Tuberculosis Personal Statement

Tuberculosis Personal Statement
When I was 12, my mother underwent a knee replacement. Five years later, my father was diagnosed with leukemia and received chemotherapy. I
witnessed first hand my parents' frustrations in maneuvering the healthcare system because they did not speak English. Not only did I act as their
translator in navigating the medical terminology, diagnosis, treatments, and billing but in doing so, it encouraged me to better understand why patients
with language barriers, such as my parents, felt disregarded and received substandard care. During my freshman year at the University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA) I put into perspective the lack of educational opportunities in underserved communities and their contributions to health
disparities. I have felt that it is my calling to address the lack of access to education, health care and...show more content...
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to affect one third of the world population, primarily impacting those who are poor and lack healthcare. Although vitamin
D is important for antimicrobial immune response to TB, ethnic minorities in the U.S, who have darker–pigmented skin, receive minimal sun exposure
leading to lower vitamin D serum levels. The lack of sufficient vitamin D exacerbates the risk for active TB in these already at–risk populations. In our
Science Translation paper, it was determined that interleukin–32 (IL–32), a biomarker higher in latent TB, was successful in killing virulent TB in
vitro, however this killing is dependent on sufficient vitamin D serum levels. The identification of a biomarker has paved the way for potential use in
diagnosis and adjunct treatment with IL–32 and vitamin D. My experience serves as a reminder that inequities in health make marginalized people more
vulnerable. As one invested in improving the health of our community, I recognize I must think critically and understand how scientific developments
continue to affect
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Tb
Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Nursing Role
Tuberculosis has been a persistent threat to the human race as far back as Hippocrates (c.460–c.370 BC). Globally, tuberculosis has infected millions
during waves, often killing scores of people at a time, and then receding giving it an almost supernatural quality (Daniel, 2006). In recent history
tuberculosis has been recorded in all corners of the world, and currently infects one third of the global population. In 2012, TB was responsible for
killing 1.3 million people, making it the second largest fatal disease next to AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, explain
contributing factors, describe the disease in relation to the epidemiologic triangle, and finally...show more content...
Complicating the issue of TB's global spread, is the disease's mutation into multi–drug resistant strains. The evolution of the bacteria is due to improper
or incomplete treatment regimens. Due to TB's ability to manifest itself in latent and active forms, there are two main sets of treatment options. Both
must be strictly adhered to or the patient runs the risk of further infection and death. In terms of treating latent tuberculosis the goal is prevention and
elimination. According to the Centers for Disease Control, there are four standard regimens for treating latent tuberculosis. The first is a nine–month
regimen of Isoniazid taken either once daily or twice a week. The second is a shorter regiment, six months, of Isoniazid with a smaller dose, yet also
taken once daily or twice a week. The third regimen lasts three months and is a combination of Isoniazid and Rifapentine taken once a week. The
fourth regiment lasts four months and is completed through daily doses of Rifampin (CDC, 2012).
The treatment for active tuberculosis is much more aggressive, is conducted in phases, and involves taking a combination of the drugs isoniazid
(INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA). The initial phase for the preferred regimen is 56 doses of all four medications
taken for eight weeks. The preferred continuation phase is a regimen of INH and RIF taken in 126 doses over an eighteen–week period. There are

Background of Study(Tuberculosis)
Background of the studyDrugs, treatment and services are rendered to prevent and cure different diseases that are fatal like cancer, stroke and
tuberculosis. The interventions of health care are needed in order to decrease the mortality and morbidity rate. Greater effort in maintaining health must
be practiced to live a healthier and longer life.Tuberculosis is still a great challenge to humankind, because since then, there have been many drugs that
are available at an affordable price, prevention is not that costly, but there are still people who are dying because of tuberculosis.The Philippines ranks
ninth on the list of 22 high–burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world, according to the World Health Organization's...show more content...
The researchers choose the topic because prevention is very important especially in the congested cells where contagious disease are easily
transmitted and prevention will not take place if there is no or little knowledge. We choose Bureau of Jail management and Penology (BJMP)
Dagupan City Jail because when we were exposed there during our community duty, we discovered that some inmates at the infirmary cell are positive
of tuberculosis. This is hazardous because cell is congested and the transmission of the disease is investable. Theoretical FrameworkThis study is based
on Health Belief Model by Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels. The model postulates that health–related behavior is influenced by a person's perception
of a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed at reducing the threat. It proposes that the person's health–related
behavior depends on the person's perception of four critical areas: the severity of potential illness, the benefits of taking a preventive action, and the
barriers to taking that action(Nursing Theories, 2010).This study is related to the model mentioned above because the study aims to help the inmates
and officers to have further insights or appropriate perceptions regarding tuberculosis so that they may take appropriate actions to prevent the
acquisition of the disease and to those have tuberculosis already will prevent the spread and transmission of the disease. It is

Informative Essay On Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that affects a persons lungs and has the ability to be life threatening. The bacteria that causes TB is known as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/). The TB bacteria is spread from person to person when an infected person
coughs or sneezes and minute droplets enter the air. Approximately one third of people throughout the world have latent TB
(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/). Individuals that have latent TB should be treated, which will decrease the spread of the
disease (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/tuberculosis/home/ovc–20188556).
When a person has latent TB this indicates that they have acquired the TB germ but do not...show more content...
They usually have to take several antibiotics at one time, such as "isoniazid (INH), rifampin RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA)
every day for a minimum of six months. The person must adhere to this strict regime because if they stop the course of treatment the bacteria will
continue to multiple in their body. Furthermore, when the medication is restarted it will require them to take it for a longer period of time in order
for them to improve. However, this will put them at risk for the medication to become resistant to the bacteria. When the patient becomes resistant to
the medication the physician has to start different medications and the patient must take them for a longer period of time and generally the side
effects are more severe (https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/faqs/pdfs/qa.pdf). The best method to treat individuals with active TB is by utilizing the
DOT method. By using the DOT method the person may only have to take the medication a few time a week as opposed to taking it daily. The health
care worker will visit the individual at their home which will ensure treatment is being adhered to and the bacteria is contained. The health care
worker can also monitor for any side effects and make sure that the patient has follow up care with the physician until the person is cured from

Essay On Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is one of the major threats to the public health. It is poverty related disease and has affected millions of lives globally, mostly in the third
world country. Prisoners, homeless people, and poor people are high risk for tuberculosis in the United States of America. Although the cases of
tuberculosis (TB) infection has declined in recent years but eradication of this disease has been out of reach globally. This paper will describe the
demographic and clinical description of tuberculosis. Furthermore, this paper will explain the determinants of tuberculosis and their contribution to
disease development. Moreover, tuberculosis will be described within an epidemiological model and the effect of the component of the model in
disease process. The paper will also discuss the role and responsibility of the community health nurse in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of
the disease. Lastly, this paper will identify the effort the organization to address tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease affects the lungs. "TB is spread from person to person
through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these
germs to become infected" (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016, para. 3). Tuberculosis is highly contagious however it is preventable and
curable. But, due to lack of education and

Tuberculosis Essay
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty,
HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large
part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly
effective against this widespread and destructive disease.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects one third of the world's population. The most infected areas are developing counties or third worlds
countries such as Africa, India, Pakistan, and East Timor....show more content...
For the top three reporting states (California, New York, and Texas), the 1998
––2003 decrease in cases among U.S.–born people (32.2%; from 3,179 to
2,155) was four times larger than the reduction among foreign born people (7.6%; from 4,420 to 4,086) (Trends in Tuberculosis Page 1– United States).
Africa has the highest rate of tuberculosis per capita, although it changes within the African countries from 17.8% in Cameroon to 70% in
Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Africa only has 11% of the world's population, but it accounts for more than a quarter of people infected with
tuberculosis. It has an estimated 2.4 million tuberculosis cases and 540,000 tuberculosis deaths annually (WHO declares TB an emergency in Africa
Para 4). In Zambia, which has a population of 11 million, 64% lives on less than one dollar a day. There are now 680 cases per 100,000 people of TB
in Zambia. The TB epidemic has been made worse by the HIV epidemic in Zambia. It has an HIV prevalence rate of 17% and more than 70% of TB
patients in Zambia are also infected with HIV/AIDS (Projects in Africa Para 1). In Malawi, which has a population of 12 million, 42% live on less
than one dollar a day. In addition to this, Malawi is one of the worst infected HIV/AIDS countries and TB is a foremost cause of death among

Tuberculosis : An Infectious Disease
Infectious diseases can attack the human body in many forms and varieties. Tuberculosis is one type of these infectious diseases that is a bacterial
infection which spreads throughout the lymph nodes and within the bloodstream enabling it to affect all organs in the human body, commonly termed
TB. TB is caused by the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The M. tuberculosis complex includes the species M. africanum, M.
bovis, M. canettii, M. microti and M. tuberculosis, these can be broken up into numerous subspecies Though, it is commonly seen in the area of the
respiratory system in the lungs and those infected, (due to the bacteria in tuberculosis is able to live in inactive form), causing one who has manifested
the disease to not have symptoms. (What is Tuberculosis)
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is transmitted airborne, meaning it travels from one stricken victim to another through the air. Therefore, one
is exposed by being in contact with someone who is afflicted, usually, by day–to–day acquaintance, such as medical professionals, friends, work
associates and family members. Even though, those who have compromised immune systems due to other ailments, such as HIV/AIDS, Crohn 's
disease, and those who are young or elderly are more susceptible allowing the TB bacteria the opportunity to develop into an active stage. Only a
minimum amount of those who are exposed will ever contract the active TB. The reason for this, in most cases after

Essay On Tuberculosis
For some years now TB was considered as a "cured" malady in the USA and it subsidizes apportioned for checking and detailing was redistributed to
different territories of need. By 1993. Americans living in distant areas that is the minorities and the other sectors across in various parts of the country
were at risk with the elevated level of TB with both the dynamic and idle structures in confirming. The American Lung Association led the requirement
for assets to be redistributed for revealing, cure, and training of this previous "remedied" illness. Albeit more elevated amounts of infection events
were being followed, not to the levels of recorded noted in the country and, Healthy People 2020 supported the lessening of the illness. The...show more
content...
So, when the infection compromised with an HIV/AIDES host, quiet the indications, the entanglements create in different ranges of human system.
(Maurer and Smith 2009). It is conceivable to have the illness in different organs however just a medical practitioner could attest and to confirm
that kind of disease (CDC 2013). The episodes of TB are on the decrease in the country. According to Maurer and Smith 2009. It is not yet
decreasing among the minorities who were born in a different country before becoming citizens of the USA. The Healthy people recommended the
predominance to be of 1% of every 100.000, however the TB rate is higher than 3% of every 100,000. (CDC 2014). The predominate mortality of the
illness is quickly cared for the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co–occurring when it is diagnosed early and care is taken. Thus,
it does not spread to the other areas of the human organs or the human system. The above occurrences that is the presence of one or more additional
diseases or disorders co–occurring shows why most of the minorities in the USA are mostly affected by the illness.
Determinants of Health for Tuberculosis
Today there are some group of people who were born in a foreign country that experience the ill effects of TB. The biggest faction is those American
born in a different country for the most part Asian and they have access to

The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
The purpose of this paper is to discuss tuberculosis (TB), provide a clinical description, and discuss the determinants of health in relation to TB and
the role and tasks of the community health nurse in regards to the disease. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that
usually affects the victim's lungs and is spread through the air. TB spreads from one community or country to another as people travel or through
immigration to new areas. Today's modern world of travel makes health and healthcare a global issue. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United
States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalence of drug–resistant TB is increasing worldwide.
...show more content...
The health of a population is often determined by the circumstances in which people live, which are conditioned by social policies and economic
forces that are usually beyond an individual's control (CSDH, 2008). Nearly one third of the world's population is infected with TB. It is a leading
infectious cause of death worldwide, causing more than 2 million deaths each year (CDC, 2011f). (Smith 195) Controlling the spread of TB is
globally important because transmission to others can cause devastating consequences of transference to anyone the infected one is around including
healthcare workers. Treatment of TB can be lengthy and require supervision of compliance. Some TB strains are drug resistant and very expensive to
treat. Exposure can occur in clinics where the sick are waiting for healthcare. Nurses have been a part of controlling community disease but initially
were responsible only for prevention through cleanliness and fresh air. Hygiene education was and still is a primary role for the nurse in controlling
communicable diseases. The modern community health nurse has responsibilities in primary prevention methods. Duties include immunizations,
prophylactic measures for risk reduction for persons who have had exposure when a method is available for

Essay on Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis. It was the cause of countless deaths throughout the history of humanity. It has been a fearful disease and has existed with humans for
thousands of years; in the past two centuries alone, it ruthlessly murdered and crippled billions of people! It also has been called the white plague or
white death, as this single microbe can be so devastating. It is one of the diseases that has tormented humans for ages and the story of this gruesome
slaughterer continues even today. Tuberculosis (TB) has various infections that can completely immobilize one's body. Its infections are varied and it
generally eats away lung tissues and forms boils that releases pus. As disease proceeds, lungs would mercilessly be devoured and the...show more
content...
Many patients have in reality survived. One supposed discovery of a helpful treatment ended in a tragedy. Robert Koch, a renowned scientist who
saved thousands of lives, had discovered the tuberculin skin test that facilitated the detection of infection of TB. The procedure of the test simply
inserts a protein that is sensitive to TB and if one is inflicted with TB, the site will swell and become red in 48–72 hours (70). However, Koch thought
that his discovery was the cure, a misconception that led to deaths of multiple people. Years after this unfortunate event, real antibiotics arrived, which
included streptomycin, para–aminosalicyclic acid (PAS), and Conteben. PAS was discovered by Jorgen Lehmann and it was effective as
Streptomycin. PAS especially was effective against intestinal TB as it was taken orally. However, it wasn't praised as much as Streptomycin simply
because of slow publishment and people's skepticism on over–the–counter medicines. Conteben was found by Cerhard Domagk, an effective drug
against throat and bowels TB. These 3 great antibiotics ignited a fire of passion in people to make more antibiotics, leading the scientists to discover
isoniazid (INH), rifampin and ethambutol that were more effective. However, as the antibiotics were used ceaselessly, the disease formed an antibiotics
resistance. From mid–1980's to early

Tuberculosis Essay examples
Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from many infectious diseases (3). Out of 9 million people who are infected with mycobacteria, about
2 million deaths occur from tuberculosis every year (3). Unfortunately, the prevalence of tuberculosis is in a continuous increase due to increased
number of Human immunodeificnecy virus (HIV) patients, bacterial resistance to anti–tuberculous drugs, and growing number of recreational drug
users (3). The pathogen responsible for bacterial infection, potentially causing tuberculosis, is mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (2). Persons with
adequate immune system can control the bacterial infection so mycobacteria remain dormant for a long time (11). In a typical tuberculous granuloma,
mature...show more content...
This paper will illustrate the transmission dynamics, life cycle, and mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen, which its physiology is directly linked to features of tuberculosis that it causes. The crucial feature for a
mycobacteria's survival is its unique cell wall structure. The insoluble cell wall core of MTB is formed by a large variety of lipid–containing
molecules, such as mycolic acid, that are covalently attached (6). This hydrophobic cell wall provides a physical protection from the host immune
response and serves as a barrier against many toxic insults (2). Further, the complex MTB cell wall is impermeable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
molecules, resulting in inherent resistance of MTB to most common antibiotics (8). Lipoarabinomannan is an antigen on the outside of the organism.
This antigen is another important component of the cell wall because it inhibit the fusion of Mycobacterium–containing phagosomes with lysosomal
compartments (4). Lipoarabinomannan hinders the fusion of phagosome with lysosome by impairing Ca2+/calmodulin pathway and inactivates
macrophages (8). Therefore, this cell–surface component of MTB is able to facilitate the survival of mycrobacteria within macrophages (8). Also,
MTB is able to survive the harsh environment of the host tissues by utilizing any available

Essay On Tuberculosis
Although decades of worship bring a light of new chemical classes and moieties for the treatment of tuberculosis and still running to enlighten more
possible ways to withstand and draw a full stop to the condition, the standard reports of tuberculosis enlisting cases are still on the increment side rather
to declining state. Since 90s the regimen of anti–TB drugs is well established but now it is under red alters concern as the drugs are resistant to the
causative bacilli, M. tuberculosis, endangering mostly the developing countries and disease prone areas of the world. With the motivation of new drug
approved for the disease, the moieties in the pipe line for the consideration of being a successful drug, the review also concerns about...show more
content...
[1,2,3,4] In 2010 WHO first recommended the use of rapid test Xpert MTB/RIFВ® which simultaneously detects TB and resistance to rifampicin
which is one of the first line drugs for the tuberculosis treatment. In 2016, four new diagnostic tests had been recommended by WHO, i.e., a rapid
molecular test to detect TB where Xpert MTB/RIFВ® cannot be used and other three to detect resistance to first and second line TB medicines, like,
Beacon assay (use ultra–sensitive PCR technique for M. tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance), the GeneXpertTB assay (automated assay
process), molecular line probe assay (use PCR and revised hybridization process for rapid detection of mutation associate with drug resistance, Isoniazid
and Rifampicin).[2,5] Newly introduced other detections are, loop mediated isothermal application (TB–LAMP) for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnose
and lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannam assay (LF–LAM) for diagnose and screening of active tuberculosis patients with HIV. [5] Depending on the
zone the treatment regimen for each country has some specific regimen which is being followed in that specific country and zone as all the countries
have their own margin of condition. Here, the standard regimen recommended by WHO in 1997 for the tuberculosis treatment which is only modified
in complex cases which has been later discussed, is as follows, Next comes

Tuberculosis Essay
Tuberculosis
What is Tuberculosis?
1.Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection which can affect all the organs of the body but most commonly the lungs which is called pulmonary TB.
It is a contagious disease which is spread primarily in the air in moisture droplets from an infected to an uninfected person. Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is also called TB bacillus. This bacterium is covered in a waxy capsule protecting it from the body's immune system,
heat and drying out which can allow it to remain alive for a long time.
Contributing Factors
Children and the elderly with weakened immune systems are vulnerable as their bodies cannot defend the bacteria due to not being at healthy capacity.
Visitors and immigrants from areas with a high...show more content...
Charlotte Maxeke Hospital
They have young doctors who are full of energy and can treat you well and also have inpatient and specialist outpatient services which show that they
treat a wide scope of ailments. Their contacts details are below:
17 Jubilee Road
Parktown
Johannesburg
011 488 4911
Private
1.Donald Gordon Medical Centre
They train and retain specialist and also recruit specialists who stand out in their respective fields which offer cutting edge research and patient care
both in South Africa and internationally. There contact details are as follows:
21 Eton Road
Parktown
Johannesburg
2193

011 356 6000
2.Brooklyn Chest Hospital
This hospital in Cape Town specialises in the treatment of tuberculosis as well as general medical conditions. Here you are able to receive the best
treatment as they know exactly what to look for in terms of treatment plans and are experts as they deal with TB often. Their contact details are below:
Stanberry Street
Rugby
Cape Town
021 508 7400
Bibliography
Definition of tuberculosis
1.Tuberculosis, a bacterial disease
Mind Action Series Grade 11 Workbook and Textbook
J. Grogan and R.

Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis And Tuberculosis
TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB is a disease that has seen its prevalence not only in developing countries but also in developed nations. It has
such a detrimental effect that it has seen an increased mortality in the past few years and it's the leading cause of death in people with HIV. A report
by CDC (2015) states that in 2014 the disease infected a third of the world; 9.6 million people around the world were diagnosed with TB disease with
1.5 million deaths worldwide (Tuberculosis, 2015).
Definition
"TB is a contagious and often severe airborne disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria. TB typically affects the
lungs, but it can also affect any other organ of the body,"(tuberculosis, 2015). Tb can be classified as either latent or active. TB is called latent when
a person has the Tb bacteria but does not feel sick. This person cannot spread the bacteria but it does increase the chance that they will be diagnosed
with active TB if they become immunocompromised. Active TB displays full blows signs and symptoms of TB and can be spread to other people
through droplets in the air.
Mode of Transmission
"Tuberculosis is transmitted from person–to–person mainly by airborne particles known as droplet nuclei expelled by infected individuals when
coughing or sneezing. The lower respiratory is usually the portal of entry thus making the lungs the major site of infection.
Indirect transmission of tuberculosis can occur by contact

Essay on History of Tuberculosis
History of Tuberculosis
Abstract
This paper discusses the historical aspect of the fatal and contagious disease now known as tuberculosis. It discusses the history of Tuberculosis
beginning with Ancient Egyptian mummies to the most current discovery of TB. Greek philosopher such as Hippocrates and Plato observed the first
cases of tuberculosis. They are two out of the many people that gradually discovered the TB out of the many. It talks about the different remedies that
different philosophers and physicians came about that have been revised. Tuberculosis, also known as "the white plague," (The history of tuberculosis
2) is a silent and unknown prehistoric air borne disease that quickly spreads and kills nearly two million people...show more content...
They believed that it was, by far, "the most grave of all the diseases the most difficult to cure, and the most fatal (Meachen 2)." Hippocrates strongly
believed that it was caused by Fumata which in English translates to tubercula bacillus, a small growth in the lungs (Meachen 2)." The concept of
tubercula continued into 17th century. Plato (430– 347 B.C.) witnessed the unknown plague spreading throughout Greece. He was not optimistic about
the unknown plague. He felt that " it was of no advantage to themselves not to the state (Meachen 2)." Unlike Plato, Aristotle (384–322 B.C) saw the
need for early treatment (Meachen 2). He observed that the unknown disease was able to spread through consumption. He realized that people who
were "slender and compressed form, with prominent throats, thin chest and a fair complexion such as reside in cold and most conditions" were prone
to obtaining the contagious diseases (The history of Tuberculosis). This unknown contagious disease was so deadly that it underwent Zoonosis,
meaning it can be transferred from humans to animals. Vegerius (420A.D) observed the same disease–affecting animals. Klencke (1843) showed that
cow's milk could transmit tuberculosis. In 1865, the French military doctor and Professor Jean Antoine Villemin (1827–1892) of Paris single handedly
conducted a famous experiment using human pulmonary tuberculosis that was inoculated into

Tuberculosis Prevention Essay
Tuberculosis Prevention
There are several ways to prevent tuberculosis. One is to control existing infections from those infected including people, pets, and cows. Unfortunately,
more than 1/3 of the population has tuberculosis, making it hard to contain every case of tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine exists, but it is not very
useful in countries like the US. The body's defenses against tuberculosis are effective but fail once the immune system becomes suppressed. Antibiotics
can be used to help prevent tuberculosis, but tuberculosis quickly grows resistant to antibiotics. Much needed research is being done to find a way to
fight off and prevent tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis has plagued mankind for a long time. This disease, which was...show more content...
HEPA filters, which remove 99.97% of particles 3 micrometer or more in diameter, are placed in ventilation ducts to remove mycobacterium that may
be circulating through a building. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is installed near the ceiling and sterilizes air that circulates upward
(Means–Markwell, sec. 2).
By placing TB infected patients in isolation, tuberculosis can be contained while being treated to help prevent the spread of tuberculosis to others.
By treating active infections, the US has been able to bring down the number of infections after the resurgence of TB during the 1980s and early 1990s
(Conova, par. 5). However, the effort to contain tuberculosis in the US was not as effective as it would have been if there was not an opening where
new sources of tuberculosis could come in. The many new sources of tuberculosis entering the United States are immigrants. Researchers found that the
high rate of active infections in the immigrants was not due to their acquiring new tuberculosis infections in the United States but, rather, due to an
activation of a latent infection probably acquired before entering the United States (Conova, par. 6). Unfortunately for US born residents, even though
tuberculosis is being contained in the US, it is possible for the tuberculosis to pass to these US born residents from infected immigrants.
But identifying the non–U.S.–born with latent infections, using TB skin tests, poses

Tuberculosis : A Infectious Disease Essay
Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and
causes 1.8 million deaths. It's high mortality rate led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was
declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The origin oftuberculosis is not certain; the first
documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and Greece, when it was known fittingly as "consumption", coined for of its all–consuming nature.
Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United States. To take preventative measures to avoid
contracting this deadly disease it is important to know the causes, life–cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health
actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a gram–positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra
layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes
the cell have low permeability (advantage against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it's population every 18–24 hours, which is considered

Tuberculosis Essay
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis has existed since 2000 BC. There has been evidence of tubercles in mummified Egyptian mummies dating around 2400 BC with clear
symptoms of the disease. The Greeks were the people to give the disease it's name tuberculosis which means small lumps. The major epidemics of
tuberculosis were in the seventeenth century and in the nineteenth century, which mainly affected the Untied States and Europe.
Little was known about how to fight or cure tuberculosis and there was also little research done on tuberculosis. It wasn't until the nineteenth century
that great strives was made in helping find a cure for tuberculosis. In 1882 Robert Koch discovered a staining technique that eventually let him see the
bacteria...show more content...
The vaccine was successful and the newborn never developed the disease.
Then in 1944 microbiologist Selman Waksman isolated an anti tuberculosisantibiotic, antinomyein but was too toxic for humans or animals to use. In
1943 Waksman discovered streptomycin a substance from streptomyes griseus that killed the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis, being the modern
era of antibiotic therapy. With the use of antibiotics, tuberculosis decreased through out the world for the next thirty years. Mortality rates dropped
sharply. In the United States tuberculosis dropped from 188 per 100,000 people in 1980 to about 1 per 100,000 people in 1980.
The new cure for Tuberculosis was working so well that medical experts expected that tuberculosis would be completely eliminated by the year 2010.
Unfortunately by 1985 tuberculosis began to get out of control in most underdeveloped countries and even in the United States where it increased by
20 percent. One reason for the increase of tuberculosis was HIV. People how became infected with HIV have their immune systems weakened by the
disease which greatly increase the risk of getting tuberculosis. The increase of tuberculosis was the highest in African and Asia, where HIV infects the
highest number of people in the world. Another reason for the increase of tuberculosis was the failure of patients to complete their whole proscribed
medicine. Most people take the medicine until the felt

Primary Tuberculosis Essay
Introduction
Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It's contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another,
and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak
defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the
World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).
Although Africa and other developing nations lead in the number of those infected with tuberculosis, the infected population in the world is currently
estimated to be at around one third of the...show more content...
When one inhales air coughed out by TB patients, the infection is referred to as primary tuberculosis. In most instances, most people get infected with
primary tuberculosis, but since its severity is minimal, there are higher chances of recovery (CDC 17). The infection rate of primary tuberculosis
depends on the strength of an individual's immune system.
Since the disease can be rather opportunistic, it can remain in an individual's system for quite a long time, and as long as the immune system is strong,
chances of infections will be less. However, once the body weakens, either because of other infections, and especially terminal diseases, the bacteria
become active and infectious.
The disease can be transmitted mainly through the air, but there are other means of being infected with TB. Alcohol and drug abuse are some of the
popular means in which infection can occur and since the drugs weaken the immune system, the spread of the ailment can be rather fast. Terminal
diseases like HIV and cancer reduce the immune system and this promotes propagation of the disease into an individual's body system.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for contracting the disease vary according to age, health conditions, or location. The elderly people and infants are likely to get TB
mainly because their immune systems are weak. As an individual grows old, the immune system weakens and this can increase chances of being

Tuberculosis Personal Statement

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