2. β’ When we factorize an algebraic expression, we write it as a product of
factors. These factors may be numbers, algebraic variables or algebraic
expressions.
β’ Expressions like 3π₯π¦, 5π₯2
π¦ , 2π₯ (π¦ + 2), 5 (π¦ + 1) (π₯ + 2) are
already in factor form.
β’ On the other hand consider expressions like 2π₯ + 4, 3π₯ + 3π¦, π₯2 +
5π₯, π₯2 + 5π₯ + 6.
β’ It is not obvious what their factors are. Therefore systematic methods
are required to factorize these expressions, i.e., to find their factors.
What is factorizing?
NSBM 2
3. β’ We can start by taking common factors out of every term in the sum.
1. 6π₯ + 24
2. 8π₯2 β 4π₯
3. 6π₯π¦ + 10π₯2
π¦
4. π4
β 3π2
5. 6π₯2
+ 8π₯ + 12π¦π₯
6. 3π₯π¦ + 9π₯π¦2 + 6π₯2π¦
Factorize the following algebraic expressions
NSBM 3
7. What is a Quadratic function
β’ A quadratic function is any function having the form
where x is the variable and a, b and c are known values.
a is the coefficient of the squared term
b is the coefficient of x and can be any number.
c is the called the constant term can be any number.
β’ Quadratics are algebraic expressions of one variable, and they have
degree two. Having degree two means that the highest power of the
variable that occurs is a squared term.
NSBM
c
bx
ax ο«
ο«
2
7
8. Q
β’ Which of the following algebraic expression is a quadratic?
NSBM 8
9. Factorizing quadratics
NSBM
β’ How to factor an expression like π₯2 + 4π₯ + 3
β’ Requirement is to find two numbers that add to give 4 and multiply to
give 3, and the numbers that do this is 1 and 3.
9
π₯2
+ 1π₯ + 3π₯ + 3
π₯ π₯ + 1 + 3 π₯ + 1
π₯ + 1 π₯ + 3
10. NSBM
β’ How to factor an expression like π₯2 + 4π₯ + 3
1. Identify the coefficient of x2 e.g. a=1
2. Identify the constant e.g. c=3
3. Multiply: a x c e.g. 1 x 3= 3
4. Form the coefficient of x using the factors of a x c. e.g. b=1 + 3= 4
5. Re-write the expression
c
bx
ax ο«
ο«
2
10
Factorizing quadratics
π₯2
+ 1π₯ + 3π₯ + 3
π₯ π₯ + 1 + 3 π₯ + 1
π₯ + 1 π₯ + 3
13. Finding Roots of a Quadratic function
β’ A roots of a function are the x-intercepts. A root exists where the
function equals zero.
Roots of a quadratic equation can be found by solving:
aπ₯2 + ππ₯ + π = 0
Methods to find roots:
1. Factor the Quadratic
2. Complete the Square
3. Use the special Quadratic Formula
4. Graphing
NSBM 13
14. 1. Factoring the Quadratic function
NSBM
In order to find roots,
i) Factor the quadratic function
ii) Equate to zero to find roots
Q1) Factor the following quadratic functions and find roots
1. π(π₯) = π₯2 + 2π₯ β 3
2. π π₯ = 17π₯2
+ 19π₯ + 2
3. π π₯ = π₯2 β 6π₯ β 16
4. π π₯ = π₯2
+ 6π₯ + 8
5. π π₯ = π₯2 β 3π₯ + 2
14
15. 1. Factoring the Quadratic function
NSBM
Q2) Factor the following quadratic functions and find roots
1. π π₯ = π₯2 β 9
2. π(π₯) = 10π₯2 + π₯ β 2
3. π π₯ = 4π₯2 β 15π₯ β 25
4. π π₯ = 4π₯2
β 25
15
16. Square root property
NSBM
β’ If π is a real number and π2 = π
β’ Suppose the equation is in the form
β’ Then, you may use the square root property to find roots.
b
a ο±
ο½
c
b
ax ο½
ο« 2
)
(
c
b
ax ο±
ο½
ο« )
(
16
18. 2. Find the roots by completing the square
NSBM
We now look at a method for solving quadratics that involves a technique
called completing the square.
It involves creating a trinomial that is a perfect square, setting the factored
trinomial equal to a constant, then using the square root property from
the previous section.
Note: A perfect square trinomial is the expansion of a binomials squared.
18
19. 2. Find the roots by completing the square
NSBM
1) If the coefficient of x2 is NOT 1, divide both sides of the equation
by the coefficient.
2) Isolate all variable terms on one side of the equation.
3) Complete the square (half the coefficient of the x term squared,
added to both sides of the equation).
4) Factor the resulting trinomial.
5) Use the square root property.
19
21. 2. Find the roots by completing the square
NSBM
Find the roots by completing the square.
1. π₯2 + π₯ β 7
2. 2π₯2 + 14π₯ β 1
3. 3π₯2 + 12π₯ β 1
4. βπ₯2
+ π₯ + 1
5. π₯2 + π₯ +
1
4
21
22. 3. Finding Roots of a Quadratic function by using the
special Quadratic Formula
NSBM
β’ A quadratic equation written in standard form
ππ₯2 + ππ₯ + π has the following solutions.
a
ac
b
b
x
2
4
2
ο
ο±
ο
ο½
22
23. β’ Use the quadratic formula to find roots of the following
NSBM
8
6x
x
y 2
ο«
ο«
ο½
16
-
6x
-
x
y 2
ο½
2
3x
-
x
y 2
ο«
ο½
3
2x
x
y 2
ο
ο«
ο½ 7
β
x
x
y 2
ο«
ο½
1
β
14x
2x
y 2
ο«
ο½
1
β
12x
3x
y 2
ο«
ο½
1
x
-x
y 2
ο«
ο«
ο½
4
1
x
x
y 2
ο«
ο«
ο½
2
4x
x
y 2
ο«
ο«
ο½
23
24. Quadratic functions
β’ Let a, b, and c be real numbers a οΉ 0. The function
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is called a quadratic function.
β’ The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
β’ Every parabola is symmetrical about a line called the axis (of symmetry).
β’ The intersection point of the parabola and the axis is called the vertex of
the parabola.
NSBM 24
x
y
axis
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
vertex
25. Graphing quadratic functions
NSBM 25
β’ The graph of a quadratic equation is a parabola.
β’ The highest point or lowest point on the parabola is the
vertex.
β’ Axis of symmetry is the line that runs through the vertex
and through the middle of the parabola.
26. Intercepts of parabola
β’ Although we can simply plot points, it is helpful to know
some information about the parabola we will be graphing
prior to finding individual points.
β’ To find x-intercepts of the parabola, let y = 0 and solve for x.
β’ To find y-intercepts of the parabola, let x = 0 and solve for y.
NSBM 26
27. β’ The leading coefficient of ax2 + bx + c is a.
β’ When the leading coefficient is positive, the parabola opens
upward and the vertex is a minimum.
NSBM 27
x
y
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
a > 0
opens
upward
vertex
minimum
28. β’ The leading coefficient of ax2 + bx + c is a.
β’ When the leading coefficient is negative, the parabola
opens downward and the vertex is a maximum.
NSBM 28
x
y
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
a < 0
opens
downward
vertex
maximum
29. Characteristics of parabola
If the quadratic equation is written in standard form, y = ax2 + bx + c,
1) the parabola opens up when a > 0 and opens down when a < 0
2) the x-coordinate of the vertex is
β’ To find the corresponding y-coordinate, you substitute the x-coordinate into
the equation and evaluate for y.
3) the y-coordinate of the vertex is
Vertex of the graph is
βπ
2π
, π
βπ
2π
NSBM
a
b
2
ο
a
b
c
4
2
ο
29
30. NSBM
x
y
(2, 4)
(β2, 4)
(1, β2)
(β1, β 2)
(0, β4)
x y
0 β4
1 β2
β1 β2
2 4
β2 4
30
Graph y = 2x2 β 4.
31. NSBM 31
Graph y=f(x) = 2x2 β 4.
Vertex of the graph is
βπ
2π
, π
βπ
2π
β0
2(2)
, π
β0
2(0)
0, β4
Find x and y intercepts and sketch the
Graph.
0, π 0
32. β’ A quadratic function written in the form π(π₯) = π(π₯ β β)2+ π
will have a vertex at the point (β, π).
β’ The value of βaβ will determine whether the parabola opens up or down
(positive or negative) and whether the parabola is narrow or wide.
NSBM 32
33. NSBM
x
y
Graph y = β2x2 + 4x + 5.
(1, 7)
33
Vertex of the graph is
βπ
2π
, π
βπ
2π
β4
2(β2)
, π
β4
2(β2)
Vertex : 1, 7
1, π 1