands continuous review Not simply evaluation of first generation of EuroVI’s from premium manufacturers Deterioration of technology unknown SCR dosage a concern 38
- 39. FUTURE WORK Mathematical modelling to aid Policy design & Forecasts Microscopic traffic simulations + instantaneous vehicle emission models 39Western Bank AIMSUN traffic microsimulation model developed by SYSTRA
- 40. FUTURE WORK Evaluating Smart Motorway Operations 40 Highways Agency 2014. Smart motorways – Purpose. Fact sheet 01. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/363993/Smart_motorways_-_Fact_Sheets.pdf
- 41. Future work Assessing emissions across networks to aid Policy design 41 Collaboration with SYSTRA – Sheffield Low Emission Zone feasibility study (2013)