THIS INSTRUCTOR NEEDS AN ANSWER FOR EACH STUDENT SEPERATELY – THIS IS FOR ATTENDANCE CREDIT SO JUST MAKE IT A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS EXCLUDING THE REFERENCE THE REFERENCE NEEDS TO BE A NARRATIVE CITATION Original question- Non-profit organizations tend to have a slightly different set of stakeholders than for profit entities. What are the primary differences in stakeholders between for profit and non-profit organizations? How does the organization most effectively lead these stakeholders in order to maximize their contributions? Support your position. READ EACH STUDENTS DISCUSSION POST AND RESPOND TO THAT STUDENT – JUST GIVE YOUR THOUGHTS- DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH WHAT THEY SAID Elise r Posted Date Jul 10, 2022, 8:09 PM Unread Good evening, Stakeholders in the non-profit sector may slightly different from the for-profit sector due to the way in which the organizations are set up. Based on a study from 2019, the nonprofit sector is the 3rd largest workforce in the US (Wang, 2021). This study proves that the need for stakeholders are abundant in the nonprofit sector just as they are in the for-profit sector. Wang (2021) also noted that people are drawn to non-profit organizations because of their mission or vision of such organization. Similar to for profit organizations, it is important to support the stakeholder theory where organizations plan according to the stakeholders needed, but often times internal stakeholders such as employees, are often over-worked and underpaid. External stakeholders, such as volunteers, are at a high currently (Mato-Santiso, Rey-García, & Sanzo-Pérez, 2019). It is just as important to include volunteers in planning for stakeholders as well. Volunteers are the main different in a non-proft and for-profit organization. Non-profits often rely on volunteers to help in many different ways, whereas for-profit generally do not have nearly as many volunteers. Personally, I used to volunteer with the Urban Ministries and Samaritans Purse. When I went in as a volunteer I was always given instructions on what to do, where to be, and was able to ask questions as needed. There were committees or leaders that were very organized and knew exactly where volunteers were needed and the tasks that needed attending to. DO YOU AGREE WITH ELISE? YES OR NO ? PROVIDE A NARRTIVE CITATION FOR A REFERENCE Crystal T Greetings, Scholars & Dr. Blando Stakeholders are those with a moral claim or interest in business practices and system processes. They influence decision-makers behavior and involve themselves in product delivery and how products or services affect system norms. Prioritizing and engaging stakeholders is crucial for sustainability. Stakeholder management determines how to engage stakeholders and identify their interests, degree of relevance, authority, and legitimacy (Manetti & Toccafondi, 2014).  Non-profit organizations (NPO) have a slightly different set of stakeholders than for-profit organizations (PO). NPO addresses ...

1. THIS INSTRUCTOR NEEDS AN ANSWER FOR EACH
STUDENT SEPERATELY – THIS IS FOR ATTENDANCE
CREDIT SO JUST MAKE IT A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS
EXCLUDING THE REFERENCE
THE REFERENCE NEEDS TO BE A NARRATIVE CITATION
Original question- Non-profit organizations tend to have a
slightly different set of stakeholders than for profit entities.
What are the primary differences in stakeholders between for
profit and non-profit organizations? How does the organization
most effectively lead these stakeholders in order to maximize
their contributions? Support your position.
READ EACH STUDENTS DISCUSSION POST AND
RESPOND TO THAT STUDENT – JUST GIVE YOUR
THOUGHTS- DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH WHAT
THEY SAID
Elise r
Posted Date
Jul 10, 2022, 8:09 PM
Unread
Good evening,
Stakeholders in the non-profit sector may slightly different from
the for-profit sector due to the way in which the organizations
are set up. Based on a study from 2019, the nonprofit sector is
the 3rd largest workforce in the US (Wang, 2021). This study
proves that the need for stakeholders are abundant in the
nonprofit sector just as they are in the for-profit sector. Wang
(2021) also noted that people are drawn to non-profit
organizations because of their mission or vision of such
organization. Similar to for profit organizations, it is important
to support the stakeholder theory where organizations plan
according to the stakeholders needed, but often times internal
stakeholders such as employees, are often over-worked and
underpaid. External stakeholders, such as volunteers, are at a

2. high currently (Mato-Santiso, Rey-García, & Sanzo-Pérez,
2019). It is just as important to include volunteers in planning
for stakeholders as well. Volunteers are the main different i n a
non-proft and for-profit organization. Non-profits often rely on
volunteers to help in many different ways, whereas for-profit
generally do not have nearly as many volunteers.
Personally, I used to volunteer with the Urban Ministries and
Samaritans Purse. When I went in as a volunteer I was always
given instructions on what to do, where to be, and was able to
ask questions as needed. There were committees or leaders that
were very organized and knew exactly where volunteers were
needed and the tasks that needed attending to.
DO YOU AGREE WITH ELISE? YES OR NO ? PROVIDE A
NARRTIVE CITATION FOR A REFERENCE
Crystal T
Greetings, Scholars & Dr. Blando
Stakeholders are those with a moral claim or interest in business
practices and system processes. They influence decision-makers
behavior and involve themselves in product delivery and how
products or services affect system norms. Prioritizing and
engaging stakeholders is crucial for sustainability. Stakeholder
management determines how to engage stakeholders and
identify their interests, degree of relevance, authority, and
legitimacy (Manetti & Toccafondi, 2014).
Non-profit organizations (NPO) have a slightly different set of
stakeholders than for-profit organizations (PO). NPO addresses
economic, political, religious, and social problems that are out
of reach for traditional profit organizations (Ortega-Rodríguez
et al., 2020). Stakeholder engagement is critical to achieving
their intended cause; however, it has not always been
factorable. A literature review concludes that NPO board
members and managers are responsible for stakeholder reporting
processes, balancing interest, and stakeholder engagement

3. (Manetti & Toccafondi, 2014). Additional knowledge identified
that boards and management should report and openly and
regularly communicate with their internal and external
stakeholders to choose relevant and helpful information from
stakeholders. They should also thoroughly respond to
reasonable stakeholder expectations by balancing their interests
and demands to maintain the relationship (Ortega-Rodríguez et
al., 2020). Evidence supports that organizational sustainability
is linked to stakeholder management and engagement practices;
they are the thread that binds sustainable business and boosts
economies. The Social Research Institute (2009) concluded that
more stakeholders are receptive to businesses with solid
reputations built on trust and communication, a practice NPO
can benefit from.
DO YOU AGREE WITH CRYSTAL? YES OR NO ? PROVIDE
A NARRTIVE CITATION FOR A REFERENCE
Susan Reynolds
One key difference between stakeholders in for profit
organizations and stakeholders in non-profit organizations is the
type of interest that engages them. For example, a stakeholder
wanting a return on investment will seek a for-profit while a
stakeholder wanting to share their wealth with the community
with no expectation of monetary return will seek a non-
profit. For -profit organizations can be seen as isolated and
operating within their own set conditions (Valentinov & Hajdu,
2019) and non-profit organizations operate based on conditions
they find matters to the heart, such as mission work. For-profit
organizations draw upon the experience and expertise of their
stakeholders and utilize knowledge-sharing to enhance
operational practice and establish financial stability. Non-profit
organizations, too, seek stakeholders with interest relevant to
their operations, but do not do so to increase
profitability. Stakeholders do not gain monetary value from an

4. organization’s strategic objectives but rather donate their money
and volunteer their services to the organization.
Another difference in stakeholders between for-profit and non-
profit organizations is the amount of time spent with the
organization. Non-profit organizations tend to have more
volunteers than employees and hence, the volunteers may
provide their services one time and are never seen again (Mato-
Santiso, et al., 2019). For-profit stakeholders are generally
rooted to the organization and provide more of their time to
receive their return on investment or to ensure that operations
are running ethically and in accordance with specific
guidelines. Maximizing contributions to stakeholders of for-
profit organizations is a continuous process, even when a
project is complete. It is suggested that non-profit organizations
continually communicate with past volunteers and prospective
volunteers in the same manner to generate loyalty and repeat-
volunteers (Mato-Santiso, et al., 2019).
.
DO YOU AGREE WITH SUSAN? YES OR NO ? PROVIDE A
NARRTIVE CITATION FOR A REFERENCE
Discussion #9 posting due 7/12: Social Psychology
Before we get started this week, I wanted to take this
opportunity to speak to you about the importance of the
education you’re getting. As I am teaching you psychology, and
your other professors are teaching you other subjects, know that
we hope you’re learning much more than the subject matter. I
am hoping that you are learning some basic life skills and
critical thinking through my class assignments. I hope I am
teaching you how to find unbiased information through the
RWP assignments and that I’m helping you to apply some of the
ideas and theories we are learning about to your life and real
world situations on the DB. This is an odd time we live in.
News is rarely positive and is often partisan. I hope you are

5. using your newfound skills of fact finding and critical thinking
to question what you are seeing on the news and hearing from
your friends and families.
Now on to this week’s topic: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY! And
boy, do we have some real-world examples out there of social
psychological principles and theories playing out right now! At
its core, social psychology (Links to an external site.) is all
about understanding human interactions. Philip Zimbardo said,
“Psychology is not excuse-ology” meaning that while we
may explain why people do things, it does not excuse poor
behavior.
There is a lot to cover in this area of psychology, and we’ll only
cover some aspects of it. Although I’m not a social psychologist
by training, this is one area of psychology that fascinates me! I
hope you find it interesting as well. This week we’ll cover the
following topics in Chapter 15: Social Psychology:
· An introduction to social psychology
· What is social psychology?
· Social cognition and attribution theory
· Social influence sections on Conformity and Obedience
· Groups and Relationships
· Stereotypes and Discrimination
Useful infographics:
· Infographic 15.1: Errors in Attribution
· Infographic 15.2: Milgram’s Shocking Obedience Study
· Infographic 15.3: Thinking About Other People
Videos that may be useful / interesting:
· Solomon Asch’s Line studies (Links to an external site.) from
Khan Academy
· This video is from a “reality” TV show called The Heist where
they re-enacted the classic Milgram Study. Although this is for
entertainment purposes, it’s a good 10 min video showing what
people had to go through in this experiment, along with some
pictures from the original study. Warning: this is kind of
disturbing (no gore or anything, it’s just hard to watch
someone’s anguish), but I promise that if you can stomach it,

6. it’s well worth watching.Milgram Experiment from the TV show
The Heist (Links to an external site.)
· Philip Zimbardo’s TED talk on the Psychology of Evil (Links
to an external site.). He’ll talk about his Prison Study, the
Milgram Study, and the Abu Ghraib prison scandal (Links to an
external site.). He’ll show a lot of original images from the
studies and the scandal and will provide some historical
context. Some disturbing images appear between the times of
4:50 and 6:25. You can skip this part, but watch the rest without
missing any of the meaning.
Social Psychology Methods
Many social psychology experiments utilize deception (Links to
an external site.). This is necessary because if people knew they
were being asked to think or behave while others were looking
on, they might not act as they normally would, but rather how
they thought they should act. Think about how differently you
would act when you’re out with friends if you knew your mom
(or even your professor!) was with you. Sometimes, part of the
deception is the inclusion of a confederate (Links to an external
site.)- a person who is working for the researcher, but poses as
another participant.
BUT, participants are debriefed (Links to an external site.)after
the experiment, which means they are told what the true
intention of the study was. Although this may seem cruel,
deception is a necessary part of the research process sometimes.
Deception research always goes through strict IRB
approval (Links to an external site.) and research (Links to an
external site.) has shown that “the necessary use of deception,
when paired with correct experimenter training and
experimental procedures, poses limited psychological harm to
participants” (Boynton, Portnoy, & Johnson, 2013, 15-16).
Social Cognition and Attribution Theory
Social Cognition (Links to an external site.) has to do with the
way you think about others in relation to the situation they and
you are currently in and how you use that information - either
consciously or unconsciously. Attribution theory (Links to an

7. external site.) has to do with the beliefs that we develop based
on our personal experiences that help us interpret why people
do things. Why did you fail an exam? Why did you eat all the
cookies? Why did that person cut you off in traffic? You can
probably think of a few answers to these questions, but
attribution theory goes further and tries to explain the root
causes of your explanation of other people’s - and your own -
behaviors.
Attributional dimensions (Links to an external site.) - three
different continuums over which behaviors can be explained:
1.
1. Controllable or uncontrollable: Why did you fail an exam?
· Controllable: You failed the exam because you didn’t study.
(You have control over the situation.)
· Uncontrollable: You failed the exam because you were feeling
sick. (You can’t control when you get sick.)
2. Stable or unstable: Why did you eat all the cookies?
· Stable: You ate all the cookies because you can’t eat just one.
(This is usually long-lasting.)
· Unstable: You ate all the cookies because there wasn’t
anything else to eat. (This is usually a temporary thing.)
3. Internal or external: Why did that person cut you off in
traffic?
· Internal (also known as a dispositional attribution): They are a
jerk. (This reason assumes the cause lies within the person.)
· External (also known as a situational attribution): You were in
their blind spot and they didn’t see you. (This reason assumes
the cause lays outside the person and is situational.)
Attribution Errors - there are many different kinds of errors we
can make when we try to understand why we or others do things
based on the type of attributions we assign to their causes.
·
· Fundamental attribution error - overestimate dispositional
explanations, minimize situational explanations; this is a pretty

8. common error people make.
· It can be the cause of road rage - “That guy’s a jerk, he just
cut me off!” (dispositional attribution) instead of thinking,
“Man, I was in that guy’s blind spot and he didn’t see me.”
(situational attribution)
· It can also be the cause of many a relationship fight - “She
didn’t call me like she said she would because she’s not
interested in me!” (dispositional attribution) instead of “I
wonder if her phone died before she could call me.” (situational
attribution)
·
· Just-World Hypothesis - believing the world is a fair place so
when something bad happens to someone, it happens for a
reason.
· Thinking “They got what they deserved.”
· This can result in victim shaming - she deserved to get
assaulted because of what she was wearing; of course he got
into a car accident because he cheated on his income taxes.
·
· Self-serving biases - we over-attribute our successes to
dispositional explanations and over-attribute our failures to
situational explanations.
· An example would be that if you fail an exam, it is because
the exam was unfair or the teacher is too hard (over-attribute
external/situational explanations), but if you pass the exam, it is
because you are very smart (over-attribute internal/dispositional
explanations).
·
· False consensus effect - when we try to figure out the actions
of others, we rely too much on our own experiences.
· This is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which
others act and think the way we do.
· We’re seeing this a lot recently with the BLM protests. Black
and white people, as well as others, are interpreting their
experience with the police and other figures of authority as the
experience that all people have - which is not the case.

9. Do you know which error Lucy (Links to an external site.) is
displaying here?
Social Influence: Conformity
You might think that conformity (Links to an external site.) is a
bad thing - and blindly following others can be a bad thing.
However, conformity can help out in new situations so that we
can figure out the norms (Links to an external site.) of a
situation. For example, the first time you set foot in a cafeteria,
how do you get your food? In this particular cafeteria, you
notice you first have to pay at the back at the cafeteria and then
get a ticket that you take to the food servers. So conforming to
others behaviors can be a good thing in this instance. However,
you also notice it is the norm to not say “Thank you” to the
servers - what do you do now? Do you conform and stay silent
or say thanks and possibly face retribution from the other
students? This is a pretty tame example, but you can easily
imagine a situation in which the norms are not the most moral
or righteous option and you are stuck deciding what to do.
Perhaps the most well-known study of conformity is Soloman
Asch’s study (Links to an external site.) where he had one
person (S7 in the picture below) serve as the true participant
surrounded by a bunch of confederates (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6,
and S8 in the picture) as they judged line lengths. The task was
to say which of the 3 comparison lines was the same length as
the standard line. It should be obvious to all that the answer is 2
(the middle line), but when confederates S1-S6 said it was 1 (or
3), the participant would often conform and give the wrong
answer. We learn that the need we have to be accepted is often
stronger than our need to be correct and that the situation we
are in is just as important as ourselves when we consider why
people do things.
So you might think, Well that’s a silly thing. I can imagine why
someone might just go along with the majority of people who
say a line is a particular length when it isn’t. When asked, the

10. people who conformed gave answers like, “I figured they had a
better angle than I did so they could see it better.” And besides,
you think, who cares about this anyway? It’s not like it’s a life
or death situation.
BUT, people will still conform even when their life could be in
danger! Check out this video where people stay in a room that
fills with smoke if there are others who don’t seem to care.
There’s a real life news story covered in the video as well
where real people died in a real fire because they conformed by
doing nothing.Dangerous Conformity (Links to an external site.)
Social Influence: Obedience
In any society, there is an imbalance of power. This is just the
way it is no matter how egalitarian a society claims to be. There
are those at the top of the power structure tasked with keeping
everyone safe. The way to keep people safe is then to task other
people in other positions of power with different jobs. At the
bottom are the least powerful - those that the top are meant to
protect.
In your life, you have many people who are in positions of
power over you - your parents, landlords, bosses, teachers
(me!), police, politicians, etc. You are also in a position of
power over others - younger family members, your workers,
those who you come into contact with with less privilege than
you. So, the question becomes not how do we dismantle power
differentials, but rather how can we make sure that power is not
abused? Let’s turn to the question of why people will follow the
directions of those in power, even if it leads to the harm of
others.
There is, of course, the famous Milgram experiment (Links to
an external site.) (infographic 15.2, see video above too) where
participants are convinced that they have been randomly
selected to be a teacher while a confederate will be a learner (T
and L in the figure below). The teacher and learner are
separated and the teacher is put into a room with
the experimenter (E in the figure) who instructs them to keep
teaching the learner pairs of words. If the learner gets

11. something wrong, the teacher must shock the learner by hitting
a button that is connected to a wire that will shock the learner
in the next room. The key here is that the learner is not hooked
up to anything at all and the experiment is rigged so that the
learner intentionally gets the answers wrong, and every time
they get an answer incorrect, the shock intensity
increases (Links to an external site.) all the way up to a label
that says “intense shock” (see below). Ouch!
The learner starts screaming that they want to stop the
experiment, but the teacher is encouraged to keep on going
since the experimenter - the person who is in the position of
power - tells them to keep on going. Put yourself in the
teacher’s position here - you are shocking someone who is
screaming to stop the experiment and you keep on going
because someone tells you to do so. You might think, Not me!,
but the research shows that the majority of people will do this.
There have been many variations to this study (Links to an
external site.), but the percent of people who will continue to
the full 450V shock is always “shocking” (pun intended) to me:
You might think why would someone devise such a sick
experiment? Milgram was responding to the question of the day
which was how could normal everyday people in Germany do
such atrocious things to other human beings during the
Holocaust (Links to an external site.)? This question is as
relevant today as it was back then - how can people do such
horrid things to other people? That, my friends, is the million
dollar question and one that we can partially explain if we
consider how people allow the situation around them to
influence their own behavior.
Groups and Relationships
Even if we consider ourselves to be introverted, we are always
around other people. And the presence of other people can have
both positive and negative effects on our own behavior -
whether we realize it or not:

12. ·
· Social facilitation - when the presence of others leads to an
increase in your performance
· Examples include runners who run faster when surrounded by
other runners (as compared to solo training); people who type
faster if there are other people around typing, etc
·
· Social loafing - when people put less than their best effort
forward when their individual contribution is hard to figure out
· Example include: that person on your group project that does
nothing
·
· Diffusion of Responsibility - related to social loafing, if
responsibilities are diluted across all group members, no one
does anything
· Example: Hey, if you’re not doing anything, neither will I!
·
· Bystander effect - related to diffusion of responsibility, people
will often do nothing in a group environment because they think
someone else will.
· Perhaps the most well-known example is the tragic case
of Kitty Genovese (Links to an external site.), a woman who
was assaulted and killed in the middle of the night in the
parking lot of her apartment building by a man (Links to an
external site.) while people looked on and did nothing. Yes, it
was late and dark and the people were not in the parking lot, but
rather in their apartments looking down at poor Kitty.
Afterwards people said they didn’t do anything when they heard
screaming because they assumed someone else would call the
police or help her. No one did.
Stereotypes and Discrimination
Finally, let’s talk about what happens when we rely on incorrect
assumptions about people. Let me start by clarifying three terms
that are often conflated with one another (also see infographic
15.3):

13. ·
· Stereotypes (beliefs) - these are conclusions we draw about
people based on their group memberships. Stereotypes by
themselves are not inherently negative. For example, when
we’re at a theme park or other festival, I tell my kids that if
they get lost to look for “another mommy” to help them find
me. I’m relying on the stereotype that “all mothers are
nurturing”. This is a “positive” stereotype, but it is not 100%
true and can lead to harmful situations.
· People use stereotypes to distinguish people who belong in
their in-group versus their out-group to establish their social
identity. We are more influenced (whether we know it or not) by
people in our in-group than our out-group.
·
· Prejudice (thoughts) - these are hostile or negative attitudes /
thoughts that someone has about someone else, usually based on
a stereotype.
·
· Discrimination (actions) - treating others in a hostile or
negative way based on their group affiliation.
You can see how holding untrue beliefs (stereotypes) can lead
to negative thinking (prejudice) and eventually negative actions
(discrimination). The good news is that the more you are made
aware of these stereotypes and prejudice thoughts, the less you
are prone to commit acts of discrimination. That is what some
of the various social awareness campaigns (Links to an external
site.) are aimed at doing - changing the way people think by
making them aware of unconscious thoughts they might be
harboring to cut down on discrimination.
One of the most famous experiments that examined how
stereotypes and power play a role in our lives was conducted by
Philip Zimbardo in his Stanford Prison Experiment (Links to an
external site.). (Yes, I know it’s been made into a movie (Links
to an external site.), and no I haven’t seen it yet!) In this
experiment - which was stopped after just a few days because
things got so bad - Zimbardo recruited people and randomly

14. assigned them a role as prison guard or inmate. From that point
on, Zimbardo witnessed the study break down into anarchy - the
“prison guards” abused their powers while the “inmates”
became psychologically ill and depressed. Zimbardo argues
that it was the situation that made the “prison guards” act in
such a hateful manner - not that the people playing the “prison
guards” were inherently evil (all the participants underwent
psychological testing before the study began to weed out anyone
who seemed “off”). Instead of it being a “few bad apples” that
cause harm, Zimbardo talks about the “barrel that holds the
apples” as being the true problem.
Zimbardo was actually high school friends with Stanley
Milgram and they both sought to answer the questions of why
seemingly good people did bad things. Zimbardo was an expert
witness for some of the soldiers prosecuted in the Abu Ghraib
Prison scandal. In his own words (Links to an external site.):
This body of work challenges the traditional focus on the
individual's inner nature and personality traits as the primary -
and often sole - factors in understanding human failings.
Instead, I argue that while most people are good most of the
time, they can readily be led to act antisocially because most
are rarely solitary figures improvising soliloquies on the empty
stage of life. On the contrary, people are often in an ensemble
of different players on a stage with various props, scripts and
stage directions. Together, they comprise situations that can
dramatically influence behaviour.
So. Is it the situation or the person that enables evil to occur in
this world? Another million dollar question.
Hit reply and type your answers to the following:
1. Describe one of the 4 attribution errors mentioned above.
Find a news article (this one does not have to be peer -
reviewed!) in which someone has made one of the errors.
Explain the situation as presented and how the error contributed
to the situation that is being reported. Explain the attribution

15. error in terms of the 3 dimensions - which side of the 3
dimensions did the error seem to fall on? Give the URL (not
PDF) of the news article you are writing about.
2. During the early stages of the pandemic, we were in a
situation where the majority of the medical and scientific
evidence recommended that people wear a mask and engage in
social distancing to stop the spread of the pandemic. Yet, some
people did not following these basic guidelines. Why do some
people conform to these guidelines, while others do not? Talk
about conformity of individuals, what they were conforming to,
and which aspects of attribution theory can explain their
behavior.
3. Think of a situation in which social loafing, diffusion of
responsibility, or the bystander effect has been at play in your
own life (or make one up). Describe the situation and then
explain how one of those concepts could be applied to the
situation. How might you change the situation to correct for this
effect.
4. Pick either the Milgram Obedience Study or the Stanford
Prison Study.
·
· State the study’s hypothesis and explain the research design.
Both studies sought to answer the question of why good people
do bad things (this is not either study’s hypothesis).
· How did Milgram or Zimbardo think their study answered the
question? Explain whether YOU think the experiment answered
the question or not.
· Both studies have their criticisms - name a few for your
chosen study. What are your thoughts?