What's New in Security for IBM i?

©2012 IBM Corporation
What’s New In IBM i 7.1 & 7.2 Security Presented by Robin Tatam & Jeff Uehling

© 2014 International Business Machines Corporation
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Today’s Speakers
Robin Tatam
Director of Security Technologies
robin.tatam@powertech.com
Jeff Uehling
IBM i Security Development
uehling@us.ibm.com

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About PowerTech
•Premier Provider of Security Solutions & Services
–17 years in the security industry as an established thought-leader
–Customers in over 70 countries, representing every industry
–Security subject-matter-expert for COMMON
•IBM Advanced Business Partner
•Member of PCI Security Standards Council
•Authorized by NASBA to issue CPE Credits for Security Education
•Publisher of the Annual “State of IBM i Security” Report

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6.1 & 7.1 Security Enhancements
Overview

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Password Rule & User Profile Enhancements
•New system values supported
–QPWDRULES, define new pwd rules
–QPWDEXPWRN, define pwd expired warning interval
–QPWDCHGBLK, prevent passwords from being changed repeatedly
•Changed system value
–QLMTDEVSSN, Limit device sessions (*NONE, 1-9 sessions)
•Changed/New user profile parameters
–LMTDEVSSN, Limit device sessions (1-9 sessions)
–PWDCHGBLK - Block password change (1-99 hours)

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New User Profile Parameters – 7.1
•New user profile “expiration” parameters in 7.1
–USREXPDATE, User Expiration Date (Date when profile is *DISABLED)
–USREXPITV, User Expiration interval (1-366 days)

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Intrusion Detection/Prevention
Release 6.1

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•Real time notification enablement
–E-mail, messages, etc. (i.e., pagers, ISV solutions) in addition to IM records
•Intrusion events detected/audited – well-known attacks such as “Smurf”, “Fraggle”, ACK storms, Address Poisoning (both IPv4 ARP poisoning, and IPv6 neighbor discovery poisoning), Ping-Of-Death, etc.
•“Extrusions” detected – attacks, scans, traffic regulation anomalies initiating from your IBM i server
•IPv4 & IPv6 support
•GUI –
–Management of IDS policies
–Display of intrusion events as an alternative to viewing the audit journal

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•iNav GUI interface for configuration – IDS policies

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•iNav GUI interface for configuration - Notification

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Intrusion Detection Implementation
•Intrusion Detection System (IDS) behavior defined as policies in a policy file
•Audit events logged to the security audit journal
IDS Policy File
IDS
TCP/IP stack
Security Audit Journal QAUDJRN
Intrusion
detected?
Message queue and e-mail

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IM Audit record detail:
•The Intrusion Detection section in the Information Center contains information about the format of an IM entry type journal record.
Journal value
Meaning
P
Potential intrusion event detected.
2006-01-11-13.19.42.329688
Timestamp (11 Jan 2006, 13:19:42.329688)
1107
Detection point identifier
02
Local address family
119
Local port number
9.5.92.48
Local IP address associated with the detected event.
02
Remote address family
3511
Remote port number
9.5.92.102
Remote IP address associated with the detected event.
SCANE
Probe type identifier (SCANE = Scan Event)
0020
Unique identifier for this specific intrusion event. You can use this identifier to correlate this audit record with other intrusion detection information.

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Cryptographic Enhancements

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Cryptographic Key Protection - Terminology
• A data encryption key should be well protected or data is exposed
– Used to encrypt data (SSN’s, credit card numbers, etc.)
• It is recommended to encrypt the data key with a key encrypting key (KEK)
– Used to encrypt data encryption keys
• A Master Key can then be used to encrypt all KEKs
– The master key is used to encrypt KEKs or Data Encryption Keys
– Top level key, in the clear! If master key is compromised, data is compromised
– How do you securely store this master key?
KEK2 1 2 3
1 2 3 KEK
1
Master
Clear Text

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• GUI & CL interface to manage master keys
• GUI and CL commands to manage master keys
• GUI & CL interface to manage i/OS keystore and keys
• GUI and CL commands to manage key store files
• Create key store files
• Create encryption keys
Crypto Key Management Enhancements

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Create Master Key(s) via Navigator
•Navigate to Security / Cryptographic Services Key Management / Master Keys
NOTE: The SAVRST Master Key is not yet set in the example above. A default key is in place to provide minimal protection until you set your key. This means that the master keys are not “in the clear” on your SAVSYS tape, but any IBM i system can decrypt them

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Key Store Enhancements
•Key stores protected by master keys
•Cryptographic Services APIs used to manage key stores
•A single key store file can be encrypted under one master key
•One master key can encrypt multiple key store files
•KEKs and data keys are stored in the key store file
•Key store is a database file
–normal file access methods disabled
Key store: MYKEYS Library: KEYLIB Public authority: *EXCLUDE Master Key ID: 2
Public Key
Key label
Key Type
Key
Size
KVV Master
Encrypted Key
Key label
Key Type
Key Size
KVV Master
Encrypted Private Key
Asymmetric Key
Symmetric Key
Key Store

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Create Key Store Files via Navigator (6.1)
•Navigate to Security / Cryptographic Services Key Management / Keystores. Use “Create New Keystore” to create file and “New Key Record Wizard” to add encryption key entries
NOTE: Q1AKEYFILE in QUSRBRM is for BRMS tape encryption. Application keystore files can be assigned any file name.

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Software Encryption Enhancements

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IBM i Software Based Encryption Encrypted Backup OS Option 44 (priced option)

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Software Encryption support for IBM i – Encrypted backup
Media encryption during Backup and Archive
Encrypted Backup &
Archive
Backup & Archive
Media Duplication &
Encryption
Preserves non-encrypted backup window. Encryption can be performed to duplicated media after backup.
Media encryption during media duplication

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Change Media Policy
Media policy . . . . . . . . . . : ENCRYPT
Type choices, press Enter.
Encrypt Data . . . . . . . . . . . . *YES *NO, *YES
Key store file . . . . . . . . . Q1AKEYFILE Name
Key store library. . . . . . . QUSRBRM Name
Key record label . . . . . . . ENCRYPTION
F3=Exit F5=Refresh F12=Cancel
BRMS Software-based Encryption
•Benefits
–Works with any tape drive, not just LTO4 and TS11x0
–Media Duplication
–Virtual Tape
•Who for?
–Customers with a large backup window and/or a small amount of data to encrypt (performance)
•What to Buy (Tier priced features)
–BRMS Advanced Feature - 5770-BR1 option 2
–IBM i Encrypted Backup Enablement – 5770-SS1 option 44
•How do you set it up?
1.Create Master Keys for Keystore
2.Create Keystore File via GUI (Security Section)
3.Update BRMS Media Policy and Control Group to select encryption options
Edit Backup Control Group Entries CLIO Group . . . . . . . . . . . . : LIB001 Default activity . . . . . *BKUPCY Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIBRARY backup Type information, press Enter. Backup List Parallel Private Seq Items Type Type Authorities Encrypt 10 LIBA *DEFAULT *NO *MEDPCY 20 LIBB *DEFAULT *NO *NO F3=Exit F5=Refresh F11=Display main F12=Cancel

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IBM i Software Based Encryption Encrypted ASP – Whole Disk Encryption OS Option 45 (priced option)

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Disk level encryption
• Encryption of data at rest
–Software solution
–Both older, User ASPs, and newer, Independent ASPs are supported
–Minimal key management requirements
–Performance considerations
• Threats
–Protection of data in flight to SAN
–Protection of data in flight in cross-site mirroring environment
–Data Loss
•Loss of disk drive
•Return drive to vendor (drive replacement of defective drive)
–Single level store on IBM i does not eliminate the need to protect individual drives

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Implementation approach
•Provide the capability to encrypt all data residing on an ASP
•Cryptographic keys will be stored in software but protected by “isolated” storage and master keys
–All data encryption keys are managed by the OS/LIC
–The only key that needs to be managed by the customer is the ASP master key
•Minimal change required to an application
–ASP level changes may be required in the application to support independent ASPs (independent of encryption)

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Create ASP Master Key via Navigator
•Navigate to Security / Cryptographic Services Key Management / Master Keys
SET ASP Master Key

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ASP2
ASP1
ASP Encryption
ASP-Master-Key-Sys-1 “Managed by system administrator”
‘DATA-KEY1 “Managed by OS/LIC”
‘DATA-KEY2 “Managed by OS/LIC”
‘DATA-KEY3
“Managed by OS/LIC”
ASP3
REQUIREMENT: ASP Master Key equal on all systems in cluster
System ASP
Encryption Keys, in 7.1,
can be changed (key
rotation) via the ASP
management GUI.
The ability to turn on/off encryption on an existing ASP is supported in 7.1
7.1
7.1

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7.1 IBM i DB2 Field Procedures Column Level Encryption Enablement

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DB2 Field Procedures – 7.1
• DB2 Column Level (field) exit support
– Exit program (Field Procedure) called on insert/update/read of a column
– Similar to “Triggers” but additional support to enable encryption
– Exit added via SQL Alter Table
•One exit per column
– Masking of Data is also supported
• Enables Column Level Encryption
–Encrypt/Decrypt data in a DB2 column
•No need to change column attributes like field length or data type
–Encryption Key management must be implemented by the Exit Program (Field Procedure)
• Field Procedure is a user written program
–Business partner solutions from Enforcive, Linoma software and Towsend Security

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DB2 Field Procedures continued – 7.1
• Additional Security Checks within the Field Procedure
– To make the support meaningful, additional security checks should be implemented by the exit
•Is the user listed on the Authorization list (*AUTL)?
•If so, decrypt the SS# (data), otherwise return ‘*********’ or ‘000000000’
• DB2 handles all length and data type issues
–I/O buffer doesn’t change but encrypted data length and data type can change
•I/O buffer for SS# is 9 and type character
•Result of encryption is, for example, length 16 and data type binary
–Managed by DB2 internally

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DB2 Field Procedures continued – 7.1
• Performance Considerations
– Field Procedure replaces application level code
•Encryption/Decryption performance will be the same regardless of where it is implemented (in application vrs field procedure)
•No application source code available to make updates
•Implement all encryption/decryption in one place
•No need to deal with length/data type changes on the column
• SQL Programming Guide will contain examples for Field Procedure implementation

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7.2 Security Enhancements

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7.2 DB2 Security Enhancements

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What is RCAC (Row & Column Access Control)?
•Additional layer of data security available with DB2 in 7.2
•Complementary to table level security (object authority checking)
•Controls access to table data at the ROW, COLUMN or BOTH
•Two sets of rules
–Permissions for rows
–Masks for columns
•IBM Advanced Data Security for i
–No-charge feature, OS Option 47 required for RCAC
IBM Advanced Data Security for i
(Boss option 47)
No Charge
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/RedpieceAbstracts/redp5110.html?Open

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IBM Advanced Data Security for i (Boss Option 47)
•Option must be installed to:
–CREATE PERMISSION and CREATE MASK
–Open a file that has RCAC activated
•RCAC does not replace object authorization requirements
–If you pass the object authorization check:
•Row permissions reduce the set of rows returned
•Column Masks limit full or partial access to sensitive column data
•RCAC is comprehensive and applies to any interface (Native DB, SQL, RPG, APIs, etc)
•Row Permissions are a replacement technology for Views / Logical Files

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Security - Separation of Duties
Before 7.2
Problem:
Anyone who has the authority to grant privileges also has the authority to perform operations that require those privileges.
IBM i 7.2 with RCAC (Row and Column Access Control)
•Enable the management of security, without exposing the data to be read or modified.
•A user with security administration function usage (QIBM_DB_SECADM) will be able to grant or revoke privileges on any object to anyone, even if they do not have those privileges.
Should the security administrator be able to access the data within tables?

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Setting up QIBM_DB_SECADM for an Administrator
•Authorization to the Database Security Administrator function of IBM i can be assigned through Application Administration in IBM Navigator for i and via the Change Function Usage (WRK/CHGFCNUSG) command.
•Navigator  Right click on the connection name and select Application Administration.

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DB2 for i - 7.2 Security Enhancements
New Catalogs
–QSYS2/SYSCONTROLS
–QSYS2/SYSCONTROLSDEP
New Journal Entry Types For journal code D - Database file:
M1, M2, M3 for create/drop/alter mask
P1, P2, P3 for create/drop/alter permission For journal code T – Audit trail:
AX for Row and Column Access Control
X2 for Query manager profile changes
New Boss Option
IBM Advanced Data Security for i
(Boss option 47)
No Charge
New SQL Statements for security
–CREATE PERMISSION
–ALTER PERMISSION
–CREATE MASK
–ALTER MASK
–ALTER TRIGGER
–TRANSFER OWNERSHIP
Some of the details…
New Built-in Function
–VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER()

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How do I determine if RCAC is enabled for a file?
•DSPOBJAUT command
•Query new QSYS2/SYSCONTROLS catalog
•Navigator for i
Column Masks/Row Permissions under Schemas
Right click on table  Definition

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Special registers – similar names, different purposes
The name CURRENT USER could easily be misunderstood.
Special Register
Definition
USER or
SESSION_USER
The effective user of the thread Is returned.
SYSTEM_USER
The authorization ID that initiated the connection is returned.
CURRENT USER or CURRENT_USER
The most recently program adopted authorization ID within the thread will be returned.
When no adopted authority is active, the effective user of the thread Is returned.

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CREATE PERMISSION access_to_row ON patient
FOR ROWS WHERE
(
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER,’PATIENTGRP’) = 1
AND patientID = SESSION_USER
)
OR
(
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER,’PCPGRP’) = 1
AND patientpcp = SESSION_USER
)
OR
(
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER,’MEMBERGRP’) = 1 OR
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER,’ACCOUNTGRP’) = 1 OR
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER,’RESEARCGRP’)= 1
)
ENFORCED FOR ALL ACCESS
ENABLE;
ALTER TABLE patient ACTIVATE ROW ACCESS CONTROL;
Scenario: Create Permission (Row Security)
1
2
3
•1) Patients can see their data, 2) Primary Care Providers can see rows for their clients, 3) and members of groups MEMBERGRP, ACCOUNTGRP and RESEARCGRP can see all rows… Everyone else see no rows.

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Scenario: Create Column Mask
•Scenario has the following permission attached to the patient ID column
–For the PID number column
•Users in group “BILLING” can see full Patient ID number
•Everyone else sees ‘XXX XXX ‘ + last three digits of Patient ID number
CREATE MASK pid_mask ON patient FOR
COLUMN pid RETURN
CASE
WHEN verify_group_for_user(SESSION_USER, ‘BILLING’) = 1
THEN pid
ELSE
‘XXX XXX ‘ || SUBSTR(pid, 8,3)
END
ENABLE;
ALTER TABLE patient ACTIVATE COLUMN ACCESS CONTROL;

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Example: Step by Step, very simple scenario
•Create Schema “EMPDTA” and Table “EMPTBL” via “Run SQL Scripts”
– Schema contains a library, journal and receiver plus DB2 catalog objects
– After creating the schema “EMPDTA”, right click on Schemas in iNav and “select schemas to display” to add “EMPDTA” to your schema list
Right click For Run SQL Scripts
CREATE SCHEMA EMPDTA;
CREATE TABLE EMPDTA.EMPTBL(
FIRST CHAR(15) CCSID 37 DEFAULT NULL,
LAST CHAR(15) CCSID 37 DEFAULT NULL,
SSN CHAR(11) CCSID 37 DEFAULT NULL);

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Example: Step by Step, very simple scenario (cont…)
•Edit data in the Table via iNav
Insert test data into rows

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•View the data via “Run SQL Scripts” and SQL “select” statement
Select all rows from table EMPTBL via select * from empdta.emptbl
results

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•Create “Row” Permissions
–Return all ROWS for group profile = PAYROLL or return just the ROW where process user profile = column LAST
Right click & New
verify_group_for_user(session_user,’PAYROLL’ = 1 or qsys2.upper(LAST) = session_user

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•Activate “Row Access Control”
Double click

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•View the data via “Run SQL Scripts” and SQL select statement
–iNav session user is “UEHLING” & no group profile
Select all rows from table EMPTBL
via
select * from empdta.emptbl
results
Row Access Control active

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•Create “Column” Mask
–Return all COLUMN data for group profile = PAYROLL or return masked data for the SSN column where process user profile = column LAST
Right click & New
case when verify_group_for_user(session_user,’PAYROLL’) = 1
then SSN else ‘xxx-xx-’ || substr(SSN,8,4) end

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•Activate “Column Access Control”
Double click

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•View the data via “Run SQL Scripts” and SQL “select” statement & RUNQRY
–iNav session user is “UEHLING” & no group profile
Select all rows from table EMPTBL
via
select * from empdta.emptbl
results
Row Permissions and Column Masking activated

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7.2 Security Enhancements Continued

54
Security Enhancements – infrastructure currency
•System SSL (security updates to industry standards)
•Java – latest version (with quarterly updates)
•Web Servers – updated to latest levels for security compliance
•PASE Updates
–Latest AIX release, 7.1 (this is not IBM i 7.1)
–OpenSSL to latest version 1.0.1g

55
Security Enhancements – Crypto Performance
• Power 8 in-core Cryptographic Performance Acceleration
– Support within the processor itself, no additional products or HW required
– “Automatic” performance acceleration for certain cryptographic algorithms
• AES & SHA-2 message digest
– Does not support “cryptographic key” storage
• Certain customers will still need the HW Cryptographic Coprocessor Card
– Performance gains will be realized in support such as:
•Customer applications that use the Crypto Services APIs
•SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
• VPN (Virtual Private Network)
• Software Tape Encryption

56
Security Enhancements – Single Sign-on
•Enhance both FTP and TELNET to support authenticating with Kerberos (SSO)
– Kerberos authentication and Enterprise Identity Mapping integrated in FTP & TELNET
– Integrates into the IBM i SSO application suite
•FTP client and server support
•Telnet client and server support

57
Security Enhancements – Audit Record Changes
• Additional data logged in security audit records
– Both “before” and “after” values logged in the audit record
•Prior release had only the “after” values
•Many audit records have been updated to log before/after data
–See appendix F of the security reference pdf in knowledge center
Example: Query of CA (Change Authority) audit record data from QAUDJRN

58
Security Enhancements - continued
•New option, via QPWDRULES system value, to enforce password composition rules for security officers/admins
–*ALLCRTCHG value added to QPWDRULES
–CRTUSRPRF & CHGUSRPRF will honor password syntax rules
•New Object Type parameter added to the Security “WRK” commands
–WRKOBJOWN, WRKOBJPGP, WRKOBJPVT

59
System SSL - New in 7.2 (PTFs back to 7.1)
•Transport Layer Security version 1.1 & 1.2 protocol (TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2) RFC 4346 & RFC 5246
–SHA2 support
•Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
–A method to determine the revocation status for a digital certificate.
•Digital Certificate Manager (DCM) Application Definitions
–New fields on App definitions for enabling new support for existing applications (new SSL support)
–Multiple CA support: This support allows for the creation of multiple digital certificates using RSA and ECC cryptographic algorithms and the assigning of multiple certificates to applications enabled for SSL

60
System SSL New in IBM i 7.2
•Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
–Asymmetric encryption algorithm similar to RSA. ECC has an advantage over RSA in that it has smaller key sizes and better computational performance.
•Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) certificates
•Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral (ECDHE) key exchange method
•Galois/Counter Mode (GSM) – a mode of operation for symmetric key cryptographic block ciphers. Considered more secure than Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode.
•New 7.2 SSL Ciphersuites
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
•TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
•TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
•TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384

61
VPN New in IBM i 7.2
•IKEv2 NAT support
•Advanced IKE & IpSec Cryptographic Algorithms
–Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
–Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) authentication
–Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange method

62
Questions?

63
Security Solutions for the Discerning

64
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65
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66
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Special notices

67
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Special notices (cont.)

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