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1. Occupational health and safety

2. Objectives
At the end of this session the students will be able to:
• Define occupational health
• Discuss the scope of occupational health and safety.
• Identify the occupational health hazards in workplace.
• Explain the prevention and control methods of Occupational
health .

3. Occupational Health and Safety
Definition: The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of
 Physical
 Mental and
 Social well-being
 The prevention among workers of departures from health
caused by their working conditions.
 It concerns with the control of occupational health hazards
that arise as a result of or during work activities.
Of workers in all occupations

4. Occupational Heath cont’d
The main focus in occupational health is on three different
objectives:
1. The promotion and maintenance of workers’ Health
and working capacity.
2. The improvement of working Environment and work
to become conducive to safety and health.
3. Development of work organizations and working
cultures in a direction which supports health and safety
at work and in doing so also promotes Productivity.

5. Reasons for Occupational health and safety
Moral: Unacceptability of putting health and safety of
people at risk. Making the moral case to senior
management.
Legal: The preventive (enforcement), punitive (through
criminal sanctions), and compensatory effects of law.
Economic: Direct and indirect costs associated with
incidents and/or unhealthy workplaces and their impact
on the organization (includes insured and un-insured
costs).

6. The scope of occupational health and safety
The scope of occupational health and safety includes
‒ Prevention and control of hazards
‒ Curative and rehabilitative programs.
1. Establishment of sound sanitary condition within the work
place such as
 Water supply
 waste disposal
 shower and hand washing facilities
 sanitary and safe storage of chemicals.

7. The scope cont’d
2. Organization of health services including first aid
3. Health promotion in the work environment
4. Rehabilitation of those that have been injured
5. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of occupational related
diseases and accidents.

8. Recognition of Occupational Health hazards
This includes recognition and anticipation through:
‒ Available data review
‒ Walk through inspections
‒ Interviewing the workers
‒ Preliminary instrumentation
This attempts to defines the preliminary type of
health problems that may exist among workers.
 Attention should be given to the following possible
hazards.

9. Recognition cont’d
1. Chemical hazards
 Which may be excessive airborne concentration of mists,
gases, vapours, and solids in the form of dusts and fumes.
 These hazards may be realized either through inhalation or
skin absorption.
 Primary targets are skin and respiratory organs.
 Chemicals could be acids, alkaline, salts, and gases which
have different degree of toxicity and target organs.

10. Recognition cont’d
2. Physical hazards
Would include excessive levels of electromagnetic
and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, light, and
extremes of temperature and pressure.
Primary targets are mainly the skin, eye and gonads,
nervous and blood systems.
Most physical agents are forms of energy.

11. Recognition cont’d
3. Biological agents
Would include insects, viruses, allergens, fungi and
bacterial contamination that may result in
communicable diseases and allergic reactions.
Target organs may be localized or systemic
depending on the nature of pathogenicity.
Entrances are usually the skin and breathing organs

12. Recognition cont’d
4. Ergonomics factors
Fitting the job to the worker.
Include improper designed tools or work areas,
unusual and unnecessary lifting, poor visual
conditions, repeated motions
Work place design that may be responsible for
fatigue, stress, and strain.

13. Prevention &Control of Occupational health & Safety
Hazards
‒ Definition of the problem is followed by its detail
analysis, on the basis of which control measures are
suggested and implemented.
‒ Cost effectiveness and social acceptability's are
carefully considered in due process.
‒ There exist three main preventive strategies for the
control of working stresses.

14. Prevention &Control cont’d
1. Source reduction/at the source
• This is sometimes referred to as engineering or technical
control.
• The idea is to eliminate or minimize the contaminants at
their source by various plant engineering methods.
• This is the most desirable effective and preventive care for
the implementation of institutional hygiene programs.
• Some basic examples are as follows.

15. Prevention &Control cont’d
A. Elimination
‒ This is the prohibition, banning or restricted use of
extremely dangerous materials.
‒ Examples are banning of benzene as a solvent
‒ Banning of beta-naphthylamine in the manufacture of
dye stuffs; banning of DDT, PCBs as an insecticide
‒ Removal of beryllium phosphorous from fluorescent
lamps.

16. Prevention &Control cont’d
B. Substitution
This is the use of harmless or less harmful substitutes.
• Perchloro ethylene substitute in place of carbon
tetrachloride in dry cleaning industries
• Water-based cleaners in place of solvents
• The use of silica-free abrasives in place of silica
• The use of toluene for benzene
• Phosphorous sesquisulphide for white phosphorous in
match industries

17. Prevention &Control cont’d
C. Process change
‒ Exposure of toxic materials can often be controlled
or eliminated through the change of a process by
adapting, modifying, or altering it.
‒ The process change may involve the operation itself
or the equipments.
‒ Examples include the use of electric motor instead
of internal combustion engines

18. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
 The use of solids in pellet or tablet form instead of its
powder
 The use of airless atomization spray instead of compressed
air spraying
2. Control measures at the Path
 This is also known as path modification and transmission
intervention.
 Path modification may be considered as an alternative
effective measure if properly used.

19. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
• Hazards that have escaped from work processes can be
minimized or entirely trapped on their way of dissemination
by the use of certain control techniques.
• Some basic examples are as follows.
A. Isolation
• It avoids the frequent contact between the employee and the
risk factor, thereby decreasing the intensity of the exposure.

20. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
› Isolation often involves the interposition of a barrier
between the source and the receiver.
› The barrier may be time, distance, or some type of
physical components.
› Isolation can be accomplished by a physical barrier
(enclosure of toxic dust process and placing noisy
motors a separate room or cabins), time or by
distance.

21. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
B. Ventilation
• Exhaust (local) and dilution (general) ventilation are
examples.
• Local ventilation, that takes away airborne contaminants at
their source of emission, is the most desired and effective
method as compared to the general dilution.
C. Insulation
• This is most often used for excessive radiant heat and noise
treatment.

22. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
3. Control at the Receiver
• This is the least desirable method of control, which
is very often likely to be used by most undertakings.
• This strategy is usually subjective and has a
tendency to exhibit a failure during its
implementation and when evaluated
• The provision of this control option is accepted if
only engineering and path modification methods are
not technically feasible.

23. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
Examples may be cited as follows.
A. Personal Protective Devices
 This includes the protection of uncovered parts of the body
where the entrance of contaminants is likely to occur.
 However, its misuse by management and employees has
caused this alternative to be viewed with suspicion
 When it is not feasible to protect the source of the hazard, or
its path, it then becomes necessary to protect the employee
from the environment.

24. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
• Available personal protective devices include:
 Respiratory protective equipment
• Air purifying respirators - particulate-filter
respirators and gas masks
• Air-supplied respirators- hose masks and airline
respirators, and
• Self-contained respirators - self breathing apparatus.

25. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
Eye and face protection
• Goggles and
• Face shields.
Protective clothing,
• Gloves
• Aprons
• Boots
• Coveralls
Protective creams and lotions, to help minimize skin
contract with irritant chemicals.
Ear protection, including ear plugs and muffs.

26. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
B. Training & Education
• Efforts made to change the behavior of employees by
increasing their awareness and changing their attitude and
practice towards a better work management.
• Proper training and education are essential to effective
engineering controls.
• Employees must know about the toxic chemicals, how to
use them safely and the working procedures with the
machines they are working with.

27. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
C. Good House keeping & Personal Hygiene
• Showering, washing of hands and clothing,
immediate clean-up of any spills, solid and liquid
waste clean-up, and food sanitation have paramount
importance in occupational health protection.
• Good house keeping is a day to day and even
moment-by-moment control measure.

28. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
D. Measures Regarding Work Organization
• These are generally taken by factory managers and
administrators where applicable
Numerous options can be noted:
• Limiting the time of exposure.
• Limiting access to premises where hazards are present.
• Job rotation.
• Posting warning notices.

29. Occupational safety mgt cont’d
• Limiting number of persons exposed.
• Restricting unsupervised work.
• Prohibiting employment of susceptible workers.
• Increasing shift rotations.
• Providing meals that have regenerative and preventive
effects.
• Giving supplementary payments.
• Providing materials in kind (nutritive food, etc.).

30. Exposures in Health care settings
The possibility of exposure to infection of health care
professionals that have direct contact with patients is always
present.
The health care worker can spread infection from:
- Patient to patient
- Patient to other staff
- Patient to his/her own family
- Patient to visitors especially if consulting with family members
of the patient.

31. Exposures in Health care cont’d
The Common exposures are :
Infections: HIV/AIDS, TB, HB, etc
Radiation
Injury
Chemicals: labs, operation
Ergonomics
Stress (surgeons, nurses, ,,)
Stress-burn out (HIV counselor,,, )

32. Prevention
To avoid such contamination health care workers should:
 Dispose of contaminated equipment properly so that no health
hazard is exposed to infect others.
 Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water after
visiting each patient to minimize the chance of spreading
harmful infection or organisms from patient to patient
 Isolation gowns, masks and caps must be worn whenever
necessary and removed before entering clean areas such as rest
areas and lunchrooms.

33. THANK YOU