This document discusses qualitative research methods and design. It covers basic qualitative research designs like case studies, comparative studies, retrospective studies, and longitudinal qualitative studies. It also discusses fitting the research approach into the overall research process. For sampling, it discusses theoretical sampling, purposive sampling, determining sample size based on the study aim and principle of saturation. The document is authored by Dr. Prachi Ajit and is part of an MBA course on qualitative research methods.

1. Subject Code: 210
Subject Name: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
Semester: II
Chapter No: II
Title: Qualitative Research Design
Specialization: GENERAL
Course : MBA
DR. PRACHI AJIT
PHD, MMS, PGDBM, B.COM
As per Savitribai Phule Pune University Revised Syllabus (2019)
DR. PRACHI AJIT
PHD, MMS, PGDBM,
B.COM

2. Qualitative Research Design
Basic Qualitative Research Designs,
Case Studies,
Comparative Studies,
Retrospective Studies,
Longitudinal Qualitative Studies,
Appropriateness of the Approach to the Issue,
Fitting the Approach into the Research Process.
Qualitative Research Sampling - Theoretical Sampling, Gradual
Selection as a General Principle in Qualitative Research, Purposive
Sampling, Width or Depth as Aims of Sampling, Case Constitution in the
Sample, Sample Size decisions in Qualitative Research, Principle of
Saturation
DR. PRACHI AJIT

3. Basic Qualitative Research Designs
Case Studies,
Comparative Studies,
Retrospective Studies,
Longitudinal Qualitative Studies,
Fitting the Approach into the Research Process
DR. PRACHI AJIT

4. Case Studies
• A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-
depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life
context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in
a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences.
DR. PRACHI AJIT

5. Comparative Studies
• Comparative research, simply put, is the act of comparing two or
more things with a view to discovering something about one or all
of the things being compared. This technique often utilizes multiple
disciplines in one study.
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6. Retrospective Studies
• In a retrospective study, the outcome of interest has already occurred
at the time the study is initiated. A retrospective study design allows
the investigator to formulate ideas about possible associations and
investigate potential relationships, although causal statements
usually should not be made.
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7. Longitudinal qualitative research
• Longitudinal qualitative research (LQR) is an approach to research in
which data are collected from the same participants to assess
change through time. These serial responses position LQR to bring
oft-overlooked, temporal dimensions of phenomena to the fore of
inquiry.
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8. Fitting the Approach into the Research Process
• Step 1: Explain your methodological approach. Begin by introducing
your overall approach to the research. ...
• Step 2: Describe your methods of data collection. ...
• Step 3: Describe your methods of analysis. ...
• Step 4: Evaluate and justify your methodological choices.
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9. Qualitative Research Sampling -
• Theoretical Sampling,
• Gradual Selection as a General Principle in Qualitative Research,
• Purposive Sampling,
• Width or Depth as Aims of Sampling,
• Case Constitution in the Sample,
• Sample Size decisions in Qualitative Research,
• Principle of Saturation
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10. Theoretical Sampling
• Theoretical sampling is a well-known
method in grounded theory studies to
seek additional data based on concepts
developed from initial data analysis.
This method involves following where
the data have led to expand and refine
the evolving theory during the analytical
process.
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Theoretical sampling occurs as the
data collection progresses. After the
researcher identifies the research
topic and question, they identify a
small handful of people to interview
based on a set of criteria (much like
in purposeful sampling). Then, they
interview those people.

11. Gradual Selection as a General Principle in
Qualitative Research
• The principles of qualitative approach could be summarized into three
views, i. e.,
• interpretivism,
• constructivism, and
• inductivism (Jupp, 2006).
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12. Meaning
• 1. The term interpretivism refers to epistemologies, or theories about how
we can gain knowledge of the world, which loosely rely on interpreting or
understanding the meanings that humans attach to their actions
• 2. Constructivism recognizes that meanings of things are not objectively
discovered; rather they are subjectively created and imposed by people in
given contexts.
• 3. Inductivism is an approach to logic whereby scientific laws are inferred
from particular facts or observational evidence. This approach can also be
applied to theory-building in the social sciences, with theory being inferred
by reasoning from particular facts to general principles.
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13. Purposive Sampling
• Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or
subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in which
researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of
the population to participate in their surveys.
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14. Width or Depth as Aims of Sampling
• To obtain the maximum information about the population without
examining each and every unit of the population.
• To find the reliability of the estimates derived from the sample, which
can be done by computing the standard error of the statistic.
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15. Case Constitution in the Sample
• 1) Sampling using a sampling frame.
• 2) Identifying people who are suitable for research.
• 3) Literally the researcher's brief case.
• 4) Sampling of people, newspapers, television programmes etc.
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16. Sample Size decisions in Qualitative Research,
• Information power, guiding adequate sample size is related to the
study aim. A broad study aim requires a larger sample than a narrow
aim to offer sufficient infor- mation power, because the phenomenon
under study is more comprehensive.
• It has previously been recommended that qualitative studies require
a minimum sample size of at least 12 to reach data
saturation (Clarke & Braun, 2013; Fugard & Potts, 2014; Guest,
Bunce, & Johnson, 2006)
• Therefore, a sample of 13 was deemed sufficient for the qualitative
analysis and scale of this study.
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17. Principle of Saturation
• Saturation is a core principle used in qualitative research.
• It is used to determine when there is adequate data. from a study to
develop a robust and valid understanding of the study
phenomenon.
• Saturation is applied to purposive (nonprobability) samples, which are
commonly used in qualitative research.
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18. THANK YOU
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