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Chapter 24: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Chapter 24 1
2.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives Lesson 24.1: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1. Describe the mission statement of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and list the seven reasons (purposes) why OSHA was formed. 2. List what persons OSHA standards cover. 3. Define an OSHA standard and describe how standards are developed. 4. Discuss state OSHA plans. 5. List the five major points of the OSHA 2014 to 2018 Strategic Management Plan and discuss the strategic challenges OSHA faces. 2
3.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mission of OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducts a broad range of programs and activities to promote a safe and healthy workplace and to protect the nation’s workers Congress passed the OSHA Act of 1970 that became effective in 1971 in response to workplace accidents and fatalities. Based on three strategies: Strong, fair, and effective enforcements Outreach, education, and compliance assistance Partnerships and other cooperative programs 3
4.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reasons OSHA Was Formed 1. Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards and to implement new or existing safety programs 2. Provide research in occupational safety and health problems 3. Establish “separate but dependent responsibilities and rights” for employees and employers to help achieve better working conditions 4
5.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reasons OSHA Was Formed (Cont.) 4. Maintain a reporting and record keeping system to monitor injuries and illnesses 5. Establish training programs to increase competence of occupational safety and health personnel 6. Develop and enforce mandatory job safety and health standards 7. Provide for the development, analysis, evaluation, and approval of state occupational safety and health programs 5
6.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reasons OSHA Was Formed Just 30 years ago, more than 14,000 workers died annually because of work-related injuries. OSHA has helped cut workplace fatalities by more than 60% and injuries by 40%. 6
7.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Coverage of the OSHA Act Covers almost all employers/employees in the United States Does not cover: Self-employed persons Farms worked by family members Working environments controlled by other federal agencies States and territories that have approved local plans for private sector occupational safety and health programs must also have a similar program for state and local government employees. 7
8.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Standards OSHA performs its duties by proclaiming legally enforceable standards Standards may describe conditions or use of practices, methods, or processes that are reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect employees on the job Standards are often performance standards or performance achievements. 8
9.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Standards In general, standards require the employers to do the following: Maintain conditions or adopt practices reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect workers on the job. Be familiar with and comply with standards applicable to their establishments. Ensure that employees have and use personal protective equipment when required for safety and health. 9
10.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Standards What types of workplace hazards do the OSHA standards cover? Toxic substances, harmful physical agents, electric hazards, fall hazards, trenching hazards, hazardous waste, infectious diseases, fire and explosion hazards, dangerous atmospheres, machine hazards Refer to Table 24.1 to view several standards that apply to dentistry. 10
11.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. OSHA General Duty Clause When a specific standard does not exist for a situation, the OSHA General Duty Clause applies It states that employers “shall furnish a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to their employers” Employers must be aware of all standards applicable to their work environments and ensure that employees are informed. State plans must set standards that are at least as demanding as the federal standards. 11
12.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Office of the Federal Register All formative stages of standards, as well as amendments, corrections, insertions, or deletions, appear in the Federal Register Materials published in the Federal Register since 1994 are available electronically at www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html The Office of the Federal Register annually publishes all current regulations and standards in the Code for Federal Regulations, which is available in many libraries. 12
13.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. OSHA’s Standard Development The process of making a standard can be in response to petitions from other parties or OSHA can do it on its own If OSHA determines that a specific standard is needed, it establishes advisory committees 13
14.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. OSHA’s Standard Development Committees are composed of governmental workers and members from management, labor, and local agencies. Recommendations also may come from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), which conducts research on safety and health issues and provides technical assistance to OSHA. The NIOSH is a division of the CDC. 14
15.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. OSHA’s Standard Development If OSHA wants to propose, amend, or revoke a standard, it publishes its intention in the Federal Register as an “Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking” or as a “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.” OSHA can authorize an emergency temporary standard, but it can be challenged in court. 15
16.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. State Safety and Health Programs State plans are OSHA-approved job safety and health programs operated by individual states instead of the federal OSHA State plans covering the private sector also must cover state and local government employees 16
17.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. State Safety and Health Programs The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages states to develop and operate their own job safety and health plans and precludes state enforcement of OSHA standards unless the state has an approved plan. OSHA approves and monitors all state plans. 17
18.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. State Safety and Health Programs Once a state plan is approved under Section 18(b) of the act, OSHA funds up to 50% of the operating costs of the program. State plans must provide standards and enforcement programs and voluntary compliance activities that are at least as effective as the federal program. 25 states plus Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands operate approved plans with six plans covering only the public sector. 18
19.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Department of Labor 2014-2018 Strategic Plan Periodically, the DOL undertakes a strategic planning effort focused on developing performance measures and strategies to support a vision of good jobs for everyone Five strategic goals of current plan: Prepare workers for better jobs Improve workplace safety and health Promote fair and high quality work environments Secure retirement health and other employee benefits and, for those not working, provide income security Produce timely and accurate data on economic conditions of works and their families 19
20.
Copyright © 2017,
Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Strategic Challenges Since OSHA was created, 60% decrease in fatalities and 40% decrease in injuries and illnesses However, there were 4,679 fatal work injuries in the United States in 2014 Safety and health hazards exist in varying degrees and forms throughout the population. Some occupations, such as construction and manufacturing, are inherently more hazardous than others. However, less obvious hazards, such as injuries caused by ergonomic factors and exposure to dangerous substances, pose subtle yet serious threats in a wider cross-section of occupations and industries. 20
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