2. Group Members:
• Ismail Shah(10)
• Shahkar KakaKhel(47)
• Ali Ahmad(28)
• Hafiz Ijaz(23)
• Shuja Ud din(43)
• Adnan Khan(49)
• Ijaz(27)
3.
4. Fallacy:
• A flaw or defect in an argument
• Types:
1. Formal Fallacy (Deductive Argument)
• Form and structure
1. Informal Fallacy(Deductive and Inductive)
• Reasoning Error
• Determine by the content of the argument
5. Informal Fallacy:
1. Appeal to Ignorance 13. Red Herring
2. Begging the Question 14. Slippery Slope
3. Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition
4. Equivocation 15. Straw Person
5. False Dilemma 16. Two Wrongs
6. Faulty Analogy 17. Unwarranted Generalization
7. Inconsistency
8. Irrelevant Authority
9. Is Ought
10. Ought Is
11. Ad Hominem
12. Questionable Cause
6. Faulty Analogy:
• A faulty analogy is an invalid conclusion draw from a
comparison between two dissimilar things or ideas.
7. Example:
• Mind and river can be both broad, it is known fact that the
broader the river the shallower it is
• Corn and whiskey
8. Questionable Cause:
• Latin: Non causa pro causa(non cause for cause)
• It is also non as casual fallacy, false cause
• It is category of informal fallacies in which a cause is incorrectly
identified.
• “Concluding that one thing caused another simply because they are
regularly associated”
• Logical Form: “A” is regularly associated with “B” , therefore A causes
B
9. Example:
• It is Friday 3rd , So that is why I failed my logic exam.
10. Irrelevant Authority:
• The irrelevant appeal to authority is a fallacy in reasoning in which
one argues that a practice or belief justified because some
authoritative person or text asserts it.
11.
12. Slippery slope:
• Slippery slope is a fallacy in which a course of action is objected to on
the ground that once taken it will lead to additional action until some
undesirable consequences result
15. False Dilemma:
• A limited number of options (usually two) is given, while in
reality there are more options. Also known as the either or
fallacy.
16. Example:
• Either the Saudi’s control US government, or they don’t.
• Either we ban negative ads or we let them run amok on our television
station
17. Is Ought:
• The is-ought fallacy occurs when the assumption is made that
because things are a certain way, they should be that way. It can also
consist of the assumption that because something is not now
occurring, this means it should not occur.
• This fallacy is sometimes confused with appeal to tradition
18. Examples:
• Marijuana is a plant and grows naturally so we ought to legalize
marijuana
• Everything that is natural should be ingested such as nicotine , well
now we know that nicotine is harmful.
19. Red Herring:
• Red herring is a kind of fallacy that is an irrelevant topic introduced in
an argument to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the
original issue
• Misleads or distracts from a relevant or important issue
