For the help of student

2. Topic: Ethiopian Region, Geological Time Scale
Group#: Four
Roll #: 06, 07, 31, 35, 36, 49
Submitted To: Mam Rabia Afzal

5.  Ethiopia is located in
the Horn of Africa.
 It is bordered by:
1. Eritrea to the north
2. Djibouti and Somalia to the
east
3. Sudan and South Sudan to
the west
4. Kenya to the south
 Ethiopia has a high central
plateau that varies from
1,290 to 3,000 m (4,232 to
9,843 ft) above sea level, with
the highest mountain
reaching 4,533 m (14,872 ft).

6.  Ethiopian Region is also called “Afrotropical
Region” one of the major land areas of the
world defined on the basis of its characteristic
animal life.
 Ethiopia covers an area of 1,126,829 km², this is
about twice the size of France or the
U.S. state of Texas.
 Zoogeographers divided the earth into
different zoogeographical regions. ‘Ethiopian
region’ is one among them. Part of the Paleo
tropical, or Afro Tethyan , realm, it
encompasses Africa, south of Sahara and the
South-Western tip of Arabia.

7.  Its climate is mainly Tropical.
 It has big rivers.
 It has large blocks of evergreen forests in the
Equatorial region.
 Mountainous regions and wide grassy plants in
Eastern part.
 Its southern part has warm temperate climate and
mixed vegetation.
 The dry season is the sunniest time of the year,
though even at the height of the rainy season in
July and August there are still usually several
hours per day of bright sunshine.

8.  This region shows extensive desert on the
North side. It is called “Sahara desert”. On its
Western side thick forests are present. Rest of
Africa shows Greenland. This Ethiopian region
was divided into four sub regions.
1. East African sub region
2. West African sub region
3. South African sub region
4. Malagasy sub region

9.  This region includes
Tropical Africa and
tropical Arabia are
present, because of high
temperature desert
conditions are available.
 Sahara desert is
included in the region.
 In this region desert
animals are included.
 Giraffe, Zebra, Camel,
Ostrich etc., are
common.

10.  20 countries are
present in this region.
 Burundi, Comoros,
Djibouti, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Kenya,
Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius, Réunion,
Rwanda, Seychelles,
Somalia, Somaliland,
Tanzania, Uganda

11.  This region shows
thick forest.
 River Congo is
included in this
region.
 This region shows
heavy rainfall.
 Because of its rich
flora which supports
good fauna.

12.  The West Africa UN sub-
region includes the
following countries:
Benin, Burkina
Faso, Cape Verde, Côte
D'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana,
Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, Liberia, Mali,
 Mauritania, Niger,
Nigeria, Saint
Helena, Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Togo

13.  This Southern part of
the African continent
is included in this
region.
 It shows peculiar
fauna which includes
Secretary birds,
African moles, Rats,
Bandicoots, South
African lung fish.

14.  The sub-region of
Southern Africa
consists of five
countries in the
southernmost part of
the continent
Angola, Botswana, Le
sotho, Mozambique,
Namibia, South
Africa, Swaziland,
Zambia, Zimbabwe.

15.  It includes Madagascar and
nearby islands.
 Darlington separated this
Madagascar from Ethiopian
region.
 In this region Chameleons are
more popular.
 This island was separated from
the main land after the
development of Lemurs.
 It has no connection with the
main land.

16.  Some of the countries
involved in Malagasy
region are: Diana,
Sava, Itasy,
Analamanga,
Vakinankaratra,
Bongolava, Sofia,
Boeny, Betsiboka,
Atsinanana,
Melaky, Atsinanana,
Anosy, Menabe,
Ihorombe etc.

18.  There are 279 mammal species in Ethiopian region,
of which five are critically endangered, eight are
endangered, twenty-seven are vulnerable, and
twelve are near threatened
They include:
 Shrews
 Murids mice
 Giraffe

19. Shrews
 Shrews are small mole-like mammals classified in
the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be
confused with tree shrews, otter shrews, elephant
shrews

20. Murids mice
 The Muridae, or murids, are the largest family of
rodents and of mammals, containing over 700
species including many species of mice, rats and
gerbils
 They found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa,
and Australia

21. Giraffa
 The giraffe is an African artiodactyl mammal, the
tallest living terrestrial animal

22. Many other birds are also present some are following:
 Squirrel
 Moles
Mammals exclusive family are:
 Otter shrews
 Golden moles
 Elephant shrews

24.  The avifauna of Ethiopia included a total of 867
confirmed species as of May 2020. Of them, 25
are accidental ,16 are endemic, one has
been introduced by humans, and the statuses of 11
are under review. An additional 16 species are
hypothetical

25.  Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally
occurs in Ethiopia (also called a vagrant)
 Endemic - a species endemic to Ethiopia
 Introduced - a species introduced to Ethiopia as a
consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
 Status - a species whose status is under review
 Hypothetical - a species possibly present but which
has not been documented

26. Ostriches
 The ostriches are flightless
birds native to Africa
 They are the largest living
species of bird and are
distinctive in appearance,
with a long neck and legs
and the ability to run at
high speeds

27. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
 Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like
waterfowl, such as geese and swans
 These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with
webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are
excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating

28. Pigeons and doves
 Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short
necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere

29. Many other birds are also present some are following:
 Cuckoos
 Hoopoes
 Mouse birds
 Owls
 Hawks
 Eagles
 kites

31.  Reptiles are very rich in Ethiopian region
 46 species of chameleons are found in this region
and there are 50 species off chameleons are present
It includes:
 Turtle
 Agamid
 Crocodiles
 Lizards
 Pythons
 Vipers

32. Ethiopian mountain viper
 It is a venomous viper species found only
in Ethiopia. It is large with a broad head and
spectacular geometric markings

33. Dwarf sand snake
 It is a species of snakes in the
family African nocturnal
snakes
 A fast-moving,
slender snake that averages 70
cm – 1 m
 This snake is active during the
day and is without doubt one of
our fastest snakes
 It is found in the Afrotropics

34. Many other reptiles are also present some are
following:
 African puff adders
 Painted dwarf gecko
 Pygmy grass chameleon
 Nile crocodiles
 Gecko stub

36.  Amphibians are less distinctive
 Frogs and toads are numerous
 But tailed amphibians are total absent
 The most exclusively genus found here is Xenopus
the clawed toad
They includes:
 Xenopus laevis
 Ethiopian snout burrower
 Arrussi grassland frog
 Badditu forest tree frog

37. Xenopus laevis
 The African clawed frog is
a species of African
aquatic frog of the family
Pipidae
 Its name is derived from
the three short claws on
each hind foot, which it
uses to tear apart its food
 The word Xenopus means
"strange foot" and laevis
means "smooth"

38. Many other amphibians are also present some are
following:
 Arrussi grassland frog
 Badditu forest tree frog
 Rhacophorus
 Hyla
 Microhyla
 Ethiopian snout burrower

40. 14 genera of fishes are found. These include
 Primitive bichers
 Lung fishes
 Catfish
 Cyprinids
 Cyprinodorts
 Cichlids, several caracins and a few spiny rayed
families
There are 175 species of fish in Ethiopia. Forty of these
species are endemic found only in Ethiopia

41. Alestes baremoze
 Alestes baremoze, the pebbly fish or silversides, is a
species of characin fish from the freshwater systems
of northern and western Africa
 It has some importance as a commercially exploited
food fish

42. Bagrus bajad
 The bayad (Bagrus bajad), is
a species of bagrid catfish from
Africa
 The natural habitat of the bayad are
lakes and rivers in Africa
 The bayad is more or less elongated.
The dorsal fin has a smooth spine,
and the pectoral fins have spines
with serrations on the inside

43. Northern pike
 The northern pike (Esox lucius) is a species of
carnivorous fish of the genus Esox (the pikes).
 They are typical of brackish and fresh waters of
the Northern Hemisphere

44. Many other fishes are also present some are following:
 Labeo horie
 African butter catfish
 Garra blanfordii
 Redbelly tilapia

47.  Geologic Time Scale is the brief history of the
Earth since 4.6 billion years.
 The Geological time scale is a record of the life
forms and geological events in Earth’s history.
 Scientists developed the time scale by studying
rock layers and fossils world wide.
 Radioactive dating helped determine the
absolute divisions in the time scale.

49.  The largest sections
are called “eons”
 Eons are divided into
“eras”
 Eras are divided into
“periods”
 Periods are divided
into ‘epochs”

50.  It is the largest, most general division of time.
 Three eons are recognized:
1. The Phanerozoic Eon
2. The Proterozoic Eon
3. The Archean Eon

52.  The Phanerozoic Eon is
the current
geologic eon in the
geologic time scale, and
the one during which
abundant animal and
plant life has existed. It
covers 541 million years
to the present, and it
began with the
Cambrian Period when
animals first developed
hard shells preserved in
the fossil record.

53.  The Proterozoic
Eon extended from 2.5
billion to 541 million
years ago and is often
divided into:
 The Paleoproterozoic
(2.5 billion to 1.6 billion
years ago)
 The Mesoproterozoic
(1.6 billion to 1 billion
years ago)
 The Neoproterozoic (1
billion to 541 million
years ago)

54.  Archean Eon, also
spelled Archaean
Eon, the earlier of the
two formal divisions
of Precambrian time
(about 4.6 billion to
541 million years ago)
and the period when
life first formed on
Earth.

55.  Each Eon is broken up
into Eras.
 Major eras in Earth’s
history:
i. Archean Era
ii. Proterozoic Era
iii. Paleozoic Era
iv. Mesozoic Era
v. Cenozoic Era

56.  Lasted from 2500 million years ago – 4600 million years ago.
 Earliest plants (marine algae) developed.
 The first life bacteria came into existence (3800 million years
ago).
 The oldest rocks (3500 million years ago) were formed in
this era.

57.  Lasted from 540 million years ago to 2500 million
years ago.
 Marine invertebrates were probably common, few
with shells.
 Glaciations took place in this era, probably
worldwide.

58.  Began 570 million years ago and ended 250 million years ago.
 Divided into 6 periods (Permian, Carboniferous period,
Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian).
 For the first time on Earth, organisms had hard parts (shells,
exoskeletons).
 Evolution and development of pteridophytes, amphibians,
reptiles, fishes, wing bearing insects, trilobites etc.

59.  Lasted from 250 million years ago to 65 million
years ago.
 Popularly known as Time of Reptiles.
 Divided into three periods: Triassic, Jurassic and
Cretaceous.
 Dinosaurs, mammals and gymnosperms appeared.

60.  From 65 million years ago to present days.
 Divided into two periods: Tertiary and Quarterny.
 Development of modern mammals, angiosperms
and human beings.

62.  Each Era is divided into even more specific blocks of time
called periods.
 Various geologic events are associated with each period.
 Each period is again classified into different epochs.
 Era Period Epoch E + P = EP
Important periods are:
 Carboniferous Period: It lasted from 360 million years to
300 Million years. It is an important period of Paleozoic era.
During this period, first reptiles and pteridophytes were
formed and coal plants got spread. The dead bodies got
buried in this period forming the coals that we use today.
 Permian Period: It lied between 300 million years to 250
million years. It is also an important period of Palaeozoic
era. Largest mass extinction happened in this period.
Scientists are not sure what caused this mass extinction
(maybe climate change & volcanoes). 90% of ocean life and
78% of land life died.

63.  Jurassic Period: Jurassic is an important period of
Mesozoic era. It lasted from 250 million years ago to
200 million years ago. During this period, first birds
and mammals were formed. Gymnosperms were
dominating plants. The dinosaurs were formed in
Triassic period reached at their peak in this period.
 Cretaceous Period: It is a period of Mesozoic era which
lasted from 150 million years ago to 65.5 million years
ago. It marked the end of the Mesozoic Era and the
beginning of the Cenozoic Era. All of the dinosaurs and
half of the other animals & plants went extinct in this
period. Scientists think an asteroid hit Earth, the dust
clouds blocked out the sun. As a result, plants died,
then herbivores, then carnivores.
 Quarternary period: It is a period of Cenozoic era
which has been lasting from 1.8 million years ago to
present days. In this period, the humans evolved as the
most intelligent creature of earth and took over. It is
divided into 2 epochs namely: Pleistocene and
Holocene.

64.  PRECAMBRIAN TIME COVERS the vast bulk of the
Earth's history, starting with the planet's creation about
4.5 billion years ago and ending with the emergence of
complex, multi celled life-forms almost four billion
years later.
 The first multi celled animals appeared in the fossil
record almost 600 million years ago. Known as
the Ediacarans, these bizarre creatures bore little
resemblance to modern life-forms. They grew on the
seabed and lacked any obvious heads, mouths, or
digestive organs. Fossils of the largest known among
them, Dickinsonia, resemble a ribbed doormat. What
happened to the mysterious Ediacarans isn't clear.
They could be the ancestors of later animals, or they
may have been completely erased by extinction.

65. A pink sponge, photographed at an aquarium
today, is not unlike one of the first life forms
that appeared in the Precambrian era.

66.  The earliest multi celled animals that survived the
Precambrian fall into three main categories.
 The simplest of these soft-bodied creatures were
sponges. Lacking organs or a nervous system, they
lived by drawing water through their bodies and
filtering out food particles.
 The cnidarians, which included sea anemones, corals,
and jellyfish, had sac-like bodies and a simple digestive
system with a mouth but no anus. They caught food
using tentacles armed with microscopic stinging cells.
 The third group, the annelids, or segmented
flatworms, had fluid-filled body cavities and breathed
through their skins.

68.  Plant life first appeared on land, which allowed aquatic
animals to move on to land.
 Periods of mass extinction caused by cataclysmic
events like volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes have
erased many genetic lines and created room for new
species.
 The largest mass extinction event in earth’s history,
which occurred at the end of the Permian period,
resulted in a loss of roughly 95 percent of the existing
species at that time.
 The disappearance of some dominant species of
Permian reptiles and the warm and stable climate that
followed made it possible for the dinosaurs to emerge
and diversify.